Kurapa Kwemazuva Ano—Kungabatsira Kusvika Papi?

MUNYIKA dzinorimwa maapuro, vana vakawanda vanodzidza vachiri vaduku kuti kana vachida kutanha apuro ravasingasvikiri mumuapuro wakareba, vanogona kuritanha nokukwira pamafudzi omumwe. Mune zvokurapa, chimwe chinhu chakafanana chakaitika. Vatsvakurudzi vezvokurapa vasvika pakakwirira zvikuru nokumira pamafudzi enyanzvi dzakakurumbira dzomunguva yakapfuura.

Pavarapi ivavo vepakutanga paiva nevarume vaizivikanwa zvikuru vakadai saHippocrates naPasteur, pamwe nevarume vakadai saVesalius naWilliam Morton—mazita asinganyanyi kuzivikanwa nevakawanda vedu. Chii chavakaita kuti kurapa kwemazuva ano kusimukire?

Makarekare kudzidzira zvokurapa kwakanga kusiri basa resayenzi asi kwainyanya kusanganisira tsika dzokudavira mashura uye zvechitendero. Bhuku rinonzi The Epic of Medicine, rakapepetwa naDr. Felix Marti-Ibañez, rinoti: “Sezvo vaidavira kuti urwere kwaiva kurangwa navanamwari, vaMesopotamiya vakatanga kusanganisa zvokurapa nechitendero. . . , kuti varwise zvirwere.” Kurapa kwevaIjipiti, kwakateverawo munguva pfupi, kwakatangirawo muchitendero. Saka, kubva pakutanga chaipo, murapi aiyemurwa nepfungwa yechitendero.

Mubhuku rake rinonzi The Clay Pedestal, Dr. Thomas A. Preston anoti: “Zvakawanda zvaidavirwa nevanhu vekare zvakasiya zviratidzo zvisingadzimiki mune zvokurapa zvakaramba zviripo kusvikira kuzuva rino. Chimwe chaizvozvi chaiva chokuti murwere hapana zvaanogona kuita pahosha yake, uye aitarisira kupora kutoti pashandiswa masimba emashiripiti omurapi.”

Kuvaka Nheyo

Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva zvokurapa zvakachinja kuva zvesayenzi. Hippocrates ndiye aiva murapi wokutanga wekare aishandisa zvesayenzi. Akaberekwa munenge muna 460 B.C.E. pachitsuwa cheGirisi cheKosi uye vakawanda vanomuona somuvambi wezvokurapa kuMadokero. Hippocrates akaita kuti pave nokurapa kwakarongeka. Akaramba pfungwa yokuti hosha chaiva chirango chinobva kuna mwari, achitaura kuti yakangogara ine chinoikonzera. Somuenzaniso, kwenguva yakareba tsviyo yave ichinzi ihosha tsvene nemhaka yezvaidavirwa kuti yaigona kurapwa navanamwari chete. Asi Hippocrates akanyora kuti: “Nezvehosha inonzi Tsvene: zvinoratidzika kwandiri seisingabvi kuna Mwari zvachose uye haina kusiyana nezvimwe zvirwere, asi yakangogara ine chinoikonzera.” Hippocrates aivawo murapi wokutanga anozivikanwa akaona zviratidzo zvehosha dzakasiyana-siyana uye akazvinyora pasi kuti zvizoshandiswa mune remangwana.

Mazana emakore gare gare, Galen, chiremba wechiGiriki akaberekwa muna 129 C.E., akatangawo tsvakurudzo dzesayenzi. Achivakira pakuvhiya kwaaiita mhuka, Galen akabudisa bhuku rinotaura nezvezvakaita muviri womunhu iro rakashandiswa navanachiremba kwemazana emakore! Andreas Vesalius, akaberekwa muBrussels muna 1514, akanyora bhuku rinonzi On the Structure of the Human Body. Rakashorwa, sezvo raipesana nezvakawanda zvakanga zvawanwa naGalen, asi rakavaka nheyo yedzidzo yemazuva ano yezvakaita muviri womunhu. Maererano nebhuku rinonzi Die Grossen (Vakuru), Vesalius akava “mumwe wevatsvakurudzi vezvokurapa anokosha zvikuru munhau yevanhu.”

Rondedzero dzaGalen pamusoro pemwoyo nokutenderera kweropa dzakashayawo basa nokufamba kwenguva.a Chiremba wechiRungu William Harvey akapedza makore achivhiya mhuka neshiri. Akaona kushanda kwetsinga dzemwoyo, akayera kuwanda kweropa mumwoyo, uye kufungidzira uwandu hweropa riri mumuviri. Muna 1628 Harvey akabudisa zvaakawana mubhuku rinonzi On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals. Akatsoropodzwa, akashorwa, akarwiswa, uye akatukwa. Asi zvaakawana zvaizochinja zvinhu mune zvokurapa—kutenderera kunoita ropa mumuviri kwakanga kwawanikwa!

