Chii Chakaipa Nokubhejera?

“Vanhu vanoda kusvika 290 000 vokuAustralia vane chinetso chokubhejera uye ndivo vanokonzera kurasika kwemari inosvika mabhiriyoni US$3 (Z$165) gore negore. Izvi zvine ngozi kwete chete kune vane chinetso chokubhejera ava, asiwo kuvanhu vanofungidzirwa kusvika mamiriyoni 1,5 vavanokanganisa zvakananga nemhaka yokubhuroka, kurambana, kuzviuraya, uye nguva inorasika pabasa.”—J. Howard, mutungamiriri weAustralia, muna 1999.

JOHN, ataurwa munyaya yatangira ino, akava nechinetso chokubhejera.a Akaenda kuAustralia, kwaakanoroorana naLinda, aibhejerawo. Kupindwa muropa kwaJohn kwakanyanyisa. Anoti: “Ndakabva pakutenga matikiti erotari kusvika pakubhejera mabhiza uye kubhejera pazvivako zvokubheja. Ndakapedzisira ndave kubhejera zuva nezuva. Dzimwe nguva ndaibhejera mari yose yandainge ndatambira uye ndaisara ndisina mari yokubhadhara rendi kana yokuriritira mhuri. Kunyange pandaihwina mari yakawanda, ndairamba ndichibhejera. Mufaro wokuhwina ndiwo waindiita kuti ndirambe ndichidaro.”

Vanhu vakafanana naJohn vakawanda. Nzanga dzose dzinoita sedzave nechinetso chevanhu vane havi yokubhejera. Magazini inonzi USA Today yakati pakati pa1976 na1997, pakanga pane nhamba yakakura kwazvo yokuwedzera kwemari inoshandiswa pakubhejera kunobvumirwa nomutemo inosvika 3 200 kubva muzana muUnited States.

“Kubhejera kwaiwanzoonekwa sechinhu chakaipa patsika nemagariro. Nhasi chave chivaraidzo chinogamuchirwa,” rinodaro pepanhau rokuCanada rinonzi The Globe and Mail. Richitaura chimwe chikonzero nei vanhu vakachinja maonero avo, pepanhau racho rinoti: “Chakaita kuti vanhu vachinje imhaka yokushambadza kwakagara kwenguva refu kwaitsigirwa nemazakwatira emari nehurumende kuti vanhu vabhejere kubva Canada ichitanga.” Kusimudzira kubhejera kwakakonzera chii mune dzimwe nzanga?

Kupararira Kwechinetso Chokubhejera

Maererano nokufungidzira kwakaitwa neHarvard Medical School Division on Addictions, muna1996 pakanga pane “vanhu vokuAmerica vakuru vanosvika mamiriyoni 7,5 vaive nechinetso chokubhejera uye chokusagona kudzora kubhejera kwavo” uye “mamiriyoni 7,9 evechiduku vokuAmerica vaive nechinetso chokubhejera uye chokusagona kudzora kubhejera kwavo.” Manhamba acho akanga ari mumushumo wakanyorwa neNational Gambling Impact Study Commission (NGISC), wakapiwa kuMusangano weUnited States. Mushumo wacho wakataura kuti nhamba yevanhu vane chinetso chokubhejera muAmerica inogona kunge yakatokura zvikuru kupfuura yakashumwa.

Nokurasikirwa nemabasa, utano husina kutsarukana, kubhadharwa kwokuti munhu haasi kushanda, uye kudhura kwokurapwa, vane chinetso chokubhejera vanofungidzirwa kuti vanoshandisa mari yevanhu vomuUnited States inosvika mabhiriyoni emadhora gore negore. Zvisinei, nhamba iyi hainyatsoratidzi kutambura kunokonzerwa nevane chinetso chokubhejera—zvinokonzerwa kumhuri, kushamwari, uye kuvamwe vashandi, zvichibva pakuba, kushandisa mari dzemakambani, kuzviuraya, kurwa mudzimba, uye kubata vana zvisina kunaka. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaitwa kuAustralia zvakaratidza kuti vanhu vanosvika gumi vanogona kukanganiswa nomunhu mumwe ane chinetso chokubhejera. Mumwe mushumo wakabva kuNational Research Council yomuUnited States wakati vanosvika “50 kubva muzana vevakaroorana uye vana 10 kubva muzana vakarohwa nevane chinetso chokutadza kudzora kubhejera kwavo.”

