Fundo Pamusoro paMagwaro Akafuridzirwa Nemamirire Awo Ezvinhu Ekare

Fundo Nhamba 3—Kuyera Zviitiko Mukufamba Kwenguva

Kuverengwa kwenguva mumazuva eBhaibheri nekurukurirano yokuverengwa kwenguva yezviitiko zvakatanhamara zveMagwaro ose ari maviri echiHebheru neechiGiriki.

1. (a) Chii chinoratidzira kuti Jehovha muchengeti wenguva akarurama? (b) Ifambiro mberii yakaitwa mukunzwisiswa kwokuverenga nguva kweBhaibheri?

MUKUPA Dhanieri chiono cha“mambo wokumusoro” na“mambo wezasi,” ngirozi yaJehovha kanoverengeka yakashandisa kutaura kwokuti “nguva yakatarwa.” (Dhan. 11:6, 27, 29, 35) Kunewo mamwe magwaro akawanda anoratidzira kuti Jehovha muchengeti wenguva akarurama, uyo anoita zvinangwa zvake panguva chaipoipo. (Ruka 21:24; 1 VaT. 5:1, 2) MuShoko rake, Bhaibheri, akagovera “nhungamiro” dzakati idzo dzinotibetsera kuwana zviitiko zvinokosha mukufamba kwenguva. Fambiro mberi huru yakaitwa mukunzwisiswa kwokuverenga nguva kweBhaibheri. Nzvero yakaitwa nevesayenzi yezvokuchera matongo navamwe inopfuurira kujekesa zvinetso zvakasiyana-siyana, ichitigonesa kuwana nguva yezviitiko zvinokosha zvechinyorwa cheBhaibheri.—Zvir. 4:18.

2. Ipa muenzaniso wokuverenga nenhamba dzisina kuzara.

² Nhamba Dzisina Kuzara uye Nhamba Dzakazara. Mufundo yakapfuura (ndima 24 ne25), takaziva kuti pane musiyano pakati penhamba dzakazara nenhamba dzisina kuzara. Ikoku kunofanira kurangarirwa pakuyera nhambo dzeBhaibheri mutsinhirano nemitoo yazvino uno yokupa misi. Somuenzaniso, munongedzero ku“gore ramakumi matatu namanomwe rokutapwa kwaJehoiakimi mambo waJudha,” kutaura kwokuti “ramakumi matatu namanomwe” inhamba isina kuzara. Inomirira makore 36 akazara kubatanidza mazuva akati, vhiki, kana kuti mwedzi (nguva ipi neipi yakanga yapfuura kubva pamugumo wegore rechi36).—Jer. 52:31.

3. (a) Zvinyorwai zveHurumende zvinobatsira mukuziva misi yeBhaibheri? (b) Chii chakanga chiri gore rokutonga, uye chii chakanga chiri gore rokutanga kutonga?

³ Makore Okutonga Neokutanga Kutonga. Bhaibheri rinonongedzera kuzvinyorwa zveHurumende zvehurumende dzaJudha naIsraeri, pamwe chete nokunhau dzeHurumende dzeBhabhironi nePersia. Muumambo huna hwose ihwohwu, kuverenga nguva kweHurumende kwaiverengwa nenzira yakarurama maererano nokutonga kwamadzimambo, uye muitiro mumwe chetewo wokuverenga wakapinzwa muBhaibheri. Kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru Bhaibheri rinopa zita regwaro rinonokorwa mashoko, somuenzaniso, se“bhuku yamabasa aSoromoni.” (1 Madz. 11:41) Kutonga kwamambo kwaifukidza rutivi rwegore rokutanga kutonga, kuchiteverwa nenhamba yakazara yamakore okutonga. Makore okutonga akanga ari makore apamutemo muumambo uye kazhinji kazhinji aiverengwa kubva pana Nisani kusvika kuna Nisani, kana kuti kubva muchirimo kusvika kuchirimo. Apo mambo aitsiva pachigaro choumambo, mwedzi iri pakati kutozosvikira pamwedzi wechirimo unotevera waNisani yainongedzerwa kwairi segore rake rokutanga kutonga, iro aizadza mukati maro nhambo yokutonga yokutonga kweakamutangira. Zvisinei, nhambo yake amene yapamutemo yokutonga yaiverengwa seyaivamba pana Nisani 1 anotevera.

4. Ratidza kuti kuverenga nguva kweBhaibheri kungaverengwa sei maererano namakore okutonga.

⁴ Somuenzaniso, kunoratidzika kuti Soromoni akavamba kutonga nguva yakati Nisani wa1037 B.C.E. asati asvika, apo Dhavhidhi akanga achiri mupenyu. Nokukurumidza pashure pacho, Dhavhidhi akafa. (1 Madz. 1:39, 40; 2:10) Zvisinei, gore rokutonga rokupedzisira raDhavhidhi rakapfuurira kuburuka kusvikira kuchirimo cha1037 B.C.E., richiri kuverengwa sorutivi rwoudzori hwake hwamakore ane 40. Gore risina kuzara, kubvira pakutanga kwokutonga kwaSoromoni kutozosvikira chirimo cha1037 B.C.E., rinonongedzerwa kwariri segore rokutanga kutonga raSoromoni, uye raisagona kuverengwa segore rokutonga rake, sezvo akanga achiri kuzadza nhambo yababa vake youdzori. Naizvozvo, gore rokutanga rokutonga rakazara raSoromoni harina kuvamba kutozosvikira Nisan wa1037 B.C.E. (1 Madz. 2:12) Pakupedzisira, makore 40 okutonga akazara akanzi ndeoudzori hwaSoromoni samambo. (1 Madz. 11:42) Kupfurikidza nokuchengeta makore okutonga akaparadzana namakore okutanga kutonga neiyi nzira, kunobvira kuverenga kuverenga nguva kweBhaibheri nenzira yakarurama.a

KUVERENGA TICHIDZOKA SHURE KUSVIKA KUKUSIKWA KWAADHAMA

5. Gore rokudzorerwa kwokunamatwa kwaJehovha muJerusarema rinozivikanwa sei?

⁵ Kutangira Pamusi Unokosha. Musi unokosha wokuverenga tichidzoka shure kusvika kukusikwa kwaAdhama ndouyo wokukurira kwaKoreshi mutsara wamadzimambo weBhabhironi, 539 B.C.E.b Koreshi akabudisa murayiro wake wokusunungurwa nokuda kwavaJudha mukati megore rake rokutanga, chirimo cha537 B.C.E. chisati chasvika. Ezra 3:1 inoshuma kuti vanakomana vaIsraeri vakanga vadzoka muJerusarema pakasvika mwedzi wechinomwe, Tishri, unowirirana namativi aSeptember naOctober. Naizvozvo matsutso a537 B.C.E. anoverengwa segore rokudzorerwa kwokunamatwa kwaJehovha muJerusarema.

6. (a) Inhamboi yakafanotaurwa yakaguma mumatsutso a537 B.C.E.? (b) Nhambo iyoyo inofanira kuve yakavamba rini, maidi anotsigira sei ikoku?

