Ganhuro 3

Shamwari Yenhema yeBhaibheri

Muganhuro ino, tinokurukura chikonzero chikuru nei vazhinji vanobva munyika dzisati dziri dzechiKristu vachiramba kugamuchira Bhaibheri seShoko raMwari. Munhau, chiKristudhomu chakataura kuti chinodavira Bhaibheri uye kuti muchengeti waro. Asi masangano orudzidziso echiKristudhomu ave achibatanidzwa nezvimwe zvinotyisa zvinokatyamadza zvenhau, kubvira muHondo Dzorudzidziso nokuuraiwa kwavazhinji kwomuMiddle Ages kusvikira kuKuparadzwa kwomunguva yedu timene. Ko mufambiro wechiKristudhomu chikonzero chakanaka chokuramba Bhaibheri here? Zvokwadi ndeiyi, chiKristudhomu chakabvumikisa kuva shamwari yenhema yeBhaibheri. Zvamazvirokwazvo, apo chiKristudhomu chakabuda muzana rechina ramakore N.V., kurwira kuvapo kweBhaibheri kwakanga kusina kutongopera.

1, 2. (Batanidza sumo.) (a) Neiko vazhinji vachiramba kugamuchira Bhaibheri seShoko raMwari? (b) Ibasai rakanaka rakaitwa mukati mezana ramakore rokutanga nerechipiri, asi ndichinoitikai chine ngozi chakanga chichiitika?

PAKUZOSVIKA pakupera kwezana ramakore rokutanga, kunyorwa kwamabhuku ose eBhaibheri kwakanga kwapedzwa. Kubvira panguva iyeyo zvichienda mberi, maKristu akanga ari pamberi mukunyora nokuparadzira Bhaibheri rakakwana. Panguva imwe cheteyo, akanga akabatikana kurishandurira mumitauro inozivikanwa zvikurusa yezuvaro. Zvisinei, apo ungano yechiKristu yakanga yakabatikana neiri basa rinoyemurika, chimwe chinhu chakanga chichivamba kuumbika icho chaizobvumikisa kuva chine ngozi zvikuru kukuvapo kweBhaibheri.

² Ichi chinoitika chakadeya kuziviswa neBhaibheri iro rimene. Jesu akambotaura mufananidzo womunhu akakusha munda wake nembeu dzorudzi rwakanaka rwegorosi. Asi “apo vanhu vakanga vavete,” muvengi akakusha mbeu dzaizokura kuva masora. Marudzi ose ari maviri embeu akakura, uye kwechinguvana masora akavanza gorosi kuti rirege kuoneka. Kupfurikidza nouyu mufananidzo, Jesu akaratidzira kuti zvibereko zvebasa rake zvaizova maKristu echokwadi asi kuti pashure porufu rwake, maKristu enhema aizopinda muungano. Pakupedzisira, kwaizova kwakaoma kutsauranisa echokwadi neenhema.—Mateo 13:24-30, 36-43.

3. Mukuwirirana nomuapostora Petro, chii chaizova muuyo wa“maKristu” akafanana namasora pamusoro pokudavira Bhaibheri?

³ Muapostora Petro akanyevera nomutoo wakajeka nezvemuuyo waaya “maKristu” akafanana namasora pamusoro penzira iyo vanhu vaizorangarira nayo chiKristu neBhaibheri. Iye akanyevera, kuti: “Pakati penyu pachavawo navadzidzisi venhema. Ivava vamene vachapinza chinyararire masekete anoparadza uye vachazvidza kunyange mwene akavatenga, vachiunza ruparadziko runokurumidza pavari ivo vamene. Kupfuurirazve, vazhinji vachatevera mabasa avo omufambiro usingadzorwi, uye nokuda kwaivava nzira yezvokwadi ichazvidzwa.”—2 Petro 2:1, 2.

