Ndivanaani Vari Varanda Nhasi?

CHIMBOFUNGA nezvenhamba dzacho. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pakati pevana mamiriyoni 200 ne250 vari pasi pamakore 15 vanopedza nguva yavo yakawanda yavanenge vakamuka vari kubasa. Vana chikamu chimwe muzvina chemiriyoni, vamwe vaduku sevane makore manomwe, vakapinzwa muhondo yezvombo muna 1995 na1996 moga, vamwe vacho vachibva vava varanda vanoshandiswa muhondo. Nhamba yavakadzi navana vanotengeswa savaranda gore rimwe nerimwe inofungidzirwa kupfuura miriyoni imwe.

Asi nhamba dzoga hadzigoni kuratidza kupererwa nezano rose kunoitwa nevanhu ava. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe nyika yokuchamhembe kweAfrica, munyori Elinor Burkett akasangana naFatma, mumwe mukadzi muduku akakwanisa kutiza kubva kune waaishandira aiva noutsinye. Zvisinei, apedza kutaura naye, Burkett akacherechedza kuti Fatma “achava muranda nokusingaperi, mupfungwa dzake oga.” Fatma angambofungidzira ramangwana riri nani here? “Haakwanisi kufunga zvinopfuura mambakwedza,” anodaro Burkett. “Ramangwana ndechimwe chinhu chaasina kana zvaanoziva nezvacho.”

Hungu, panguva ino chaiyo, mamiriyoni akawanda avamwe vanhu varanda vasina tariro. Nei uye sei vanhu vose ava vachiva varanda? Vanoiswa muuranda hworudzii?

Vanotengesa Vanhu

Rimwe bhurocha rinotaura nezvokubvakachira nzvimbo riri kutengeswa muUnited States harina kugona kunanga chaizvo parakati: “Kubvakachira zvepabonde kuThailand. Vasikana chaivo. Zvepabonde chaizvo. Mutengo wakaderera zvikuru. . . . Waiziva here kuti unogona kutotenga mhandara nemari shoma yakadai se$7 600?” Chisina kutaurwa nebhurocha iri ndechokuti “mhandara” idzi dzingave dzakabiwa kana kuti dzakanotengeswa nechisimba kudzimba dzepfambi, kwadzinowana makasitoma anenge 10 kusvika ku20 pazuva. Kana dzikaramba kuita zvepabonde nevanhu ava, dzinorohwa. Apo moto wakapisa imwe imba yepfambi muPhuket Island, imwe nzvimbo inoshanyirwa nevanhu iri kumaodzanyemba kweThailand, pfambi shanu dzakatsva kusvika dzafa. Nei? Nemhaka yokuti varidzi vadzo vakanga vadzisungirira pamibhedha yadzo necheni kuti dzirege kutiza muusungwa hwadzo.

Vakadzi vaduku ava vanobva kupi? Zvinoshumwa kuti, iri bhizimisi rokuita zvepabonde riri kuwana mamiriyoni avasikana navakadzi kubva munyika yose avo vanenge vabiwa, vamanikidzwa, uye vatengeswa kuti vaite zvoupfambi. Bhizimisi rokuita zvepabonde riri munyika yose riri kubudirira nemhaka yokuvapo kwenyika dzichiri kusimukira dzine urombo, nyika dzakabudirira dzine upfumi, uye mitemo isingarambidzi bhizimisi riri munyika yose rokutengesa varanda uye varanda vanoshandira zvibvumirano zvakaitwa.

Masangano evanhukadzi muSoutheast Asia anofungidzira kuti kubva pakati pama1970 kusvika mukuvamba kwama1990, vakadzi vanosvika mamiriyoni 30 vakatengeswa munyika yose. Vanotengesa vanhu vanotsvaka vasikana vechiduku navakadzi vanotaridzika kuva nyore kushandisa pazviteshi zvezvitima, mumisha yavarombo, uye munzira dzomumaguta. Kakawanda vanotsvakwa vacho vanhu vasina kudzidza, nherera, vakasiyiwa, kana kuti varombo. Vanonyengerwa nokuvimbiswa basa rakanaka, voendeswa kune dzimwe nyika, uye zvadaro vanonotengeswa mudzimba dzepfambi.

Kubva zvakaparara chiKomonizimu muna 1991, pakava navasikana navakadzi vakawanda varombo. Kubviswa kwemitemo inorambidza zvimwe zvinhu, uridzi hwezvinhu, uye musiyano pakati pevapfumi navarombo uri kuramba uchikura zvakaita kuti pave noutsotsi hwakanyanya, urombo, uye kushaya mabasa. Vakadzi navasikana vakawanda vokuRussia nokuEastern Europe pari zvino ndivo vava kupa mari yakawanda kubhizimisi roupfambi hwakarongwa munyika yose. “Pane njodzi shoma kana uchitengesa vanhu pane kutengesa zvinodhaka,” akadaro Anita Gradin, aimbova Justice Commissioner wokuEurope.