⁶ Uku kudzorerwa kwokunamatwa kwaJehovha mumatsutso a537 B.C.E. kwakaratidzira mugumo wenhambo youporofita. Nhamboi? Akanga ari “makore ane makumi manomwe” mukati mawo Nyika Yakapikirwa i“chava dongo” uye iyo Jehovha akatiwo nezvayo: “Kana makore makumi manomwe aperera Bhabhironi, ndichakushanyirai, nokukusimbisirai shoko rangu rakanaka, ndichikudzoserai kunzvimbo ino.” (Jer. 25:11, 12; 29:10) Dhanieri, uyo akanga akasanorovedzana nouhu uporofita, akaita mutsinhirano nahwo sezvo “makore ane makumi manomwe” akaswedera kumugumo. (Dhan. 9:1-3) “Makore ane makumi manomwe” ayo akaguma mumatsutso egore ra537 B.C.E. anofanira kuva akavamba, ipapoka, mumatsutso a607 B.C.E. Maidi anosimbisa ikoku. Jeremia ganhuro 52 rinorondedzera zviitiko zvinokosha zvokukombwa kweJerusarema, kupinda kweBhabhironi, uye kutapwa kwaMambo Zedekia muna 607 B.C.E. Ipapo, sokutaura kunoita ndima 12, “nomwedzi wechishanu, nezuva regumi,” ndiko kuti, zuva rechigumi raAb (anowirirana namativi aJuly naAugust), vaBhabhironi vakapisa tembere neguta. Zvisinei, ipapa pakanga pachigere kuva pokutangira pa“makore ane makumi manomwe.” Chiratidzo chakati chouchangamire hwechiJudha chakanga chichiri muna Gedharia amene, uyo mambo weBhabhironi akanga agadza sagavhuna wenzvimbo dzaigara vaJudha dzakanga dzasara. “Nomwedzi wechinomwe,” Gedharia navamwe vakati vakaurawa, zvokuti vaJudha vakasara vakatizira Egipita vachitya. Panguva iyoyo bedzi, kubva munenge muna October 1, 607 B.C.E., apo nyika mupfungwa yakakwana yakanga ya“paradzwa . . . ikasvitsa makore ane makumi manomwe.”—2 Madz. 25:22-26; 2 Mak. 36:20, 21.

7. (a) Makore angaverengwa sei kudzoka shure kukukamurwa kwoumambo pashure porufu rwaSoromoni? (b) Itsigiroi inogoverwa nouporofita hwaEzekieri?

⁷ Kubva muna 607 B.C.E. kusvika kuna 997 B.C.E. Kuverengwa kweiyi nhambo kudzoka shure kubva pakuwa kweJerusarema kusvika kunguva yokukamurwa kwoumambo pashure porufu rwaSoromoni kunopa zvinetso zvakawanda. Zvisinei, kuenzaniswa kwokutonga kwamadzimambo aIsraeri neaJudha sokwakanyorwa mubhuku raMadzimambo Rokutanga neRechipiri kunoratidzira kuti iyi nhambo yenguva inofukidza makore 390. Ufakazi hwakasimba hwokuti iyoyi inhamba yakarurama uporofita hwaEzekieri 4:1-13. Uhwu uporofita hunoratidza kuti huri kunongedzera kunguva apo Jerusarema raizokombwa uye vagari vemo varo vaizotapwa namarudzi, uko kwakaitika muna 607 B.C.E. Naizvozvo makore 40 anotaurwa nezvawo muchinoitika chaJudha akaguma nokuitwa dongo kweJerusarema. Makore 390 anotaurwa nezvawo muchinoitika chaIsraeri haana kuguma apo Samaria yakaparadzwa, nokuti yakanga yava nguva refu yakapfuura apo Ezekieri akaporofita, uye uporofita hwacho hunotaura nenzira yakajeka kuti huri kunongedzera kukukombwa nokuparadzwa kweJerusarema. Nokudaro, “zvakaipa zveimba yaIsraeri[wo],” zvakaguma muna 607 B.C.E. Tichiverenga tichidzoka shure kubva pairi gore, tinoona kuti nhambo yamakore 390 yakavamba muna 997 B.C.E. Mugore iroro, Jerobhoami, pashure porufu rwaSoromoni, akaparadzana neimba yaDhavhidhi ndoku“tsausa vaIsraeri, vakarega kutevera Jehovha, akavatadzisa nechivi chikuru.”—2 Madz. 17:21.

8. (a) Makore anoverengwa sei kudzoka shure kuKubuda? (b) Ichinjoi inotapura kuverenga nguva kweBhaibheri pamusoro peiyi nguva?

⁸ Kubva muna 997 B.C.E. kusvika kuna 1513 B.C.E. Sezvo rokupedzisira ramakore akazara 40 aSoromoni okutonga rakaguma muchirimo cha997 B.C.E., kunodaro kuti gore rake rokutanga rokutonga rinofanira kuve rakatanga muchirimo cha1037 B.C.E. (1 Madz. 11:42) Chinyorwa cheBhaibheri, pana 1 Madzimambo 6:1, chinotaura kuti Soromoni akavamba kuvaka imba yaJehovha muJerusarema mumwedzi wechipiri wegore rechina rokutonga kwake. Ikoku kunoreva kuti makore matatu akazara uye mwedzi mumwe wakazara zvokutonga kwake zvakanga zvapfuura, kuchitisvitsa kuna April-May wa1034 B.C.E. nokuda kwokutanga kwokuvakwa kwetembere. Zvisinei, rugwaro rumwe cheterwo runotaura kuti irori rakanga ririwo “gore ramazana mana namakumi masere shure kwokubuda kwavana vaIsraeri panyika yeEgipita.” Zvakare, rechi480 inhamba isina kuzara, inomirira makore akazara 479. Nokudaro, 479 akawedzerwa ku1034 anopa gore ra1513 B.C.E. segore iro Israeri akabuda muEgipita. Ndima 19 yeFundo 2 inotsanangura kuti kubva mugore ra1513 B.C.E., Abhibhi (Nisani) akanga achizoverengwa se“mwedzi wokutanga wegore” waIsraeri (Eks. 12:2) uye kuti kare gore raivamba mumatsutso, nomwedzi waTishri, rakanga rateverwa. The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 1957, Vhor. 12, peji 474, rinotsinhira, kuti: “Kuverengwa kwamakore okutonga amadzimambo kunovakirwa pagore raivamba muchirimo, uye kunowirirana nomutoo weBhabhironi umo iwoyu wakatekeshera.” Nguva ipi kana ipi apo chinjo yokuvamba gore mumatsutso kukuvamba gore muchirimo yakavamba kushandiswa kunhambo dzenguva muBhaibheri, ikoku kwaizobatanidza kurasikirwa kana kuti kuwanwa kwemwedzi mitanhatu pane imwe nzvimbo mukuverengwa kwenguva.

9. (a) Chinyorwa chinorongwa sei misi kusvika apo sungano yaAbrahama yakatanga kushanda? (b) Makore 215 okutanga eiyi nhambo anotsanangurwa sei? (c) Abrahama akanga akura sei apo akayambuka Yufratesi achienda kuKanani?