4. Ko zviporofita zvaJesu naPetro zvakazadzika sei kunyange mukati mezana rokutanga ramakore?

⁴ Kunyange muzana ramakore rokutanga, zviporofita zvaJesu naPetro zvakanga zvichizadzika. Vanhu vane chinendirini vakapinda muungano yechiKristu ndokudyara gakava. (2 Timotio 2:16-18; 2 Petro 2:21, 22; 3 Johane 9, 10) Mukati mamazana maviri amakore akatevera, rucheno rwezvokwadi yeBhaibheri rwakashatswa nouzivi hwechiGiriki, uye vazhinji nenzira yokukanganisa vakasvika pakugamuchira dzidziso dzechihedheni sezvokwadi yeBhaibheri.

5. Ko Constantine akagadza chinjo yomuitiroi mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechina?

⁵ Muzana ramakore rechina, mambo weRoma Constantine akagamuchira “chiKristu” sorudzidziso rwapamutemo rwoUmambo hweRoma. Asi “chiKristu” chaaiziva chakanga chakasiana zvikuru norudzidziso rwakaparidzirwa naJesu. Pakuzosvika panguva ino, “masora” akanga achikura, sezvo Jesu akanga adeya kutaura. Kunyanguvezvo, tinogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti mukati menguva iyeyo yose, kwaiva navamwe vaimirira chiKristu chechokwadi uye vaishandira kutevera Bhaibheri seShoko rakafuridzirwa raMwari.—Mateo 28:19, 20.

Kushandurwa kweBhaibheri Kunoshorwa

6. Ko chiKristudhomu chakavamba kuumbika rini, uye ndeipi yakanga iri imwe nzira iyo rudzidziso rwechiKristudhomu rwakasiana mairi nechiKristu cheBhaibheri?

⁶ Makanga muri munguva yaConstantine umo chiKristudhomu sezvatinochiziva nhasi chakavamba kuumbika. Kubvira panguva iyeyo zvichienda mberi, chimiro chakashata chechiKristu chakanga chatsiga chisati chichirizve sanganowo zvaro rorudzidziso. Chakanga chava rutivi rwehurumende, uye vatungamiriri vacho vakaita basa rinokosha mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Pakupedzisira, chechi yokuwa pakutenda yakashandisa simba rayo rezvamatongerwe enyika munzira yakanga ichishora chose chose chiKristu cheBhaibheri, kuchiparira imwe tyisidziro ine ngozi kuBhaibheri. Seiko?

7, 8. Ko papa akataura chishoro chokushandurwa kweBhaibheri rini, uye neiko iye akaita ikoku?

⁷ Apo chiLatin chakaguma sorurimi rwezuva riri rose, shanduro itsva dzeBhaibheri dzaidikanwa. Asi Chechi yeKaturike yakanga isingachadizve ikoku. Muna 1079 Vratislaus, uyo gare gare akava mambo weBohemia, akakumbira mvumo yaPapa Gregory VII yokushandurira Bhaibheri mumutauro wavadzorwi vake. Mhinduro yapapa yakanga iri aiwa. Iye akati: “Kwakajeka kuna avo vanowanzorirangarira, kuti hakusati kuri pasina chikonzero kuti kwakafadza Mwari Wamasimba Ose kuti rugwaro rutsvene runofanira kuva chakavanzika munzvimbo dzakati, kutoti, kudai rwakanga ruchiwanikwa pamhene kuna vanhu vose, zvimwe rwaizorangarirwa zvishoma ndokuva rwunogona kuzvidzwa; kana kuti raizonzwisiswa zvisina kururama naavo vakafunda zvine mwero wapakati, ndokuparira chikanganiso.”¹

⁸ Papa akanga achida kuti Bhaibheri ringochengetwa riri mururimi zvino rwakaguma rwechiLatin. Zviri mukati maro zvaifanira kuchengetwa zvaka“vanzika,” zvisina kushandurirwa mumitauro yavanhuwo zvavo.a Latin Vulgate yaJerome, yakabudiswa muzana ramakore rechi 5 kuti Bhaibheri riwanikwe kuna vose, zvino yakava mutoo wokurichengeta rakavanzika.

9, 10. (a) Ko kushora kweRoma Katurike kushandurwa kweBhaibheri kwakatanga sei? (b) Chii chakanga chiri donzo rokushora Bhaibheri kweChechi?