Kubva Pakugera Kusvika Pakuvhiya

Kufambira mberi kukuru kwakanga kuchiitwawo mukudzidza zvokuvhiya. MuMiddle Ages, kuvhiya kwainyanya kuitwa nevanogera. Hazvishamisi kuti vamwe vanoti akatanga zvokuvhiya kwemazuva ano aiva murume wokuFrance womuzana remakore rechi16 Ambroise Paré—mugeri uye chiremba anovhiya wokutanga aishandirawo madzimambo mana eFrance. Paré akagadzirawo zvishandiso zvokuvhiya zvakati kuti.

Chimwe chezvinetso chakanga chichakatarisana nachiremba anovhiya womuzana remakore rechi19 chaiva kutadza kwake kunyaradza marwadzo pakuvhiya. Asi muna 1846 chiremba wemazino ainzi William Morton akatanga zvakazoita kuti pave nokupararira kwokutindivadza pakuvhiya.b

Muna 1895, paakanga achibata-bata zvemagetsi, nyanzvi yefizikisi yokuGermany Wilhelm Röntgen akaona mwaranzi ichipfuura nomuganda asi kwete mumapfupa. Haana kuziva kwakanga kwabva mwaranzi yacho, saka akaipa zita rokuti X rays, zita richiri kungoshandiswa munyika dzinotaura chiRungu. Maererano nebhuku rinonzi Die Großen Deutschen (Vanhu Vakakurumbira vokuGermany), Röntgen akaudza mudzimai wake kuti: “Vanhu vachati: ‘Röntgen ava kupenga.’” Vamwe vakataura izvozvo. Asi zvaakawana zvakachinja zvokuvhiya. Iye zvino vanachiremba vanovhiya vanokwanisa kuona mukati momuviri pasina kuita zvokucheka.

Kukunda Hosha

Mumakore ose hosha dzinotapuriranwa dzakadai sechibhokisi (smallpox) dzairamba dzichiunza matenda, kutya, uye rufu. Ar-Rāzī, wokuPersia womuzana remakore rechipfumbamwe anonzi nevamwe akanga ari chiremba mukuru kupfuura vose munyika dzechiIslam dzenguva iyoyo, akanyora rondedzero yokutanga yakarurama yechibhokisi. Asi chiremba wokuBritain ainzi Edward Jenner akawana nzira yokuchirapa mazana emakore akati kuti gare gare. Jenner akaona kuti kana munhu akangova necowpox—chirwere chisingaurayi—aisabatwa nechibhokisi. Achivakira pakuona uku, Jenner akashandisa zvinhu zvaibva paganda rine cowpox kugadzira mushonga wokudzivirira chibhokisi. Maiva muna 1796. Kufanana nevamwe vatsvakurudzi vakamutangira, Jenner akatsoropodzwa uye akashorwa. Asi zvaakawana pamusoro pokudzivirira hosha yacho zvakaita kuti ibviswe pakupedzisira uye zvakapa vezvokurapa nzira itsva ine simba rokukunda hosha iyi.

Murume wokuFrance Louis Pasteur aishandisa mishonga yokudzivirira kurwisa chimbwamupengo nechigwadara. Akaratidzawo kuti utachiona hunoita basa guru mukukonzera hosha. Muna 1882, Robert Koch akaona utachiona hunokonzera chikosoro chorurindi, chakarondedzerwa neimwe nyanzvi yezvakaitika kare se“chirwere chinouraya zvikuru chomuzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe.” Rinenge gore rimwe chete gare gare, Koch akaziva utachiona hunokonzera cholera. Magazini inonzi Life inoti: “Basa raPasteur naKoch rakaita kuti pave nesayenzi yezvinhu zvipenyu zvisingaoneki neziso uye zvakaita kuti pave nokufambira mberi mukudzivirirwa kwezvirwere, noutsanana izvo zvakaita kuti upenyu hwevanhu huwedzere zvisina kumboitwa nokumwe kufambira mberi kwesayenzi kupi nokupi mumakore 1 000 apfuura.”