⁹ Kubva muna 1513 B.C.E. kusvika kuna 1943 B.C.E. Pana Eksodho 12:40, 41, Mosesi anonyora kuti “nguva yakagara vana vaIsraeri muEgipita akanga ari makore ane mazana mana namakumi matatu.” Kubva mumashoko ari pamusoro apa, kuri pachena kuti hakusati kuri uku ku“gara” kwose kwakanga kuri muEgipita. Iyi nhambo yenguva inovamba nokuyambuka kwaAbrahama Yufratesi achienda kuKanani, pari panguva apo sungano yaJehovha naAbrahama yakatanga kushanda. Makore 215 okutanga ouku ku“gara” akanga ari muKanani, uye ipapo nhambo yakaenzana yakapedzerwa muEgipita, kutozosvikira Israeri ava akazvimirira chose chose paudzori hwose hweEgipita nokutsamira pairi, muna 1513 B.C.E.c Mashoko omuzasi eNew World Translation pana Eksodho 12:40 anoratidza kuti Septuagint yechiGiriki, iyo yakavakirwa parugwaro rwechiHebheru rwekare zvikuru kupfuura rwavaMasorete, anowedzera, pashure peshoko rokuti “Egipita,” mashoko okuti “nemunyika yeKanani.” Pentateuch yeSamaria inoita nenzira yakafanana. VaGaratia 3:17, iyo inodudzawo makore 430, inosimbisa kuti iyi nhambo yakatanga nokusimbiswa kwesungano yaAbrahama, panguva iyo Abrahama akayambuka Yufratesi achienda Kanani. Naizvozvo imomu makanga muri muna 1943 B.C.E., apo Abrahama akanga ane makore 75 okukura.—Gen. 12:4.

10. Mumwei mutsara woufakazi unotsigira kuverenga nguva kwenguva yaAbrahama?

¹⁰ Mumwe mutsara woufakazi hunotsigira kuverenga kuri pamusoro apa: Pana Mabasa 7:6 panodudzwa nezvembeu yaAbrahama seinotambudzwa makore 400. Sezvo Jehovha akabvisa kutambudzwa neEgipita muna 1513 B.C.E., mavambo okutambudzwa anofanira kuve aiva muna 1913 B.C.E. Aya akanga ari makore mashanu mushure mokuberekwa kwaIsaya uye kunowirirana noku“seka” Isaka kwaIshmaeri panhambo yokurumurwa kwake.—Gen. 15:13; 21:8, 9.

11. Rudungwe rwenguva rweBhaibheri runotidzosera sei shure kugore reBoporodzi?

¹¹ Kubva muna 1943 B.C.E. kusvika kuna 2370 B.C.E. Taona kuti Abrahama akanga ane makore 75 okukura apo akapinda muKanani muna 1943 B.C.E. Zvino kunobvira kuti tironge misi yokufamba kwenguva kudzokazve shure, kusvika kumazuva aNoa. Ikoku kunoitwa kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwenhambo dzenguva dzatinogoverwa muna Genesi 11:10 kusvika kuna 12:4. Uku kuverenga, uko kunopa hwerengedzo yamakore 427, kunoitwa sezvinotevera:

Ipapo kusvika kukuberekwa kwaShera “ 35

Kusvika kukuberekwa kwaEbheri “ 30

Kusvika kukuberekwa kwaPeregi “ 34

Kusvika kukuberekwa kwaRehu “ 30

Kusvika kukuberekwa kwaSerugi “ 32

Kusvika kukuberekwa kwaNahori “ 30

Kusvika kukuberekwa kwaTera “ 29

Hwerengedzo makore 427

Kuwedzera makore 427 kuna 1943 B.C.E. kunotisvitsa kuna 2370 B.C.E. Nokudaro rudungwe rwenguva rweBhaibheri runoratidza kuti Boporodzi rezuva raNoa rakavamba muna 2370 B.C.E.

12. Ndokupi kuri kuverenga nguva kudzokera shure kukusikwa kwaAdhama?

¹² Kubva muna 2370 B.C.E. kusvika kuna 4026 B.C.E. Tichingodzokerazve shure mukufamba kwenguva, tinowana kuti Bhaibheri rinoronga misi kubva paBoporodzi kusvika kukusikwa kwaAdhama. Ikoku kunoziviswa naGenesi 5:3-29 uye 7:6, 11. Kuverengwa kwenguva kunopfupikiswa pasi apa:

Ipapo kusvikira kukuberekwa kwaEnoshi “ 105

Kusvika kukuberekwa kwaKenani “ 90

Kusvika kukuberekwa kwaMaharareri “ 70

Kusvika kukuberekwa kwaJaredhi “ 65

Kusvika kukuberekwa kwaEnoki “ 162

Kusvika kukuberekwa kwaMetusera “ 65

Kusvika kukuberekwa kwaRameki “ 187

Kusvika kukuberekwa kwaNoa “ 182

Kusvika kuBoporodzi “ 600

Hwerengedzo makore 1 656

Kuwedzera makore 1 656 kugore redu rapfuura ra2370 B.C.E., tinosvika pana 4026 B.C.E. nokuda kwokusikwa kwaAdhama, zvichida mumatsutso, sezvo gore raivamba mumatsutso pakarenda dzakawanda zvikurusa dzakare.

13. (a) Ipapoka, nhau yorudzi rwomunhu papasi rino yakareba sei? (b) Neiko iyoyi isingawirirani nourefu hwezuva rokuzorora raJehovha?

¹³ Ikoku ndokweukoshii nhasi? Chinyorwa chokutanga chebhuku rino, chakabudiswa muna 1963 muchiNgezi, chakati: “Ikoku kunoreva here, ipapoka, kuti pakasvika 1963 takanga tafambira mberi makore 5 988 kupinda mu‘zuva’ pariri Jehovha ‘ave akazorora pabasa rake rose’? (Gen. 2:3) Aiwa, nokuti kusikwa kwaAdhama hakuwirirani namavambo ezuva rokuzorora raJehovha. Pashure pokusikwa kwaAdhama, uye muchiri mukati mezuva rokusika rechitanhatu, Jehovha anoratidzika kuve akanga achiumba zvimwe zvisikwa zvemhuka nezveshiri. Uyewo, iye akaita kuti Adhama atumidze mhuka mazita, uko kwaizotora nguva, uye akapfuurira kusika Evha. (Gen. 2:18-22; onawo NW, Chinyorwa cha1953, mashoko omuzasi ari pandima 19) Nguva ipi kana ipi ingave yakapfuura pakati pokusikwa kwaAdhama nomugumo we‘zuva rechitanhatu’ inofanira kubviswa mumakore 5 988 nokuda kwokupa urefu chaihwoihwo hwenguva kubva pakuvamba kwe‘zuva rechinomwe’ kutozosvikira muna [1963]. Hakuna kunaka kushandisa kuverenga nguva kweBhaibheri nokuda kwokufungidzira pamusoro pemisi ichiri munguva yemberi mukufamba kwenguva.—Mat. 24:36.”d

14. Neiko nhoroondo yeBhaibheri yamavambo orudzi rwomunhu ichifanira kudikanwa kupfuura fungidziro nerondedzero zvavanhu?