⁹ Middle Ages zvayakaenderera mberi, kudzivisa kweChechi maBhaibheri omunzvimbomo kwakaomeswa. Muna 1199 Papa Innocent III akanyora tsamba ine simba zvikuru kwazvo kuna bhishopi mukuru weMetz, Germany, zvokuti bhishopi mukuru akapisa maBhaibheri ose omutauro weGermany aaigona kuwana.³ Muna 1229 dare ravafundisi reToulouse, France, rakatema chirevo chokuti “vanhuwo zvavo” havati vaigona kuva namabhuku api naapi eBhaibheri mururimi rwavose.⁴ Muna 1233 dare ravafundisi roruwa rweTarragona, Spain, rakaraira kuti mabhuku ose e“Testamente Yekare kana kuti Itsva” aunzwe kuti apiswe.⁵ Muna 1407 dare ravafundisi ravakuru vakuru vorudzidziso rakashevedzwa muOxford, England, naBhishopi Mukuru Thomas Arundel rakarambidza nomutoo wakajeka kushandurirwa kweBhaibheri muchiNgezi kana kuti mune rimwe rurimi rupi norupi rwapanguvayo.⁶ Muna 1431, muEngland zvakare, Bhishopi Stafford weWells akarambidza kushandurirwa kweBhaibheri muchiNgezi nokuva neshanduro dzakadaro.⁷

¹⁰ Izvi zviremera zvorudzidziso zvakanga zvisati zvichiedza kuparadza Bhaibheri. Zvakanga zvichiedza kuriita rechinyakare, kurichengeta riri mumutauro uyo vashomanene bedzi vaigona kurava. Neiyi nzira, vakakarira kudzivirira chavaiidza kuti mirangariro inopokanidza zvokwadi asi uko kwakaparira zvomenemene denho kuchiremera chavo. Kudai vakanga vabudirira, Bhaibheri raigona kudai rakangova bedzi chinhu chokuda kuziva, riine pesvedzero duku kana kuti risina muupenyu hwavanhuwo zvawo.

Vatsigiri veBhaibheri

11. Chii chakava muuyo apo Julián Hernández akapinza muchivande maBhaibheri omutauro wechiSpain muSpain?

¹¹ Nomufaro, kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, vanhu vazhinji vapachokwadi vakaramba kutevera iyi mirairo. Asi kuramba kwakadaro kwaiva nengozi. Vanhu vamwe navamwe vakatambura zvakakomba nokuda kwe“mhaka” yokuva neBhaibheri. Rangarira, somuenzaniso, chinoitika chomugari womuSpain ainzi Julián Hernández. Mukuwirirana neHistory of Christian Martyrdom yaFoxe, Julián (kana kuti, Juliano) “akatamburira kutumira munyika yokwake amene chiverengero chikuru chamaBhaibheri achibva kuGermany, akavanzwa mumafachi, uye akarongwa sewaini yeRhine.” Iye akatengeswa ndokubatwa neBvunzurudzo yeRoma Katurike. Avo vakanga vachitumirwa maBhaibheri “vakatambudzwa nomutoo wokusasarura, dzokonokei vazhinjisa vavo vakatongerwa zvirango zvakasiana-siana. Juliano akapiswa, vane makumi maviri vakasasikirwa pamisasiko, vanoverengeka vachipfigirwa mutorongo kwoupenyu, vamwe vakakwapurirwa pamhene, vazhinji vakatumirwa kungarava dzinokwasva”.⁸

12. Tinoziva seiko kuti zviremera zvorudzidziso zveMiddle Ages hazvina kumirira chiKristu cheBhaibheri?

¹² Haiwa kushandiswa zvisina kururama kwesimba kwakashata zvakadini! Nomutoo wakajeka, izvi zviremera zvorudzidziso zvakanga zvisati zvichitongova vamiriri vechiKristu cheBhaibheri! Bhaibheri iro rimene rakazivisa kuti ivo vakanga vari vaani apo iro rakati: “Vana vaMwari navana vaDhiabhorosi vanoonekwa neiri idi, kuti: Munhu ari wose asingaiti kururama haazati achibva kuna Mwari, uyewo asingadi hama yake. Nokuti iri ndiro shoko ramakanzwa kubvira pamavambo, kuti tinofanira kudanana; kwete saKaini, uyo akabva kune wakaipa ndokuuraya munun’una wake.”—1 Johane 3:10-12.

