Nanhasi Nyika Hadzisi Kudzidza

“Kudai vanhu vaidzidza kubva kune zvakaitika kare—taizodzidza zvinhu zvinobatsira kwazvo! Asi kuomesa musoro uye kuda kuwirirana nevamwe kunotivhara kumeso, uye chiedza icho zvakaitika kare zvinotipa irambi riri pachigadziko rinopenya kumashure kwedu chete!”—Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

UNOBVUMIRANA nezvakataurwa naSamuel Coleridge, nyanduri wokuEngland here? Zvinogona kuitika here kuti tinokwanisa kuvharwa kumeso nokuomesa musoro pane zvatinenge tichifunga zvokuti tinodzokorora zvikanganiso zvakaipa zvikuru zvakaitwa nevamwe vanhu vekare?

Hondo Dzakarwiwa Nemachechi

Somuenzaniso, funga zvimwe zvinhu zvakaitwa nevanhu panguva yehondo dzakarwiwa nemachechi (The Crusades). Muna 1095 C.E., Pope Urban II akakurudzira “vaKristu” kutora Nyika Tsvene kubva kuvaMuslim. Madzimambo, vatongi, vakuru vemauto uye vanhuwo zvavo munyika dzose dzaidzorwa naUrban II vakabvuma chikumbiro chake. Maererano nomumwe munyori akararama panguva iyoyo, ‘vanhu vazhinji vairarama maererano nomutemo waKristu’ vakamhanyira kunotsigira izvi.

Munyori wezvakaitika kare Zoé Oldenbourg anoti vazhinji vakarwa muhondo dzemachechi vakanga vaine “chivimbo chakakwana chokuti kuburikidza nokuenda kuhondo [vakanga vari] kupinda basa raMwari Pachake.” Anoti vaizviona vachiita basa “rokuparadza ngirozi dzakanga dziri kuwira pavana vadhiyabhorosi.” Vaidavirawo kuti “vose vaifa vaizowana korona yokufa vakatendeka kudenga,” anodaro munyori anonzi Brian Moynahan.

Kuda vanhu vakarwa muhondo dzemachechi vakanga vasingazivi kuti vavengi vavo vakanga vachifungawo zvakada kudaro. Masoja echiMuslim, anodaro munyori wezvakaitika kare J. M. Roberts mubhuku rake rinonzi Shorter History of the World, akaenda kuhondo aine chivimbo chakakwana chokuti akanga ari kurwira Mwari uye “kuti kufira muhondo achirwa nevavengi kwaizoteverwa nokupinda muparadhiso” kudenga.

Zvikwata zvose zviri zviviri zvakadzidziswa kuti hondo iyi yakanga yakarurama—ichibvumirwa uye kukomborerwa naMwari. Vatungamiriri vemachechi uye vezvematongerwe enyika vakadzidzisa pfungwa idzi uye vakakurudzira vanhu vavaidzora. Zvikwata zvose zviri zviviri zvakaita utsinye husingatauriki.

Vaiva Vanhu Vorudzii?

Vaiva vanhu vorudzii vakaita zvinhu zvakaipa zvakadai? Vazhinji vavo vakanga vachingova vanhuwo zvavo—vasina kunyanya kusiyana nevanhu vemazuva ano. Pasina mubvunzo vakawanda vavo vakanga vachikurudzirwa nokufunga kuti vanoziva, uye kuda kugadzirisa zvakaipa zvavaifunga kuti zvaiva munyika panguva iyoyo. Vaine pfungwa dzakadaro, vakaita sevasingaoni kuti pakurwira “ruramisiro,” hapana chimwe chavakaunza kusiya kwokusaruramisira, kurwadziwa uye kutambudzika kumazana ezviuru zvevarume vasina mhosva, vakadzi nevana vakanga vabatanidzirwa kwairwiwa hondo dzacho.

