Hondo yepaAin Jalut—Yakachinja Zvinhu Pasi Rose

VARWI vanotyisa vane mabhiza vokuMongolia vakatsvaira maguta ose ainge aramba kukanda mapfumo pasi. Muna February 1258, vakarwisa Baghdad vakaparadza masvingo aro. Vakapedza vhiki rose vachiuraya vanhu uye vachipamba zvinhu. Rudzi rwose rwevaIslam rwakatanga kuvatya.a

Muna January 1260, mauto eMongolia akananga kumadokero kuguta rokuSyria rinonzi Aleppo achibva ariparadza. Muna March, guta reDamascus parakavingwa nemauto aya harina kuita nharo, rakaabvumira kuita zvaaida. Achangobva muDamascus, mauto aya akatora maguta ePalestine anoti Nablus (iri pedyo nepaiva neShekemu yekare) neGaza.

Mutungamiriri wemauto eMongolia anonzi Hülegü akaudza mutongi wechiIslam aitonga Egypt anonzi Sultan al-Muzaffar Sayf al-Din Qutuz kuti ateerere zvaidiwa nemauto eMongolia. Hülegü akataura kuti kana aisazodaro, Egypt yaizochiona. Mauto eEgypt aiva 20 000 uye eMongolia aipeta eEgypt neka15. Purofesa anoongorora nhoroondo yevaIslam anonzi Nazeer Ahmed anoti: “Rudzi rwose rwechiIslam rwakanga rwasara padukuduku kuti rutsakatiswe.” Zvino Sultan Qutuz aizoita sei?

Qutuz nevaMamluk

MuEgypt maiva nenhapwa dzokuTurkey dzainzi maMamluk. Pakati penhapwa idzi paiva nomurume ainzi Qutuz. VaMamluk vaiva nhapwa dzeEgypt asi vari varwi vechiIslam ikoko kuEgypt muCairo. Zvisinei muna 1250, nhapwa idzodzo dzakapidigura hurumende yavanatenzi vavo ndokubva vatanga ivo kuchitonga Egypt. Qutuz ndiye akazova mutungamiriri weumambo hwevaIslam muna 1259. Airwa kunge mvumba chaiyo uye akanga asiri munhu aibvuma kukundwa zvenhando. Asi pakurwisa mauto eMongolia aifunga kuti akanga asingazokwanisi kuakunda. Pakabva patanga kuitika zvinhu zvaizochinja zvinhu pasi rose.

Shoko rakasvika kuna Hülegü richiti Möngke mutungamiriri weMongolia akanga afa kuMongolia. Hülegü paakaona kuti kumusha zvinhu zvaizova manyama amire nerongo vanhu vachirwira umambo, akabva adzokera nemauto akawanda. Akangosiya varwi vaiva pakati pe10 000 ne20 000 achifungidzira kuti vaizokwanisa kukunda Egypt. Qutuz akaona kuti waimbova mukwidza ava materu. Akaona kuti uno ndiwo waiva mukana wake wokuti akunde mhandu idzi.

Nechepakati peEgypt nenyika yeMongolia paiva nemhandu dzevaIslam. Raiva uto revaizviti vaKristu vakanga vauya kuPalestine kuzotora nzvimbo yavaiti ‘iNyika Tsvene.’ Qutuz akakumbira boka iri kuti apinde nomunyika mavo uye abvumirwe kutenga zvaaida kuti agorwisa mauto eMongolia kuPalestine. VaKristu ava vakabvuma. Kunyange zvazvo vaIslam nevaKristu vaitya mauto eMongolia, vaKristu vaitoona mauto aQutuz ari iwo angatovabatsira kukunda mauto eMongolia.

Saka yakanga yasvika nguva yokuti mauto aQutuz neeMongolia achirwisana paonekwe mukuru.