13, 14. (a) Idii rakatanhamara pamusoro peBhaibheri mukati maMiddle Ages rinoratidzira mavambo aro oumwari? (b) Ko mugariro wakachinja sei kana toreva nezveBhaibheri muEurope?

¹³ Haiwa, kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, kwakatanhamara sei kuti varume navakadzi vaidisisa kupinda mungozi yokubatwa kwakadaro kunokatyamadza kuti vave neBhaibheri bedzi! Uye mienzaniso yakadaro yave ichiwedzera kakawanda zvikuru kazhinji kuburukira kuzuva redu chairo. Kuzvipira kukuru uko Bhaibheri rakakuchidzira muvanhu, kudisisa kutambura nomutoo wokushivirira uye kuzviisa nomutoo wokusagurukuta munzufu dzakaipisisa pasina kudzorera kuvatambudzi vavo, ufakazi hwakasimba hwokuti Bhaibheri ndiro Shoko raMwari.—1 Petro 2:21.

¹⁴ Pakupedzisira, pashure pokupandukira Roma Katurike kwechiPurotesitendi muzana ramakore rechi 16, Chechi yeRoma Katurike iyo imene yakagombedzerwa kubudisa shanduro dzeBhaibheri mumitauro yezuva riri rose yeEurope. Asi kunyange panguva iyeyo, Bhaibheri rakanga rakabatana zvikuru nechiPurotesitendi kupinda chiKaturike. Sokunyora kwakaita muprista weRoma Katurike Edward J. Ciuba, kuti: “Mumwe aizotofanira kubvuma nomutoo wokutendeseka kuti mumwe wemiuyo ine ngwavaira zvikuru weChinjo yePurotesitendi wakanga uri wokuregeredzwa kweBhaibheri pakati pavaKaturike vakatendeka. Kunyange rakanga risina kutongokanganwika chose chose, Bhaibheri rakanga riri bhuku rakapfigwa nokuda kwavaKaturike vazhinjisa.”⁹

Kutsoropodzwa Kwamanyoro

15, 16. Neiko chiPurotesitendi chisiri chisitongorina mhaka kana toreva nezvokushorwa kweBhaibheri?

¹⁵ Asika machechi ePurotesitendi haasati ari asitongorina mhaka kana toreva nezvekushora Bhaibheri. Makore zvaakapfuura, vamwe vazivi vePurotesitendi vakatanga rumwe rudzi rwedenho pamusoro pebhuku racho: denho youngwaru. Mukati mezana ramakore rechi 18 nerechi 19, ivo vakatanga mutoo wokufunda Bhaibheri unozivikanwa sokutsoropodza manyoro. Vatsoropodzi vamanyoro vakadzidzisa kuti zvakawanda zveBhaibheri zvakaumbwa nenhauro nengano. Vamwe vakatotaura kuti Jesu haana kutongovapo. Panzvimbo pokuva rinonzi Shoko raMwari, Bhaibheri rakataurwa naava vazivi vePurotesitendi kuva shoko romunhu, uye shoko rakamonyaniswa zvikuru pana ikoko.

¹⁶ Kunyange idzi pfungwa dzokunyanyisa zvikuru dzisati dzichadavirwazve, kutsoropodza manyoro kuchiri kudzidziswa muzvikoro zvoumwari, uye hakuzi kwechienzi kunzwa vafundisi vePurotesitendi vachiramba pamhene zvikamu zvikuru zveBhaibheri. Nokudaro, mumwe mufundisi weAnglican akanokorwa mashoko mupepa nhau reAustralia seaitaura kuti zvakawanda zviri muBhaibheri “hazvina kururama chaizvo. Imwe yenhau haina kururama. Humwe hwoudzame sezvinooneka hwakamonyaniswa.” Uku kufunga chibereko chokutsoropodza manyoro.

“Rinozvidzwa”

17, 18. Ko mufambiro wechiKristudhomu wakaunza sei ruzvidzo paBhaibheri?