Vana Vasina Kutamba Upwere

Mune imwe fekitari inogadzira makapeti muAsia, vana vaduku chaizvo sevane makore mashanu vari kushanda kubva na4 dzemangwanani kusvikira na11 dzousiku pasina mubhadharo. Kazhinji vana vakaita seava vanoshandiswa vakatarisana nezvinhu izvi zvinokuvadza utano: michina isina kuchengeteka, maawa akawanda mudzimba dzisina chiedza chakakwana uye dzisina mhepo yakachena yokufema, uye kushandisa makemikoro anokuvadza anoshandiswa mukugadzira zvinhu.a

Nei vana vachidiwa zvikuru kuti vave vashandi? Nemhaka yokuti kushandisa vana kwakachipa uye nemhaka yokuti vana vanoberekwa vasinganetsi kudzidzisa, havanetsi kuranga, uye vanotya zvikuru zvokuti havanyunyuti. Miviri yavo miduku nezvigunwe zvinokurumidza kuita basa zvinoonekwa sezvokushandisa zvakanaka nevanhu vanokara mari vasina tsitsi mukuita mabasa akati, akadai sokugadzira makapeti. Kazhinji vana vakadaro vanopiwa basa, nepo vabereki vavo vakagara kumba, vasingashadi.

Kuwedzera kunhamo yavo, vana vanoshanda mudzimba ndivo vane dambudziko rakanyanya kukura rokubatwa chibharo nokurohwa. Vana vakawanda vanobiwa, vanochengetwa mumakamba ari oga, uye vanosungwa nengetani usiku kuti vasatize. Mumasikati, vanganzi vashande mukugadzira migwagwa uye kuchera matombo.

Imwe nzira inotadzisa vana kutamba upwere kumanikidzwa kuroorwa. Anti-Slavery International inotsanangura chimwe chakaitika ichi: “Musikana ane makore 12 anoudzwa kuti mhuri yake yaronga kuti aroorwe neharahwa ine makore 60. Chaizvoizvo ane kodzero yokuramba, asi zvinoitika ndezvokuti haana mukana wokushandisa kodzero iyoyo uye haazivi kuti anogona kudaro.”

Varanda Vechikwereti

Mazana ezviuru zvavashandi anochengetwa muusungwa nevashandirwi vavo nemhaka yezvikwereti izvo ivo kana kuti vabereki vavo vakapiwa. Kutaura zvinowanzoitika, kushandira chikwereti kunowanzoitika munzvimbo dzinorimwa, uko vashandi vanoshanda sevashandiwo zvavo kana kuti sevarimi. Mune zvimwe zvinoitika, zvikwereti zvinopfuudzwa kubva kuvabereki kuenda kuvana, zvichiita kuti nhengo dzemhuri dzirambe dziri muusungwa zvachose. Mune zvimwe zvinoitika, vashandirwi vasati vabhadharwa mari yavo yose vanotengesa chikwereti chacho kumushandirwi mutsva. Mune zvinoitika zvakaipisisa, vanoshandira chikwereti havawani mubhadharo pabasa rose ravanoita. Kana kuti vangachengetwa muusungwa nokufanopiwa tumari tushoma pamubhadharo wavo, zvinodzokororwa kasingaperi, zvokuti vanobva vasungirwa kuramba vachishandira munhu iyeye.

Uranda Kuchitendero

Binti, wokuWest Africa, ane makore 12 uye mumwe wezviuru zvevasikana vanoshanda sevatrocosi, kureva kuti “varanda vavamwari” mumutauro wechiEwe. Akamanikidzwa kuti ave noupenyu hwouranda uye kudzikinura mhosva yaasina kupara—kubata chibharo kwakaita kuti azvarwe! Pari zvino mabasa ake anongova epamba aanoitira mupristi womunharaunda wekapoka kechitendero. Gare gare basa raBinti rinenge rava kusanganisira kuita zvepabonde nomupristi, uyo ari muridzi wake. Zvadaro, paanenge ava nezera repakati nepakati Binti achatsiviwa—mupristi achatsvaka vamwe vasikana vakanaka kuti vave vatrocosi.