Izvi handizvo zvave zvichiitika kubvira kare here? Vatungamiriri vane mukanwa munotapira havana kuita kuti mamiriyoni asingaverengeki evanhu—vaya vaisazoita izvozvo vari voga—vaende kuhondo dzoutsinye kunorwa nechechi kana kuti bato rezvematongerwe enyika rinopikisa here? Kukurudzira kurwa kumativi ose ari maviri uye kutaura kuti Mwari akanga ari kutsigira divi ravo kuti vavengi vaurawe zvakaita kuti kudzvinyirira rimwe bato kana chechi kunzi kwakarurama. Chakanga chiri chinhu chakanyatsorongwa chakaita kuti zvaidiwa nevadzvinyiriri zviitike kwemazana emakore. Moynahan anoti izvi ndizvo zvakaita kuti “pave nokuurawa kwevanhu vakawanda zvikuru (Holocaust) uye kuuraya vanhu vedzinza rimwe chete kuri kuitika mazuva ano zvakatangira pahondo dzemachechi.”

‘Asi vanhu vanofunga mazuva ano havabvumi kushandiswa nenzira yakadaro,’ ungadaro. ‘Iye zvino hatisi tava vanhu vane tsika dziri nani here?’ Izvi ndizvo zvazvinofanira kuva zvakaita. Asi takadzidza zvechokwadi kubva kune zvakaitika kare here? Ndiani angataura nomwoyo wose kuti izvi ndezvechokwadi kana achitarisa zvave zvichiitika mumakore zana adarika?

Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga

Somuenzaniso, zvakaitwa panguva yehondo dzemachechi zvakadzokororwa panguva yehondo yenyika yokutanga. Ndiyo “chimwe chezvinhu zvinotyisa zvikuru chegore ra1914,” anodaro Roberts, “kuti munyika imwe neimwe nhamba huru yevanhu, vemapato ose, zvitendero uye rudzi, zvinoshamisa, kuti vakaenda kuhondo vachida uye vachifara.”

Nei nhamba huru yevanhuwo zvavo vakaenda “kuhondo vachida uye vachifara”? Nokuti ivo, kufanana neavo vakavatangira vakaenda kuhondo vachida, vakanga vaine zvavaida nezvavaidavira zvakanga zvakurudzira vakawanda mazuva iwayo. Nepo vamwe vangave vakakurudzirwa nokuda rusununguko uye ruramisiro, hapana kupokana kuti vazhinji vakakurudzirwa nemafungiro asina kunaka okuti nyika yavo yakanga iri nani pane dzimwe nokudaro ndiyo yaifanira kutonga dzimwe.

Ava vakanga vanyengetedzwa kubvuma kuti kurwa hondo kunotoitika muupenyu—chimwe chinhu “chinofanira kuitika kuti pave nevanhu vashoma.” “Dzidziso dzaDarwin,” anodaro munyori anonzi Phil Williams, dzakasimbisa mafungiro aya, somuenzaniso, okuti hondo yakanga ichifanira kurwiwa kuti “pabviswe vamwe vanhu vakanga vasina kukodzera kuramba vachirarama.”

Chokwadi, mumwe nomumwe akafunga kuti pfungwa dzake dzakanga dzakarurama. Izvi zvakaguma nei? MuHondo Yenyika I, “hurumende,” anodaro munyori wezvakaitika kare anonzi Martin Gilbert, “dzakakurudzira urudzi, kuvimbika kunyika yemadzibaba uye simba mune zvehondo”—uye vanhu vakatevera vasingafungi pachavo. Godobori munyaya dzemamiriro ezvoupfumi hwenyika John Kenneth Galbraith akakurira mumisha yokuCanada panguva yehondo iyoyo. Akati kwose kwose, vanhu vakanga vachitaura nezvo“kupusa kwakaita kurwisana kwaiitika muEurope.” Vakati “vanhu vakachenjera . . . havana kutevedzera kushaya njere kwakadaro.” Asi izvozvo ndizvo zvavakaita zvekare. Izvi zvakaguma nei? Masoja anoda kusvika 60 000 okuCanada akanga ari pakati pevarwi vanosvika mamiriyoni mapfumbamwe vakafa muhondo iyi yakazosvika pakuzivikanwa sehondo yenyika yokutanga.