¹⁴ Zvakadiniko nokutaura kwezvesayenzi kwokuti munhu ave ari papasi rino kwamazana ezviuru kana kuti kunyange mamiriyoni amakore? Hapana nokumwe kwako kunogona kutsigirwa nezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa zvomunguva dzapakuvamba idzodzo, sezvinoitwa zviitiko zveBhaibheri. Misi yokufungidzira inopiwa ku“munhu akatangira nhau” yakavakirwa pafungidziro dzisingagoni kubvumikiswa. Chaizvoizvo, nhau yenyika yakavimbika, pamwe chete nokuverenga kwayo nguva, inodzoka shure zviuru zvishomanene bedzi zvamakore. Pasi rakava nechinjo dzakawanda nokunyongana, zvakadai seBoporodzi romunyika yose rezuva raNoa, iro rakabvonyongedza zvikuru zvikamu zvamabwe uye zvisaririra zvakaraswa, kuchiita kuti kududza kupi nokupi kwezvesayenzi pamusoro pemisi inotangira Boporodzi kuve kwokufungidzira zvikuru kwazvo.e Mukupesana nefungidziro dzose nerondedzero zvinopokanidzana, Bhaibheri rinoita kuti tide kurangarira kupfurikidza nenhoroondo yaro yakajeka, inotsinhirana yamavambo orudzi rwomunhu nenhau yaro inosanotsigirwa yavanhu vakasarudzwa vaJehovha.

15. Kufunda Bhaibheri kunofanira kutitapura sei?

¹⁵ Kufunda Bhaibheri nokurangarirwa kwamabasa oMuchengeti Wenguva Mukuru, Jehovha Mwari, zvinofanira kuita kuti tinzwe tichizvininipisa zvikuru. Munhu anofa muduku zvirokwazvo mukuenzaniswa naMwari wamasimba ose, ane basa rinoshamisa rechisiko, rakaitwa mamireniyumu akapfuura asingaverengeki, rinotaurwa nenzira yakapfava kwazvo muRugwaro, kuti: “Pakutanga Mwari wakasika denga nenyika.”—Gen. 1:1.

KUGARA PASI KWAJESU

16. (a) Evhangeri ina dzakanyorwa munhevedzanoi? (b) Tingaronga sei musi wokutanga kwoushumiri hwaJesu? (c) Inhevedzanoi iyo zviitiko zvinotevera muEvhangeri ina dzakasiyana-siyana, uye chii chinofanira kucherekedzwa pamusoro penhoroondo yaJohane?

¹⁶ Nhoroondo ina dzakafuridzirwa dzoupenyu hwapasi hwaJesu dzinoratidzika kuve dzakanyorwa muiyi nhevedzano: Mateo (munenge muna 41 C.E.), Ruka (munenge muna 56-58 C.E.), Marko (munenge muna 60-65 C.E.), uye Johane (munenge muna 98 C.E.). Sezvatsanangurwa muganhuro rapfuura, kushandisa mashoko ari muna Ruka 3:1-3 pamwe chete negore ra14 C.E. rokutanga kwokutonga kwaTibherio Kesari, tinosvika pana 29 C.E. sepokutangira poushumiri hunoshamisa hwaJesu papasi rino. Kunyange zvazvo zviitiko zviri mubhuku raMateo zvisingateveri nguva dzose nhevedzano yokuverengwa kwenguva, muzviitiko zvizhinjisa mamwe mabhuku matatu anoratidzika kuva anopa nhevedzano chaiyoiyo yezviitiko zvinokosha zvakaitika. Izvozvi zvinopfupikiswa muchati yabatanidzwa. Kuchacherekedzwa kuti nhoroondo yaJohane, iyo yakanyorwa makore anopfuura 30 pashure peyokupedzisira yedzimwe nhatu, inozadza mikana inokosha munhau iyo isingafukidzwi nedzimwe. Kunokosha zvikuru ndiko kududza kwaJohane kuri pachena Paseka ina dzoushumiri hwapasi hwaJesu, uko kunosimbisa ushumiri hwamakore matatu nehafu, huchiguma muna 33 C.E.f—Joh. 2:13; 5:1; 6:4; 12:1; uye 13:1.

17. Humwei ufakazi hunotsigira gore rorufu rwaJesu?

¹⁷ Rufu rwaJesu muna 33 C.E. runosimbiswawo nohumwe ufakazi. Maererano noMutemo waMosesi, musi waNisani 15 nguva dzose rakanga riri Sabata chairo pasinei zvapo nezuva iro waiwira pariri. Kana ukaitika panguva imwe cheteyo neSabatawo zvaro, ipapo zuva racho rakazivikanwa seSabata “guru,” uye bhuku raJohane 19:31 rinoratidza kuti Sabata rakadaro rakatevera zuva rorufu rwaJesu, icho chaizvozvo chakanga chiri Chishanu. Uye rechi14 raNisani rakawira paChishanu kwete muna 31 kana kuti 32 asi bedzi muna 33 C.E. Naizvozvo, panofanira kuva paiva pana Nisani 14, 33 C.E., apo Jesu akafa.g

18. (a) Dhanieri akaporofitei pamusoro pe“vhiki” 69? (b) Maererano naNehemia, iyi nhambo yakavamba rini? (c) Tinosvika sei pamusi wokuvamba kwokutonga kwaArtashasta?

¹⁸ “Vhiki” rechi70, 29-36 C.E. Mativi enguva oushumiri hwaJesu anofukidzwawo naDhanieri 9:24-27, iyo inofanotaura kupfuura kwevhiki 69 dzamakore (makore 483) “kubva pakutemwa kwomurayiro wokuvandudza nokuvaka Jerusarema kusvikira kune wakazodzwa, iye muchinda.” Maererano naNehemia 2:1-8, iri shoko rakabuda “negore ramakumi maviri [raArtashasta],” mambo wePersia. Artashasta akavamba rini kutonga kwake? Baba vake nomutangiri, Xerxes, akafa murutivi rwokupedzisira rwa475 B.C.E. Gore rokutanga kutonga raArtashasta nokudaro rakavamba muna 475 B.C.E., uye ikoku kunotsigirwa noufakazi hwakasimba hwamanyuko eGirisi, ePersia, uye eBhabhironi. Somuenzaniso, wezvenhau weGirisi Thucydides (uyo akawana mukurumbira nokuda kwoururami hwake) anonyora nezvokutiza kwomunhu wehurumende weGirisi Themistocles achienda kuPersia apo Artashasta akanga “achangobva kuva pachigaro choumambo.” Mumwe wezvenhau weGirisi wezana rokutanga ramakore B.C.E., Diodorus Siculus, anotigonesa kusimbisa gore rorufu rwaThemistocles sa471/470 B.C.E. Pashure pokutiza nyika yake, Themistocles akanga akumbira mvumo yaArtashasta yokufunda mutauro wePersia kwegore rimwe asati aoneka pamberi pake, uko kwakaitwa. Nokudaro, kugara kwaThemistocles muPersia kunofanira kuve kwakanga kuri pasati pari pashure pa472 B.C.E., uye kusvika kwake kunganzi nenzira ine mufungo ndokwemugore ra473 B.C.E. Panguva iyoyo Artashasta “akanga achangobva kuuya pachigaro choumambo.”h

19. (a) Tichiverenga kubvira pa“gore ramakumi maviri ra[Artashasta],” tinowana sei gore rokuonekwa kwaMesiya? (b) Uporofita hwe“vhiki” 70 hwakazadzikwa sei kubva pairi gore?