Zvokurapa Muzana Remakore Rechimakumi Maviri

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, zvokurapa zvakanga zvakamira pamafudzi enyanzvi dzokurapa idzi nedzimwewo dzine pfungwa dzakapinza. Kubvira ipapo, kufambira mberi mune zvokurapa kwave kuchiwedzera nomwero wokukurumidza—insulin nokuda kwechirwere cheshuga, chemotherapy nokuda kwekenza, kurapwa kwemvura dzomumuviri, mushonga unouraya utachiona (antibiotics) nokuda kwechikosoro chorurindi, chloroquine nokuda kwedzimwe mhando dzemalaria, uye dialysis pazvirwere zveitsvo, pamwe nokuvhiya mwoyo, uye kuiswa kwenhengo itsva, kungotaura zvishoma zvacho.

Asi zvino zvatiri pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi21, vezvokurapa vava pedyo zvakadini nokuzadzikisa vavariro ye“mwero unogamuchirika woutano hwakanaka kuvanhu vose vepasi”?

Ivavariro Isingakwanisiki Here?

Vana vanodzidza kuti kukwira pamafudzi eshamwari hakuiti kuti vatanhe maapuro ose. Mamwe maapuro ane muto wakawanda ari padenga pomuti wacho, kure kwavasingagoni kusvikira. Saizvozvowo, zvokurapa zvakabva pane rimwe danho kuenda pane rimwe zvichingokwirira. Asi vavariro huru—youtano hwakanaka kuvanhu vose—inoramba kusvikika.

Nokudaro, muna 1998 European Commission yakashuma kuti “Vanhu vokuEurope havasati vambova noupenyu hwakareba uye hwakagwinya zvakadaro,” mushumo wacho wakawedzera kuti: “Munhu mumwe chete pavashanu achafa asati asvitsa makore 65. Kenza ichakonzera 40 muzana yenzufu idzi, hosha dzemwoyo dzichikonzera imwe 30 muzana . . . Dziviriro iri nani inofanira kupiwa pazvinhu zvitsva zvinoisa utano pangozi.”

Magazini youtano yokuGermany inonzi Gesundheit muna November 1998 yakashuma kuti hosha dzinotapuriranwa secholera nechikosoro chorurindi dziri kuwedzera kuisa utano pangozi. Nei? Mishonga inouraya utachiona “iri kupera simba rayo. Utachiona hwakawanda hwava kuramba kufa nomushonga wakati; zvechokwadi hwakawanda hwava kuramba kufa neinoverengeka.” Hazvisi zvirwere zvekare chete zviri kuonekwazve asi hosha itsva dzakadai seAIDS dzava kuonekwa. Bhuku rezvemishonga rokuGermany rinonzi Statistics ’97 rinotiyeuchidza kuti: “Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvezvirwere zvose zvinozivikanwa—zvinenge 20 000—kusvikira zvino hapana nzira yokurapa nayo zvinozvikonzera.”

Kushandisa Magene Kune Zvakunopedza Here?

Zvechokwadi, nzira itsva dzokurapa dzinoramba dzichitangwa. Somuenzaniso, vakawanda vanofunga kuti kushandisa magene kungaita kuti pave noutano huri nani. Zvichitevera kutsvakurudza kwakaitwa muUnited States muma1990 navanachiremba vakadai saDr. W. French Anderson, kushandisa magene kwakarondedzerwa se“nharaunda inofadza zvikuru yokutsvakurudza kwezvokurapa.” Bhuku rinonzi Heilen mit Genen (Kurapa Nemagene) rinoti nokushandisa magene “sayenzi yezvokurapa inogona kunge yava pedyo nokutanga zvimwe zvitsva. Izvi zvakanyanya kudaro nokurapwa kwezvirwere zvave zvisingarapiki kusvikira zvino.”

Nokufamba kwenguva masayendisiti anotarisira kukwanisa kurapa zvirwere zvokuzvarwa nazvo zvinokonzerwa nemagene nokubaya varwere jekiseni rine magene anorapa. Kunyange masero anokuvadza, akadai semasero ekenza, zvimwe achaitwa kuti azviparadze. Kuongorora magene kuti paonekwe mukana womunhu wokubatwa nechirwere chakati kwave kutoita. Vamwe vanoti kuita kuti mishonga ienderane nezvakaita magene omurwere ndicho chichava chinhu chinotevera. Mumwe mutsvakurudzi akakurumbira anotaura kuti rimwe zuva vanachiremba vachakwanisa ku“ongorora zvirwere zvevarwere vavo vovapa zvidimbu zvakakodzera zveDNA kuvarapa.”

Zvisinei, haasi munhu wose anogutsikana kuti munguva yemberi kushandisa magene pakurapa kuchanyatsonanga pachinetso uye kuchipedza. Zvechokwadi, maererano neongororo dzakaitwa, vanhu vangasada kuongororwa zvakaita magene avo. Vakawanda vanotyawo kuti kushandisa magene pakurapa kungadaro kuri kutamba kune ngozi nezvinhu zvakasikwa zvakadaro.