Hondo yepaAin Jalut kuPalestine

Mauto aQutuz neeMongolia akarwisana muna September 1260 panzvimbo inonzi Ain Jalut muBani reEsdraelon. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Ain Jalut iri pedyo neguta raimbonzi Megidho.b

Murume anoona nezvezvakaitika kare anonzi Rashid al-Din anoti, Qutuz akavandira mauto eMongolia paMegidho. Akabva arayira mamwe emauto ake aiva nemabhiza kuti avande muzvikomo zvaiva mubani iri uye mashoma ndiwo akaenda kunodenha mauto eMongolia. Mauto eMongolia akafunga kuti mauto aQutuz avaiona ndiwo oga aivapo vachibva vatanga kuarwisa. Qutuz akabva arayira mauto anga akavanda kuti abude arwise vavengi. Mauto eMongolia akarakashwa.

Iyi ndiyo yakanga iri hondo yokutanga mumakore 43 akanga apfuura kuti mauto eMongolia akundwe kubvira paakatanga kurwisa nyika dzaiva kumavirira. Kunyange zvazvo varwi vavo vaiva vashoma, hondo yepaAin Jalut inonzi ndiyo imwe yehondo dzakanyanya kuchinja zvinhu pasi rose. Yakaita kuti rudzi rwevaIslam rusatsakatika uye zvainzi mauto eMongolia haakundwi zvakaratidza kuti kunyepa. Uye yakaita kuti mauto aQutuz atore maguta ose avanga vambotorerwa.

Zvakazoitika Hondo yepaAin Jalut Yapera

Mauto eMongolia akadzokera kuSyria uye kuPalestine kakati wandei asi havana kuzombobvira vadenhazve Egypt. Dzinza raHülegü rakazogara kuPersia rikapedzisira rabatanawo nemaIslam uye vakatozonge vava kutsigira tsika dzechiIslam. Nzvimbo dzavaigara dzakanga dzava kunzi Persian ilkhanate kureva kuti “umambo hwevanhu veMongolia.”

Qutuz akaurayirwa chigaro asati ambotonga kwenguva refu. Mumwe wevaidawo chigaro ndiBaybars I, uyo akazova mutungamiriri wokutanga wemubatanidzwa wehurumende yeEgypt neSyria. Vakawanda vaiti Baybars I ndiye muvambi chaiye weumambo hwevaMamluk. Utongi hwake hutsva hwakanga hwakanaka uye hwakabudirira hwakaguma muna 1517 pashure pekutonga kwemakore mazana maviri nehafu.

Mumakore iwayo anenge 250, vaMamluk vakadzinga vaKristu vaiva muNyika Tsvene, vachibva vatanga kuita zvemabhizimisi, kuvhura maindasitiri, kutsigira vaimbi nevamwe, kuvaka zvipatara, zvikoro uye nzvimbo dzokunamatira dzemaIslam dzinonzi mosque. Panguva iyi Egypt ndiyo yakanga iri muzinda wevaIslam vose.

Hondo yepaAin Jalut ine zvayakakonzerawo kune dzimwe nyika kuwedzera panyika dziri kuMiddle East. Zvakaita kuti nyika dzokumadokero dzichitanga kubudirira. Magazini inonzi Saudi Aramco World yakati: “Dai mauto eMongolia akakunda Egypt anogona kunge dai akaenderera mberi nokurwisa North Africa kusvika kuStraits of Gibraltar.” Sezvo mauto aya akanga atosvika kuPoland, anogona kunge dai akarwisazve nyika dzokuEurope.

Magazini imwe chete iyoyi yakati: ‘Dai mauto eMongolia akakunda Egypt kubudirira kwose kwakaitwa neEurope mumakore iwayo kungadai kusipo kunyange zvimwe zvatiri kuona nhasi munyika zvingadai zvisipo.’

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

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(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Damascus

SYRIA

Gomo reTabhori

Bani reEsdraelon

Ain Jalut (pedyo neMegidho)

Nablus (Shekemu)

Jerusarema

Gaza

EGYPT

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Paiva neguta reMegidho kare

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Mauto evaMamluk neeMongolia akarwisana muna September 1260 paAin Jalut muBani reEsdraelon

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Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.

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Matongo eguta rekare reShekemu, nechikamu chezvakaita guta reNablus mazuva ano nechokumashure