Hapana Chidzidzo Chakawanikwa

Mumakumi maviri emakore akatevera, mafungiro akadaro akatanga kuoneka zvekare nokuuya kwakaita utongi hwoudzvinyiriri muItaly neGermany. Vadzvinyiriri vomuItaly vakatanga kushandisa “nzira dzokuzivisa nadzo mashoko uye manyepo kuti vanhu vavhiringidzike,” anonyora kudaro Hugh Purcell. Chimwe chinhu chakanga chiine simba zvikuru chavakashandisa kwakanga kuri kusanganisa machechi nezvematongerwe enyika, vachinamata kuna Mwari kuti akomborere mauto avo.

Mumwe akanga ari “mazvikokota mukushandisa pfungwa dzevanhu uye aine rurimi runotapira” akanga ari Adolf Hitler. Kufanana nemagandanga akawanda ekare, anodaro Dick Geary mubhuku rinonzi Hitler and Nazism, Hitler aidavira kuti ‘vanhu vaiita zvinoenderana nezvavanonzwa kwete zvavanofunga.’ Akashandisa pakaita zinyekenyeke muvanhu kuburikidza nokushandisa unyanzvi mukuita kuti vanhu vavenge vamwe vanhu vachinzi vavengi—zvakadai seapo akaita kuti “vanhu vomuGermany vavenge vanhu vechiJudha,” anodaro Purcell. Hitler akanyomba vaJudha achiti ‘MuJudha ndiye ari kuodza vanhu vomuGermany.’

Chinhu chinonyanya kutyisa panguva yose iyi ndechokuti mamiriyoni evanhu vaiita sevakanaka vakaitwa kuti vangotanga kuponda vanhu vakawanda. “Ko vanhu venyika yainzi yakabudirira vakatadza sei kushivirira vamwe vanhu asi kwava kubatanidzwa muumhondi hwehurumende yeNazi?” anobvunza kudaro Geary. Uye yakanga isiri nyika “yakabudirira” chete asi nyika inonzi yakanga iri yechiKristu! Vakapinda munyaya iyi nokuti vakanga vachida zvaidzidziswa nevanhu panguva iyoyo pane zvainge zvadzidziswa naJesu Kristu. Uye varume nevakadzi vacho vakanga vachiti vari pachokwadi, vane pfungwa dzakanaka, vakaitwa kuti vabatanidzwe muutsinye hunotyisa kubva panguva iyoyo!

“Zvakaitika kare zvinotidzidzisa izvi,” akadaro muzivi wokuGermany anonzi Georg Hegel, “kuti nyika uye hurumende hadzina zvadzakambodzidza kubva kune zvakaitika kare kana kuita chimwe chinhu maererano nazvo.” Vakawanda vangasabvumirana nemaonero aHegel nezvoupenyu, asi vashoma vangasabvumirana nemashoko acho. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti vanhu vanoita sokuti vanoomerwa zvikuru kudzidza kubva kune zvakaitika kare. Asi iwewo unofanira kudaro here?

Zvechokwadi, chimwe chidzidzo chiri pachena chatinofanira kuwana ndeichi: Tinoda chimwe chinhu chiri nani zvikuru chakavimbika kudarika pfungwa dzevanhu dzakatsveyama kana matambudziko akaitika kare achizorega kudzokororwa. Asi kana kusiri kufunga kwevanhu, chii chinofanira kutungamirira kufunga kwedu? Anodarika makore ane chiuru nguva yehondo dzemachechi isati yasvika, vadzidzi vaJesu Kristu vakaratidza nzira inofanira kufambwa nayo nevaKristu—uye nzira chete yakanaka—iripo. Ngationei kuti chii chavakaita kuti varege kubatanidzwa muhondo dzakadeura ropa rakawanda panguva yavo. Asi zvingadaro here kuti nyika dzemazuva ano dzichadzidza kuita izvozvo kwava kurega kurwisana? Uye pasinei nokuti nyika dzinoita sei, chii chichaitwa naMwari kuti apedze kutambudzika kwose kwevanhu?

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 22]

Kuponda uye kutambura ndizvo zvave zvichikonzerwa nokurwisana kwevanhu

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 23]

Pamusoro: Vapoteri munzvimbo yasakadzwa nehondo

Vanhu vanonzi vakabudirira vaikwanisa sei kuita zvinhu zvakaipa zvakadaro?

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Vapoteri vokuRwanda: UN PHOTO 186788/J. Isaac; kudhirika kweWorld Trade Center: AP Photo/Amy Sancetta