¹⁹ Nokudaro, “gore ramakumi maviri [raArtashasta],” raizova 455 B.C.E. Kuverenga makore 483 (“vhiki” 69) kubva ipapa, uye tichiyeuka kuti kwakanga kusina gore raziro mukuyambuka kupinda muNguva yaVose, tinosvika kuna 29 C.E. nokuda kwokuonekwa kwo“wakazodzwa, iye muchinda.” Jesu akava Mesiya apo akabhapatidzwa ndokuzodzwa nomudzimu mutsvene, mumatsutso egore iroro. Uporofita hwacho hunoratidzirawo kuti “pakati pevhiki [rechimakumi manomwe] uchagumisa chibayiro nechipo.” Ikoku kwakaitika apo zvibayiro zvokufananidzira zvechiJudha zvakarasikirwa nokushanda kwazvo nemhaka yokuzvibayira amene kwaJesu. “Pakati” peiyi “vhiki” yamakore panotiendesa makore matatu nehafu kuchirimo cha33 C.E., apo Jesu akaurawa. Zvisinei, “iye uchaita sungano yakasimba navazhinji” kwevhiki yechi70 yose. Ikoku kunoratidza nyasha chaidzo dzaJehovha sedzaipfuurira navaJudha mukati mamakore manomwe kubva muna 29 C.E. kusvika kuna 36 C.E. Nzira yokuti Vamarudzi vasina kudzingiswa vave vaIsraeri vomudzimu yakazarurwa panguva iyoyo bedzi, sezvinoratidzirwa nokutendeuka kwaKornerio muna 36 C.E.i—Mabasa 10:30-33, 44-48; 11:1.

KUVERENGA MAKORE MUNGUVA DZAVAAPOSTORA

20. Nhau yenyika inobatana sei nechinyorwa cheBhaibheri mukuwana nguva yorufu rwaHerodhe nezviitiko zvinotangira?

²⁰ Pakati pa33 C.E. na49 C.E. Gore ra44 C.E. ringagamuchirwa segore rinobetsera reiyi nhambo. Maererano naJosephus (Jewish Antiquities, XIX, 351 [viii, 2]), Herodhe Agrippa I akatonga kwamakore matatu pashure pokutanga kutonga kwaMambo Kraudhio weRoma (muna 41 C.E.). Ufakazi hwenhau hunoratidzira kuti uyu Herodhe akafa muna 44 C.E.j Tichitarira zvino kuchinyorwa cheBhaibheri, tinowana kuti Agabho akaporofita “noMweya” pamusoro penzara huru ichauya, kuti muapostora Jakobho akabayiwa nomunondo, uye kuti Petro akaiswa mutorongo (panguva yePaseka) uye akasunungurwa nenzira yenenji chinguvana Herodhe asati afa. Zviitiko zvose izvozvi zvinganzi ndezvomugore ra44 C.E.—Mabasa 11:27, 28; 12:1-11, 20-23.

21. Tinogona kuwana rinenge gore rerwendo rwokutanga rwoufundisi rwaPauro pahwaroi?

²¹ Nzara yakafanotaurwa yakauya munenge muna 46 C.E. Inofanira kuve yaiva inenge nguva ino, ipapoka, apo Pauro naBharnabhasi vaka“ita kushumira kwokubetsera muJerusarema.” (Mabasa 12:25, NW) Pashure pokudzokera kuAntiokia yeSiria, vakatsaurwa nomudzimu mutsvene kuti vaite shanyo yokutanga youfundisi, iyo yakafukidza Kupro namaguta akawanda namaruwa eAsia Minor.k Sezvinobvira iyoyi yakabva muchirimo cha47 C.E. kusvika kumatsutso a48 C.E., chando chimwe chichipedzerwa muAsia Minor. Kunoratidzika kuti Pauro akapedza chando chakatevera adzokera kuAntiokia yeSiria, uye ikoku kunotisvitsa kuchirimo cha49 C.E.—Mabasa 13:1–14:28.

22. Shanyo mbiri dzaPauro kuJerusarema dzinodudzwa muna VaGaratia ganhuro 1 ne 2 dzingarongwa sei misi?

²² Chinyorwa chiri muna VaGaratia ganhuro 1 ne2 chinoratidzika kuva chinowirirana nouku kuverenga nguva. Pano Pauro anotaura nezvokuita dzimwe shanyo chaidzo mbiri kuJerusarema pashure pokutendeuka kwake, imwe “makore matatu gare gare,” uye imwe yacho “pashure pamakore gumi namana.” (VaG. 1:17, 18; 2:1, NW) Kana idzi nhambo mbiri dzenguva dzikarangarirwa kuva dzisina kuzara, maererano netsika yezuva racho, uye kana kutendeuka kwaPauro kwakanga kuri pakuvamba munguva dzavaapostora, seizvo chinyorwa chinoratidzika kuva chinoratidzira, ipapo tingaverenga makore 3 namakore 14 mukutevedzana sa34-36 C.E. uye 36-49 C.E.

23. Ufakazii hunokarakadza kuti ose ari maviri VaGaratia ganhuro 2 naMabasa ganhuro 15 anonongedzera kushanyo yaPauro kuJerusarema muna 49 C.E.?

²³ Shanyo yaPauro yechipiri yeJerusarema inodudzwa muna VaGaratia inoratidzika kuve yakange ine chokuita nenhau yokudzingiswa, kunyange sezvo Tito akaperekedza Pauro anotaurwa kuva asina kudikanirwa kuti adzingiswe. Kana ikoku kuchiwirirana neshanyo yokuwana chisarudzo pamusoro pokudzingiswa chinorondedzerwa muna Mabasa 15:1-35, ipapo 49 C.E. anokodzera zvakanaka seari pakati peshanyo yokutanga neyechipiri youfundisi yaPauro. Uyezve, maererano naVaGaratia 2:1-10, Pauro akashandisa iyi nhambo kuisa pamberi pe“vakanga vachikudzwa vari voga” veungano yeJerusarema mashoko akanaka ayo akanga achiparidza, ‘kutyira kuti akanga achimhanyira pasina.’ Aizoita ikoku nenzira ine mufungo mukushuma kwavari pashure peshanyo yake yokutanga imene youfundisi. Pauro akaita iyi shanyo kuJerusarema “nokuda kwokuratidzwa.”

24. Pauro akaita rwendo rwake rwechipiri rwoufundisi mukati memakore api, uye neiko, pasina panikiro, asina kusvika kuKorinte kutozosvikira kupera kwa50 C.E.?