Nguva ndiyo icharatidza kana kushandisa magene kana kuti kumwe kurapa kwepamusoro-soro kuchizozadzikisa zvakavimbiswa zvisina chokwadi. Zvisinei, pane chikonzero chokudzivisa kunyanya kutarisira zvakanaka. Bhuku rinonzi The Clay Pedestal, rinorondedzera zvinhu zvakajairika zvikuru richiti: “Nzira itsva yokurapa inoziviswa, inogamuchirwa nomufaro pamusangano wezvokurapa uye mumagazini. Vakaitanga vanorumbidzwa mubasa racho, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvinorumbidza kufambira mberi kwacho. Pashure penguva yokufara uye mashoko anotsigira kurapa kwacho kunoshamisa abudiswa, kusava nechokwadi kunotanga zvishoma nezvishoma, kunotanga pamwedzi mishomanana kusvikira kumakumi emakore mashomanana. Zvadaro mushonga mutsva unowanika, uye kamwe kamwe, unotsiva wekare, uyo unosiyiwa pakarepo uchinzi haubatsiri.” Zvechokwadi, mishonga yakawanda yave ichisiyiwa navanachiremba vakawanda seisingashandi yaimbozivikanwa kwazvo kasiri kare zvikuru.

Kunyange zvazvo nhasi vanachiremba vasingachaonekwi sevechitendero sezvaiitwa varapi vekare, kakuda kunamata nyanzvi dzokurapa kachiripo uye kufungidzira kuti kurapwa kwezvirwere zvose zvevanhu kuchaitwa nesayenzi. Zvisinei, handizvo zvazviri chaizvo. Mubhuku rake rinonzi How and Why We Age, Dr. Leonard Hayflick anoti: “Muna 1900, 75 muzana yevanhu muUnited States yaifa isati yasvitsa makore makumi matanhatu nemashanu. Nhasi, nhamba iyi inenge yachinja zvikuru: inenge 70 muzana yevanhu inofa pashure pemakore makumi matanhatu nemashanu.” Chii chakakonzera kuwedzera kunoshamisa kwenguva yokurarama? Hayflick anotsanangura kuti “zvakanyanya kudaro nemhaka yokuderera kwevacheche vanofa.” Zvino ngatimboti sayenzi yezvokurapa yagona kubvisa zvinhu zvikuru zvinokonzera kufa kwevanhu vakwegura—hosha yemwoyo, kenza, uye sitiroko. Izvozvo zvaizoita kuti pasava nokufa kwakanyanya here? Kana. Dr. Hayflick anoti kunyange zvakadaro, “vanhu vakawanda vaizorarama kusvika pamakore zana.” Anowedzera kuti: “Vanhu vanosvitsa makore zana ivava vanenge vachiri kungofa. Asi vaizofa nei? Vaizongoshaya simba zvishoma nezvishoma kusvikira vafa.”

Pasinei nezvakanakisisa zvinoitwa nesayenzi yezvokurapa, zvokurapa hazvisati zvagona kubvisa rufu. Nei zvakadaro? Uye vavariro youtano hwakanaka kuvanhu vose chiroto chisingabviri here?

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 4]

“Zvakawanda zvaidavirwa nevanhu vekare zvakasiya zviratidzo zvisingadzimiki mune zvokurapa zvakaramba zviripo kusvikira kuzuva rino.”—The Clay Pedestal

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 4, 5]

Hippocrates, Galen, uye Vesalius vakavaka nheyo dzokurapa kwemazuva ano

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Chitsuwa cheKosi, kuGreece

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

Chivezwa chomuti naJan Steven von Kalkar chaA. Vesalius, chakatorwa muMeyer’s Encyclopedic Lexicon

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 6]

Ambroise Paré ndiye akatanga kuva mugeri uye chiremba anovhiya akashandira madzimambo mana eFrance

Chiremba wokuPersia Ar-Rāzī (kuruboshwe), uye chiremba wokuBritain Edward Jenner (kurudyi)

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Paré naAr-Rāzī: Courtesy National Library of Medicine

Kubva mubhuku rinonzi Great Men and Famous Women

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]

Murume wokuFrance Louis Pasteur akaratidza kuti utachiona hunokonzera hosha

[Kwazvakatorwa]

© Institut Pasteur

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 8]

Kunyange kana zvinhu zvikuru zvinokonzera rufu zvikabviswa, kukwegura kunozongoguma norufu