Kufanana naBinti, zviuru zvevaranda vechitendero vakadaro vanopiwa nemhuri dzavo kuti vashande sevaranda mukuedza kuripa chiito chinonzi chivi kana kuti kutyora mutemo mutsvene. Mumativi akati kuti enyika, vasikana kana kuti vakadzi vanomanikidzwa kuita mabasa echitendero uye kuita zvepabonde nevapristi kana kuti nevamwe—zvichitaurwa kuti vakadzi vakadaro vakaroorwa namwari. Mune zvinoitika zvakawanda vakadzi vanoita mamwe mabasa vasingabhadharwi. Havana kusununguka kuchinja kwavanogara kana kuti basa uye kazhinji vanoramba vari muuranda kwemakore akawanda.

Kutenga Nokutengesa Varanda

Kunyange zvazvo nyika dzakawanda dzichiti dzine mitemo inodzivisa uranda, mune dzimwe nzvimbo kwave kuine kuwedzera munhamba yokutenga nokutengesa varanda. Izvi zvinowanzoitika munzvimbo dzine mhirizhonga yevagari vemo kana kuti hondo. “Munzvimbo dzine hondo mitemo chaiyo yakabviswa,” inoshuma kudaro Anti-Slavery International, “uye varwi kana kuti magandanga ane zvombo anogona kumanikidza vanhu kuvashandira pasina mubhadharo . . . pasina kutya kusungwa; miitiro yakadaro yave iri kushumwa kunyanya munzvimbo dzinodzorwa nevarwi vane zvombo avo vasati vava kuzivikanwa nenyika dzakawanda.” Zvisinei, maererano nesangano rimwe chete, “munguva pfupi yapfuura kwave kunewo mishumo yemauto ehurumende anomanikidza vanhuwo zvavo kuti vashande savaranda, zvisingabvumidzwi nomutemo upi kana upi. Varwi uye magandanga vakashumwawo kuva vanobatanidzwa mukutengesa varanda, vachitengesa avo vavanenge vatora senhapwa kuti vashande savaranda kune vamwe vanhu.”

Zvinosuruvarisa kuti nhamo youranda ichiri kunetsa vanhu vakawanda muzvimiro zvakasiyana-siyana. Mira ndokufunga zvekare nezvenhamba dzinobatanidzwa—mamiriyoni avanhu vari kutambura savaranda kupota nyika yose. Zvadaro funga nezvemumwe kana kuti vaviri vari varanda vane nyaya dzawarava mumapeji aya—zvichida Lin-Lin kana kuti Binti. Unoda kuona utsotsi hwouranda hwamazuva ano huchigumiswa here? Kubviswa kwouranda kuchazomboitika here? Izvi zvisati zvaitika, kuchinja kukuru kunofanira kuitika. Tapota rava nezvazvo munyaya inotevera.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 6]

KUTSVAKA MHINDURO

Masangano akasiyana-siyana apamutemo, akadai seUnited Nations Children’s Fund neInternational Labor Organization, ari kushanda zvakaoma kuti aite zvirongwa zvakanangana nokupedza uranda hwamazuva ano. Uyezve, mamwe masangano akawanda asiri ehurumende, akadai seAnti-Slavery International neHuman Rights Watch, akaita zvaanogona kuti awedzere ruzivo rwevakawanda nezvouranda hwamazuva ano uye kusimudzira vanhu vakatambudzwa nahwo. Mamwe amasangano aya ari kutsvaka kugadzirwa kwezviratidzo chaizvo zvinonamirwa zvinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvakati hazvina kugadzirwa nevaranda kana nesimba ravana vaduku. Kuitira kuti vanhu vanoshinha navana vasungwe pavanodzokera kunyika dzavo, mamwe masangano ari kuda kuti paitwe mutemo munyika dzinotanga zvo“kushanyira kunoita zvepabonde.” Vamwe vanoona nezvekodzero dzavanhu vakatopa vanhu vanotengesa varanda uye vanoshandisa varanda mari yakawanda kuti vadzikinure varanda vakawanda sevavanogona. Izvi zvakamutsa makakatanwa akati kuti, sezvo kuita izvi kuchigona kutanga bhizimisi rinopa mari yakawanda kuvanhu vane varanda uye kuti vawedzere mutengo wavo.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]

Vasikana vakawanda vaduku vanomanikidzwa kuroorwa

[Kwazvakatorwa]

UNITED NATIONS/J.P. LAFFONT

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 8]

Mutsara wezvokudya wavaranda vari muusungwa

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Ricardo Funari

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 8]

Dzimwe nguva vana vaduku vanomanikidzwa kupinda muhondo

[Kwazvakatorwa]

UNITED NATIONS/J.P. LAFFONT