Kunopinda Muropa uye Kunotapukira

Kufanana nezvimwe zvirwere, chinetso chokubhejera chinoita sechinotapukira kubva kumubereki kuenda kumwana. “Vana vevane muitiro wokubhejera vane mukana mukuru wokuita misikanzwa yakadai sokusvuta, kunwa, uye kushandisa zvinodhaka, uye vane ngozi huru yokuva nechinetso chokubhejera kana chokutadza kudzora kubhejera pachavo,” unodaro mushumo weNGISC. Mushumo wacho unonyeverawo kuti “vachiri kuyaruka vanobhejera vane mukana mukuru wokuva nechinetso chokubhejera uye kutadza kudzora kubhejera kwavo kupfuura vakuru.”

Dr. Howard J. Shaffer, mukuru weHarvard Medical School’s Division on Addiction Studies, anoti: “Pane uchapupu hwakawanda hunoratidza kuti kubhejera kusiri pamutemo kwevechiduku kuri kuwedzera pamwero unongoda kuenderana nomukana uripo wokubhejera kunobvumirwa nomutemo.” Nezvomukana uripo wevanotadza kudzora kubhejera kwavo kuti vashandise zvisizvo unyanzvi hweIndaneti, anoti: “Sezvo kusvuta kokeini kwakachinja mashandisirwo ayo, ndinofunga kuti michina yemakombiyuta ichachinja nzira yokubhejera nayo.”

Bhizimisi rokubhejera kakawanda rinoonekwa serinopa mafaro asingakuvadzi. Asi kune vechiduku, kubhejera kunogona kungopinda muropa kungofanana nechinodhaka chipi nechipi uye kunogona kuita kuti munhu aite chitsotsi. Kuongorora kwakaitwa muUnited Kingdom kwakaratidza kuti pane vechiduku vaibhejera, “46 kubva muzana vaibira mhuri dzavo” kuti varambe vachibhejera.

Pasinei nezvabva kukurukurwa izvi, rimwe sangano rezvokubhejera rakakurumbira rinoti kubhejera kwakanaka nokutaura kuti: “Vanhu vokuAmerica vakawanda vanoita zvokubheja havana zvinetso zvavanosangana nazvo.” Kunyange kana uchifunga kuti kubhejera hakunyanyi kudya mari yako kana kukanganisa utano hwako, kubhejera kungakanganisa sei kunamata kwako? Pane zvikonzero zvakanaka zvokuti urege kubhejera here? Nyaya inotevera ichapindura mibvunzo iyi.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 4, 5]

Ndine Chinetso Chokubhejera Here?

Maererano neAmerican Psychiatric Association, zvinotevera zviri papeji 5 zvinogona kuratidza kuti munhu ane chinetso chokusagona kudzora kubhejera kwake (dzimwe nguva kunonzi kunyanyisa kubhejera). Vakuru vakuru vakawanda vanobvuma kuti kana ukaratidza zvakawanda zvezvinotevera, une chinetso chokubhejera, uye kana ukaita mumwe wemiitiro iyi, uri pangozi yokuva nechinetso chokubhejera.

Kubatikana Unobatikana nokubhejera—uchifunga zvimwe zvakamboitika pawakabhejera, kuronga zvimwe zvauchaita, kana kufunga nezvenzira dzokuwana mari yokubhejera.

Kupindwa muropa Unoda kuramba uchibhejera nemari yakawanda kuitira kuti uwane mafaro aunoda.

Kuda kurega Haugadzikani uye haunzwi zvakanaka paunoedza kuderedza kana kurega kubhejera.

Kutiza Unobhejera senzira yokutiza zvinetso kana kunyevenutsa kushaya tariro, kunzwa une mhaka, kufunganya, uye kuora mwoyo.