¹⁷ Zvimwe, kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, ndiwo mufambiro wechiKristudhomu wakamutsa mhinganidzo hurusa kukugamuchira kwavanhu Bhaibheri seShoko raMwari. ChiKristudhomu chinotaura kuti chinotevera Bhaibheri. Bva, mufambiro wacho wakaparira ruzvidzo rukuru paBhaibheri napazita rimene rokuti muKristu. Sokudeya kutaura kwakaita muapostora Petro, nzira yezvokwadi yave ichi“zvidzwa.”—2 Petro 2:2.

¹⁸ Somuenzaniso, nepo chechi yakanga ichirambidza kushandurwa kweBhaibheri, papa akanga achirongedzera nhamburiko huru dzemauto dzokurwisana navaMuslim vomuMiddle East. Idzodzi dzakazonzi Hondo Dzorudzidziso “tsvene,” asika pakanga pasina chinhu chitsvene pamusoro padzo. Yokutanga—yakanzi “Hondo Yorudzidziso Yavanhu”—yakakura nzira nokuda kwezvaizouya. Risati rabva Europe, uto risingadzoreki, raikuchidzirwa navaparidzi, rakamukira vaJudha vomuGermany, richivauraya mutaundi rimwe pashure perimwe. Neiko? Wezvenhau Hans Eberhard Mayer anoti: “Pokanidzano yokuti vaJudha, savavengi vaKristu, vaifanirwa kuva vanorangwa yakanga ichingovawo zvayo kutamburira kwakaneta kwokuvanza vavariro chaiyoiyo: udyire.”¹⁰

19-21. Ko Hondo Yamakore Ane Makumi Matatu, pamwe chete nenhamburiko dzavafundisi veEurope uye futunuko yenyika dzinodzorwa nedzokumwe, zvakabatira sei kuunza ruzvidzo paBhaibheri?

¹⁹ Rupandukiro rwePurotesitendi muzana ramakore rechi 16 rwakabvisa chiKaturike cheRoma pasimba munyika zhinji dzeEurope. Mumwe muuyo wakanga uri Hondo Yamakore Ane Makumi Matatu (1618-48)—“imwe yehondo dzakaipisisa munhau yeEurope,” mukuwirirana neThe Universal History of the World. Chii chaiva chisakiso chikuru chehondo? “Kuvenga chiPurotesitendi kweKaturike, kuvenga Katurike kwechiPurotesitendi.”¹¹

²⁰ Pakuzosvika panguva ino, chiKristudhomu chakanga chavamba kufutunuka chichipfuura Europe, chichipinza pepuko “yechiKristu” mumamwe mativi apasi. Iyi futunuko yeuto yakaratidzirwa noutsinye namakaro. Munyika dzeAmerica, vakundi vavaSpain nokukurumidza vakaparadza pepuko dzomunzvimbomo dzeAmerica. Rimwe bhuku renhau rakati: “Zvikurukuru, vadzori vavaSpain vakaparadza pepuko yomunzvimbomo, vasingapinzi yeEurope. Kukara ndarama kwakanga kuri sundo huru yakavakwevera kuNyika Itsva.”¹²

²¹ Vafundisi vechiPurotesitendi vakabudawo muEurope vachienda kune dzimwe nyika. Mumwe wemiuyo yebasa ravo wakanga uri kusimudzirwa kwefutunuko yenyika dzinodzorwa nedzokumwe. Murangariro wakaparira nhasi wenhamburiko yavafundisi vechiPurotesitendi ndouyu: “Mune zvinoitika zvizhinji boka ravafundisi rave richishandiswa seruramisiro uye chifukidziro nokuda kwokudzorwa kwavanhu. Wirirano pakati pokutumwa kwavafundisi, ruzivo rwamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye umambo hunodzora mamwe madzimambo inosanozivikanwa.”¹³

22. Ko chiKristudhomu chakaunza sei ruzvidzo pazita rechiKristu mukati mezana ramakore rechi 20?

²² Kusanobatana pakati pamarudzidziso echiKristudhomu nehurumende kwakapfuurira kuburukira kuzuva redu. Hondo mbiri dzokupedzisira dzenyika dzakarwiwa zvikurukuru pakati pamarudzi “echiKristu.” Vafundisi mumativi ose ari maviri vakakurudzira majaya avo kurwa ndokuedza kuuraya muvengi—uyo aiwanzova worudzidziso rumwe cheterwo. Sezvakacherekedzwa mubhuku rinonzi If the Churches Want World Peace: “Zvamazvirokwazvo haisati iri mbiri ya[machechi] kuti gadziriro yehondo yanhasi yakawedzerwa uye yakaita ruparadziko rwayo rukurusa pakati penyika dzakazvipira kuchisakiso chechiKristu.”¹⁴