²⁴ Rwendo Rwechipiri Rwoufundisi rwaPauro, munenge muna 49-52 C.E. Pashure pokudzoka kwake achibva Jerusarema, Pauro akapedza nguva ari muAntiokia yeSiria; nokudaro, munofanira kuve makanga mave chaizvo mukati mezhizha ra49 C.E. apo akabva imomo pashanyo yake yechipiri. (Mabasa 15:35, 36) Irworwu rwakanga rwakakura zvikuru kupfuura rwokutanga uye rwaizoda kuti agare chando muAsia Minor. Zvimwe makanga muri muchirimo cha50 C.E. umo iye akapindura danidzo yeMakedhonia ndokuyambukira muEurope. Ipapo akaparidza ndokuronga ungano itsva muFiripi, Tesaronika, Bherea, uye Atene. Ikoku kwaizomusvitsa kuKorinte, muruwa rweAkaya, mumatsutso a50 C.E., pashure pokunge aita rwendo rwemakiromita anenge 2 090, kakawanda zvikurusa netsoka. (Mabasa 16:9, 11, 12; 17:1, 2, 10, 11, 15, 16; 18:1) Maererano naMabasa 18:11, Pauro akagara ikoko mwedzi 18, kuchitisvitsa kukuvamba kwa52 C.E. Chando chaguma, Pauro aigona kufamba nechikepe kuenda kuKesarea, achipfuura neEfeso. Pashure pokukwira kuti akwazise ungano, sezviri pachena muJerusarema, iye akadzoka kumusha kwake kwaaibvira kweAntiokia yeSiria, zvimwe muzhizha ra52 C.E.l—Mabasa 18:12-22.

25. (a) Sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo inotsigira sei 50-52 C.E. nokuda kweshanyo yokutanga yaPauro kuKorinte? (b) Idi rokuti Akwira naPrisira vakanga “[v]achangobva Itaria,” rinosimbisa sei ikoku?

²⁵ Kuwana kwevesayenzi yezvokuchera matongo kunotsigira 50-52 C.E. semakore eshanyo yokutanga yaPauro kuKorinte. Ichi chimedu chorunyoro, murayiro wakabva kuna Mambo Kraudhio Kesari uchienda kuvaDelphi veGirisi, chine mashoko anoti “[Rukio Ju]nius, Gario, . . . mudzori.” Vezvenhau kazhinji kazhinji vanobvuma kuti nhamba 26, iyo inowanwawo murugwaro rwacho, inonongedzera kukuva kwaKraudhio akaziviswa kuva mambo kechi26. Mamwe manyoro anoratidza kuti Kraudhio akaziviswa kuva mambo kechi27 August 1, 52 C.E. asati asvika. Nhambo yomudzori yaivapo kwegore, ichitanga nokuvamba kwezhizha. Nokudaro, gore raGario somudzori weAkaya rinoratidzika kuve rakavamba muzhizha ra51 C.E. kusvika kuzhizha ra52 C.E. “Zvino Gario wakati ava mubati weAkaya, vaJudha vakamukira Pauro nomwoyo mumwe, vakauya naye pachigaro chokutonga.” Pashure pokusunungura Pauro kwaGario, muapostora aka“garapo mazuva mazhinji,” uye ipapo akaenda nechikepe kuSiria. (Mabasa 18:11, 12, 17, 18) Kwose ikoku kunoratidzika kuva kunosimbisa chirimo cha52 C.E. semhedziso yokugara kwaPauro kwemwedzi 18 muKorinte. Chimwe chiratidzo chenguva chinowanwa mukutaura kwokuti pakusvika muKorinte, Pauro “akawana mumwe muJudha wainzi Akwira, worudzi rwavePonto, achangobva Itaria, naPrisira mukadzi wake; (nokuti Kraudhio wakanga arayira kuti vaJudha vose vabve Roma).” (Mabasa 18:2) Maererano newezvenhau Paulus Orosius, wepakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechishanu, uyu murayiro wokudzinga wakapiwa mugore rechipfumbamwe raKraudhio, ndiko kuti, muna 49 C.E. kana kuti pakuvamba muna 50 C.E. Nokudaro, Akwira naPrisira vaigona kuve vakasvika muKorinte nguva yakati matsutso egore iroro asati asvika, kuchibvumira kugara kwaPauro imomo kubva mumatsutso a50 C.E. kusvika kuchirimo cha52 C.E.a

26. Makorei anoratidzira matanho anotevedzana erwendo rwoufundisi rwechitatu rwaPauro?

²⁶ Rwendo Rwechitatu Rwoufundisi rwaPauro, munenge muna 52-56 C.E. Pashure pokupfuura kwe“nguva” muAntiokia yeSiria, Pauro akanga achipinda muAsia Minor zvakare, uye kungabvira kuti akasvika Efeso pakasvika chando cha52-53 C.E. (Mabasa 18:23; 19:1) Pauro akapedza “mwedzi mitatu” uye ipapo “makore maviri” achidzidzisa muEfeso, uye pashure paikoku akaenda kuMakedhonia. (Mabasa 19:8-10) Gare gare, akayeuchidza vatariri vakabva Efeso kuti akanga abatira pakati pavo “makore matatu,” asi iyoyi ingasanova nhamba yakazara. (Mabasa 20:31) Kunoratidzika kuti Pauro akabva Efeso pashure pe“Pentekosta” pakuvamba muna 55 C.E., achifamba kusvika kuKorinte, Girisi, munguva kuti apedze mwedzi mitatu yechando imomo. Ipapo akadzokera kuchamhembe kusvika kuFiripi pakazosvika nguva yePaseka ya56 C.E. Kubva ipapo akaenda nechikepe achipfuura nokuTroa neMireto kusvika kuKesaria ndokufamba achikwira kuJerusarema, achisvika pakasvika Pentekosta ya56 C.E.b—1 VaK. 16:5-8; Mabasa 20:1-3, 6, 15, 16; 21:8, 15-17.

27. Ndokupi kuri kurongwa kwenguva kwezviitiko kusvikira kumugumo woutapwa hwaPauro muRoma?

²⁷ Makore Okupedzisira, 56-100 C.E. Pauro akasungwa chinguvana pashure pokusvika kwake muJerusarema. Akaendeswa kuKesaria ndokuramba ari muchitokisi ikoko kwamakore maviri, kutozosvikira Feriksi atsiviwa naFesto sagavhuna. (Mabasa 21:33; 23:23-35; 24:27) Gore rokusvika kwaFesto nerokuenda kwaPauro kwapashure pacho kuRoma rinoratidzika kuve rakanga riri 58 C.E.c Pashure pokuputsikirwa nechikepe kwaPauro nokupedzera mwaka wechando muMerita, rwendo rwacho rwakapedzwa munenge muna 59 C.E., uye chinyorwa chinoratidzira kuti akaramba ari muutapwa muRoma, achiparidza nokudzidzisa, kwenhambo yamakore maviri, kana kuti kutozosvikira munenge muna 61 C.E.—Mabasa 27:1; 28:1, 11, 16, 30, 31.

28. Makorei angagoverwa nenzira ine mufungo kuzviitiko zvokupedzisira zvoupenyu hwaPauro?

²⁸ Nepo chinyorwa chenhau chebhuku raMabasa chisingatisvitsi panopfuura ipapa, kunoratidzika kuti Pauro akasunungurwa ndokupfuuridzira mubato wake woufundisi, achienda kuKrete, Girisi, uye Makedhonia. Kana akasvika kure sokuSpania hazvizivikanwi. Sezvingabvira Pauro akatambura kuurayirwa kutendeka naNero nokukurumidza pashure pokuiswa kwake mutorongo kwokupedzisira kuRoma munenge muna 65 C.E. Nhau yenyika inopa July wa64 C.E. segore remwoto mukuru muRoma, pashure pawo chitambudzo chaNero chakatanga pavaKristu. Kuiswa mutorongo kwaPauro ane “ketani” nokuurawa kwapashure pacho zvinokodzera nenzira ine mufungo muiyi nhambo.—2 Tim. 1:16; 4:6, 7.