Kutsiva Kana wadyiwa mari pakubhejera, kakawanda unodzoka rimwe zuva kuitira kuti utsive. Muitiro uyu unonzi kuda kutsiva zvawakadyiwa.

Kureva nhema Unoreva nhema kumhuri, varapi, kana vamwe kuitira kuti vasaona mwero waunosvika pakubhejera.

Kutadza kuzvidzora Kakawanda wakaedza kurega, kudzora, kana kuderedza kubhejera asi uchitadza.

Kupara mhosva Wakapara mhosva, yakadai sokunyengera kuti uwane mari, kuba, kushandisa mari dzekambani, kuitira kuti uwane mari yokubhejera.

Kuisa pangozi ushamwari hunokosha Wakaisa pangozi kana kupedza ushamwari hunokosha, dzidzo kana mukana webasa, kana basa nemhaka yokubhejera.

Kununurwa nevamwe Wakavimba nevamwe kuti vakupe mari kuti uwane chokubata apo mari inenge yapera nemhaka yokubhejera.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Kwazvakabva: National Opinion Research Center iri paUniversity of Chicago, Gemini Research, neThe Lewin Group.

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]

Zvinorehwa Nemashoko Okushambadza Rotari

“Kusimudzira marotari . . . kunogona kuonekwa sokusimudzira dzidzo yetsika, kudzidzisa kuti kubhejera chiito chomutsa kana kutoti chiito chakanaka,” vanodaro vanotsvakurudza ruzivo vepaDuke University, iri muUnited States, mumushumo wakapiwa kuNational Gambling Impact Study Commission. Chaizvoizvo kushambadza rotari kunoita kuti nzanga ive yakadini? Mushumo wacho unoti: “Hakusi kunyepa kutaura kuti mashoko okushambadza rotari ndeokunyengera—kuti kubudirira kunouya nokusarudza nhamba chaidzo. Iyi ‘dzidziso’ yakaipa iri kushambadzwa nevezvemarotari inogona kuva nemigumisiro isingadiwi yokuderedza mitero yehurumende pakupedzisira, nokuderedza kukura kwoupfumi. Chaizvoizvo, kana kusimudzirwa kwerotari kuchipedza chido chokushanda, kuchengeta mari, uye kuzvidzidzisa uye kuzvirovedza, mugumisiro wacho unopedzisira waderedza kukura kwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Chero zvazviri, kutarisira chishamiso handiyo nzira yokubudirira yatinodzidzisa vana vedu.”

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 8]

Imba Yokubhejera Pamusha Woga Woga

Nemari shoma-shoma pane yaifanira kuvakiswa nzvimbo dzokubhejera, masangano ezvokubhejera zvino anogadzira nzvimbo dzeIndaneti dzinogona kuchinja musha wose une kombiyuta iri paindaneti kuva imba yokubhejera. Pakati pema1990, kwakanga kune nzvimbo dzokubhejera dzepaIndaneti dzinokwana 25. Muna 2001 pakanga pane nzvimbo dzinopfuura 1 200, uye mari inowanikwa nokubhejera paIndaneti yave ichiwedzera nekaviri gore negore. Muna 1997, nzvimbo dzokubhejera paIndaneti dzakawana mari inosvika mamiriyoni US$300 (Z$16 500). Muna 1998 dzakawana imwe inokwana mamiriyoni US$650 (Z$35 750). Muna 2000, nzvimbo dzokubhejera dzepaIndaneti dzakawana mari inosvika mabhiriyoni US$2,2 (Z$121), uye panozosvika 2003 nhamba iyoyo “inotarisirwa kuwedzera kusvika pamabhiriyoni US$6,4 (Z$352),” unodaro mushumo wenhau weReuters.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 6]

Zvinetso zvinounzwa neane chinetso chokubhejera zvinosanganisira mhuri dzisina mari yokutenga zvokudya

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]

Pakati pevechiduku, kubhejera kuri kuwedzera pamwero unovhundutsa

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 8]

Vana vevanhu vanotadza kudzora kubhejera kwavo vane ngozi huru yokuti vave nechinetso chokubhejera pachavo