Shoko raMwari Rinopukunyuka

23. Ko nhau yechiKristudhomu inoratidzira sei kuti Bhaibheri iShoko raMwari?

²³ Tinorondedzerazve iyi nhau refu, inosuruvarisa yechiKristudhomu kusimbisa mapfundo maviri. Rokutanga, zvinoitika zvakadaro izadziko youporofita hweBhaibheri. Kwakadeya kutaurwa kuti vazhinji vanotaura kuti maKristu vaizounza ruzvidzo paBhaibheri nezita rechiKristu, uye idi rokuti ikoku kwakaitika rinoreverera Bhaibheri serechokwadi. Kunyanguvezvo, hatisati tichifanira kurashikirwa nechiono cheidi rokuti mufambiro wechiKristudhomu hausati uchimirira chiKristu chakavakirwa paBhaibheri.

24. Chii chinoratidzira maKristu echokwadi ndokudarozvo kushurikidza zvakajeka chiKristudhomu sechisiri chechiKristu?

²⁴ Nzira iyo maKristu echokwadi anogona kuzivikanwa nayo yakatsanangurwa naJesu iye amene, kuti: “Kupfurikidza naikoku vose vachaziva kuti imi muri vadzidzi vangu, kana imi mune rudo pakati penyu mumene.” (Johane 13:35) Kupfuurirazve, Jesu akati: “Ivo havazati vari rutivi rwenyika, kungofanana neni ndisati ndiri rutivi rwenyika.” (Johane 17:16) Pamativi ose ari maviri, chiKristudhomu chinozviratidzira icho chimene sechisati chiri kumirira chiKristu cheBhaibheri nenzira yakajeka. Chinotaura kuti ishamwari yeBhaibheri, asi chave chiri shamwari yenhema.

25. Neiko Bhaibheri rakapukunyuka madambudziko aro ose kuburukira kunguva yedu?

²⁵ Pfundo rechipiri ndeiri: Nemhaka yeidi rokuti chiKristudhomu chose zvacho chakaita zvakawanda zvikuru mukurwisana nefariro dzeBhaibheri, kunocherekedzwa, zvamazvirokwazvo, kuti bhuku rakapukunyuka kutozosvikira nhasi uye richiri kushandisa pesvedzero yakanaka paupenyu hwavanhu vazhinji. Bhaibheri rakapukunyuka chishoro chakakasharara chokurishandura, denho dzinobva kuvazivi vechizvino uno, nomufambiro usati uri wechiKristu weshamwari yaro yenhema, chiKristudhomu. Neiko? Nokuti Bhaibheri harina kufanana nerimwe bhuku ripi neripi rakanyorwa. Bhaibheri harigoni kufa. Iro iShoko raMwari, uye Bhaibheri iro rimene rinotizivisa, kuti: “Uswa hunouna, maruva anosvava, asi shoko raMwari wedu rinogara nokusingaperi.”—Isaya 40:8, The New English Bible.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 34]

Machechi makuru echiPurotesitendi akagoverana mudenho huru yokuchenjera paBhaibheri

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Nhau yechiKristudhomu yakavamba zvomenemene apo Constantine akagamuchira pamutemo “chiKristu” chezuva rake

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 29]

Papa Gregory VII naInnocent III vakanga vakatanhamara muparapatiko yeChechi yeKaturike kudzivisa Bhaibheri kushandurirwa mumutauro wezuva riri rose wavanhu

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 33]

Mufambiro unokatyamadza wechiKristudhomu wakaparira vazhinji kupanikira kuti Bhaibheri zvomenemene iShoko raMwari

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 35]

Mukati mehondo yokutanga yenyika ava varwi veRussia vakakotamira mufananidzo womusande worudzidziso vasati vaenda kundouraya “maKristu” biyavo