29. Nhambo yavaapostora yakaguma rini, uye nokunyorwa kwemabhuku api eBhaibheri?

²⁹ Mabhuku mashanu akanyorwa nomuapostora Johane akanyorwa pamugumo wenguva yechitambudzo chakaunzwa naMambo Domitian. Iye anotaurwa kuva akaita sebenzi mukati mamakore matatu okupedzisira okutonga kwake, ayo akafukidza 81-96 C.E. Johane akanyora bhuku raZvakazarurwa apo akanga ari muutapwa pachitsuwa chePatmosi, munenge muna 96 C.E.d Evhangeri yake netsamba nhatu zvakatevera kubva Efeso kana kuti nharaunda yayo pashure pokusunungurwa kwake, uye uyu wokupedzisira wavaapostora akafa munenge muna 100 C.E.

30. Uku kufundwa kwokuverenga nguva kweBhaibheri ndekwebetseroi?

³⁰ Nokudaro kunooneka kuti kupfurikidza nokuenzanisa zviitiko zvenhau yenyika nekuverenga nguva kwomukati kweBhaibheri nouporofita, tinobetserwa kuisa zviitiko zveBhaibheri nenzira yakajeka zvikuru mukufamba kwenguva. Tsinhirano yokuverenga nguva kweBhaibheri inowedzera kuchivimbo chedu muMagwaro Matsvene seShoko raMwari.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

ZVIITIKO ZVIKURU ZVOUPENYU HWAPASI HWAJESU—EVHANGERI INA DZAKARONGWA MUNHEVEDZANO YOKUVERENGWA KWENGUVA

Zviratidzo: a. nokuda kwa“pashure”; c. nokuda kwa“munenge muna,” kana kuti “anenge.”

Nguva Nzvimbo Chiitiko

Kusvikira Kuushumiri hwaJesu

Mavambo Oushumiri hwaJesu

Ushumiri Hukuru hwaJesu muGarirea

Ushumiri Hwapashure hwaJesu muJudhea

Ushumiri Hwapashure hwaJesu kuMabvazuva kwaJoridhani

Ushumiri Hwokupedzisira hwaJesu kuJerusarema

Mibvunzo pamusoro pechati inofukidza “Zviitiko Zvikuru Zvoupenyu Hwapasi hwaJesu”:

(a) Dudza zvimwe zvezviitiko zvakatanhamara muushumiri hwaJesu kusvika kunguva yokuiswa mutorongo kwaJohane Mubhapatidzi.

(b) Ipa nzvimbo negore zvezviitiko zvinotevera: ⁽¹⁾ Kudanwa kwaSimoni naAndrea, Jakobho naJohane. ⁽²⁾ Kusarudzwa kwavaapostora 12. ⁽³⁾ Mharidzo yapaGomo. ⁽⁴⁾ Kushanduka chitarisiko. ⁽⁵⁾ Kumutswa kwaRazaro achibva muvakafa. ⁽⁶⁾ Kushanyira kwaJesu musha waZakeo.

(c) Dudza zvimwe zvezvishamiso zvakatanhamara zvaJesu; taura kuti zvakaitika rini uye kupi.

(d) Ndezvipi zviri zvimwe zvezviitiko zvikuru zvine chokuita naJesu zvakaitika kubva pana Nisani 8 kusvika kuna Nisani 16, 33 C.E. ?

(e) Ndeipi iri mimwe yemienzaniso yakatanhamara iyo Jesu akapa mukati moushumiri hwake hwapasi?

CHATI YEMISI YAKATANHAMARA YENHAU

Zviratidzo: a. nokuda kwa“pashure”; b. nokuda kwa“asati asvika”; c. nokuda kwa“munenge muna,” kana kuti “anenge.”

Gore Chiitiko Nongedzero

4026 B.C.E. Kusikwa kwaAdhama Gen. 2:7

b. 3896 B.C.E. Kaini anouraya Abheri Gen. 4:8

3896 B.C.E. Kuberekwa kwaSeti Gen. 5:3

3404 B.C.E. Kuberekwa kwaEnoki akarurama Gen. 5:18

3339 B.C.E. Kuberekwa kwaMetusera Gen. 5:21

3152 B.C.E. Kuberekwa kwaRameki Gen. 5:25

3096 B.C.E. Kufa kwaAdhama Gen. 5:5

2970 B.C.E. Kuberekwa kwaNoa Gen. 5:28, 29

2370 B.C.E. Kufa kwaMetusera Gen. 5:27

2368 B.C.E. Kuberekwa kwaArpakshadhi Gen. 11:10

a. 2269 B.C.E. Kuvakwa kweShongwe yeBhabheri Gen. 11:4

2020 B.C.E. Kufa kwaNoa Gen. 9:28, 29

1932 B.C.E. Ishmaeri anoberekwa Gen. 16:15, 16

1919 B.C.E. Sungano yokudzingisa inoitwa Gen. 17:1, 10, 24

Kutongwa kweSodhoma neGomora Gen. 19:24

1881 B.C.E. Kufa kwaSara Gen. 17:17; 23:1

1878 B.C.E. Roorano yaIsaka naRebheka Gen. 25:20

1868 B.C.E. Kufa kwaShemi Gen. 11:11

1858 B.C.E. Kuberekwa kwaEsau naJakobho Gen. 25:26

1843 B.C.E. Kufa kwaAbrahama Gen. 25:7

1795 B.C.E. Kufa kwaIshmaeri Gen. 25:17

1774 B.C.E. Jakobho anoroora Rea naRakeri Gen. 29:23-30

1767 B.C.E. Kuberekwa kwaJosefa Gen. 30:23, 24

1738 B.C.E. Kufa kwaIsaka Gen. 35:28, 29

1711 B.C.E. Kufa kwaJakobho Gen. 47:28

1657 B.C.E. Kufa kwaJosefa Gen. 50:26

b. 1613 B.C.E. Kuedzwa kwaJobho Jobho 1:8; 42:16

1593 B.C.E. Kuberekwa kwaMosesi Eks. 2:2, 10

c. 1514 B.C.E. Mosesi pagwenzi rinopfuta Eks. 3:2

Kugadzwa kwouprista hwaAroni Revh. 8:34-36

c. 1473 B.C.E. Mosesi anopedza bhuku raJobho Jobho 42:16, 17

Sungano naIsraeri paMoabhi Dheut. 29:1

Mosesi anonyora Dheuteronomio Dheut. 1:1, 3

Kufa kwaJoshua Josh. 24:29

c. 1090 B.C.E. Samueri anopedza bhuku raRute Rute 4:18-22

c. 1078 B.C.E. Bhuku ra1 Samueri rinopedzwa 1 Sam. 31:6

1027 B.C.E. Tembere muJerusarema inopedzwa 1 Madz. 6:38

Jona anopedza bhuku raJona Jona 1:1, 2

c. 804 B.C.E. Amosi anopedza bhuku raAmosi Amo. 1:1

c. 778 B.C.E. Isaya anovamba kuporofita Isa. 1:1; 6:1

a. 745 B.C.E. Hosea anopedza bhuku raHosea Hos. 1:1

732 B.C.E. Sanheribhi anovhozhokera Judha 2 Madz. 18:13

a. 732 B.C.E. Isaya anopedza bhuku raIsaya Isa. 1:1

b. 717 B.C.E. Mika anopedza bhuku raMika Mika 1:1

c. 717 B.C.E. Kurongwa kwaZvirevo kunopedzwa Zvir. 25:1

b. 648 B.C.E. Zefania anopedza bhuku raZefania Zef. 1:1

b. 632 B.C.E. Nahumi anopedza bhuku raNahumi Nah. 1:1

Zedhekia anoitwa mambo waJudha 2 Madz. 24:12-18

613 B.C.E. Ezekieri anovamba kuporofita Ezek. 1:1-3

c. 607 B.C.E. Obhadhia anonyora bhuku raObhadhia Obha. 1

c. 536 B.C.E. Dhanieri anopedza bhuku raDhanieri Dhan. 10:1

520 B.C.E. Hagai anopedza bhuku raHagai Hag. 1:1

518 B.C.E. Zekaria anopedza bhuku raZekaria Zek. 1:1

c. 475 B.C.E. Mordhekai anopedza bhuku raEstere Est. 3:7; 9:32

a. 443 B.C.E. Nehemia anopedza bhuku raNehemia Neh. 5:14

Maraki anopedza bhuku raMaraki Mar. 1:1

c. 280 B.C.E. Septuagint yechiGiriki inovambwa

Nisani 16: kumuka kwaJesu Mat. 28:1-10

VaFiripi VaF. 4:22

VaKorose VaK. 4:18

Firemoni Fir. 1

CHEREKEDZA: Kunofanira kuyeukwa kuti nepo yakawanda yemisi iyi yakasimbiswa zvikuru, kana iri mimwe, makore okufungidzira anopiwa, yakavakirwa paufakazi hunowanika. Chinangwa chechati yacho hakusati kuri kugadza makore asingachinjiki nokuda kwechiitiko chimwe nechimwe asi kubetsera vadzidzi veBhaibheri kuwana zviitiko mukufamba kwenguva ndokuona kuwirirana kwazvo nechimwe nechimwe.

Mibvunzo pamusoro pe“Chati Yemisi Yakatanhamara Yenhau” uye “Ndaza Yamabhuku eBhaibheri”:

(a) Kupfurikidza nokuenzanisa chati mbiri, dudza vamwe vavaporofita navanyori veBhaibheri vakararama ⁽¹⁾ kutangwa kwoumambo hwaIsraeri muna 1117 B.C.E. kusati kwaitika, ⁽²⁾ mukati menguva youmambo hwaIsraeri naJudha, ⁽³⁾ mukati menguva kubva pakuvamba kwoutapwa muBhabhironi kutozosvikira pakupedzwa kwamabhuku ari mundaza yamanyoro matsvene oRugwaro rwechiHebheru.

(b) Wana nguva yokunyorwa kwetsamba dzaPauro maererano neshanyo dzake dzoufundisi.

(c) Mamwe mapfundoi anofadza aunocherekedza pamusoro penguva yokunyorwa kwamamwe mabhuku aMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki?

(d) Wiriranisa vanhu vanotevera nechiitiko chakatanhamara munhau yeBhaibheri, uchitaura kana vakararama chiitiko chacho chisati chaitika kana kuti pashure, kana kuti vabatanidze navamwe vanhu vakararama panguva imwe cheteyo: Shemi, Samueri, Metusera, Roti, Mambo Sauro, Dhavhidhi, Jobho, Mambo Hoshia waIsraeri, Soromoni, Aroni, Mambo Zedhekia waJudha.

(e) Zviitikoi zvakatanhamara zvakaitika mukati menduramo ya⁽¹⁾ Noa, ⁽²⁾ Abrahama, ⁽³⁾ Mosesi?

(f) Nzwananisa misi inotevera (B.C.E.) nezviitiko zvakatanhamara zvakarongwa pasi apa: 4026, 2370, 1943, 1513, 1473, 1117, 997, 740, 607, 539, 537, 455.

Kusikwa kwaAdhama

Sungano yoMutemo inoitwa paSinai

Jerusarema rinoparadzwa

VaJudha vanodzoka kuJerusarema pashure pomurayiro waKoreshi

Kunyorwa kwakafuridzirwa kweBhaibheri kunovamba

Mafashamo anovamba

Bhabhironi rinowira kuvaMedhia navaPersia

Mambo wokutanga waIsraeri anozodzwa

Abrahama anoyambuka Yufratesi; Sungano yaAbrahama  inoitwa kuti ishande

Umambo hwaIsraeri naJudha hunopatsanuka

Umambo hwokuchamhembe hunokurirwa neAsiria

Masvingo eJerusarema anovakwazve naNehemia

VaIsraeri vanobudiswa muEgipita

Joshua anopinza Israeri muKanani

Kuva dongo kweJerusarema kwamakore 70 kunoguma

[Chati iri papeji 298]

NDAZA YAMABHUKU EBHAIBHERI

(Mimwe misi [nenzvimbo dzakanyorerwa] hazvina chokwadi. Chiratidzo a. chinoreva “pashure”; b., “asati asvika”; uye c., “munenge muna,” kana kuti “anenge.”)

Mabhuku aMagwaro echiHebheru Nguva yaVose Isati Yasvika (B.C.E.)

Genesi Mosesi Renje 1513 “Pakutanga” kusvikira kuna 1657

Eksodho Mosesi Renje 1512 1657-1512

Ezra Ezra Jerusarema c. 460 537–c. 467

Nehemia Nehemia Jerusarema a. 443 456–a. 443

Muparidzi Soromoni Jerusarema b. 1000

Ezekieri Ezekieri Bhabhironi c. 591 613–c. 591

Dhanieri Dhanieri Bhabhironi c. 536 618–c. 536

Joere Joere Judha c. 820(?)

Amosi Amosi Judha c. 804

Obhadhia Obhadhia c. 607

Jona Jona c. 844

Mika Mika Judha b. 717 c. 777-717

Nahumi Nahumi Judha b. 632

Habhakuki Habhakuki Judha c. 628(?)

Zefania Zefania Judha b. 648

Zekaria Zekaria Jerusarema 518 520-518

Maraki Maraki Jerusarema a. 443

Mabhuku aMagwaro echiGiriki Akanyorwa Mukati meNguva yaVose (C.E.)

Marko Marko Roma c. 60-65 29-33 C.E.

VaRoma Pauro Korinte c. 56

1 VaKorinte Pauro Efeso c. 55

2 VaKorinte Pauro Makedhonia c. 55

VaEfeso Pauro Roma c. 60-61

VaFiripi Pauro Roma c. 60-61

VaKorose Pauro Roma c. 60-61

1 VaTesaronika Pauro Korinte c. 50

2 VaTesaronika Pauro Korinte c. 51

1 Timotio Pauro Makedhonia c. 61-64

2 Timotio Pauro Roma c. 65

Tito Pauro Makedhonia(?) c. 61-64

Firemoni Pauro Roma c. 60-61

VaHebheru Pauro Roma c. 61

1 Petro Petro Bhabhironi c. 62-64

2 Petro Petro Bhabhironi(?) c. 64