Rutivi 2

Sayenzi—Kutsvaka Zvokwadi Kunopfuurira Kworudzi Rwomunhu

Kutsvaka Kunovamba

“HAPANA munhu anoziva kuti ndiani akatanga kuwana mwoto, akaita vhiri, akatanga uta nomuseve, kana kuti akaedza kutsanangura kubuda nokunyura kwezuva,” inodaro The World Book Encyclopedia. Asi zvakawanwa, zvakaitwa, zvakatangwa, uye zvakatsanangurwa, uye nyika haina kutongova yakafanana chifocho.

Izvi zviitwa zvakanga zviri nhano dzapakuvamba parwendo mukutsvakwa kwezvokwadi iyo kusvikira zvino yapedza makore ane zviuru zvitanhatu. Vanhu vave vane chiringa, vachida kunzwisisa zvinhu zvipenyu nezvisiri zvipenyu zviri munyika yakavapota. Vave vachifarirawo kushandisa chavanodzidza, kuchishandisa munzira chaiyo kuti vazvibetsere vamene. Iyi nyota yokuberekwa nayo yezivo uye chishuvo chokuishandisa zvave zviri masimba anosunda mukutsvaka zvokwadi yesayenzi kunopfuurira kworudzi rwomunhu.

Chokwadika, kuedza ikoko kwokutanga kwokushandisa chaizvo zivo yesayenzi kwakanga kusinganzi ruzivo rwamabasa, sokuzivikanwa kwakunoitwa nhasi. Nokuda kwaikoko vanhu vamwe navamwe vakaita kuedza kwakadaro vakanga vasinganzi masayendisiti. Kutaura idi, sayenzi mupfungwa yayo yazvino uno haina kutombovapo murutivi rukuru zvikuru rwokuvapo kworudzi rwomunhu. Gare gare somuzana ramakore rechi 14, apo mudetembedzi weEngland Chaucer akashandisa shoko rokuti “sayenzi,” akangoreva bedzi marudzi ose akasiana-siana ezivo. Irori rakanga riri mutsinhirano noruzivo rwokufundwa kwamashoko namavambo awo, iro rinodzokera shure kushoko rechiLatin rinoreva kuti “kuziva.”

Nyanzvi Youpenyu Hwemhuka Yokutanga Inotungamirira Nzira

Pasinei hapo neicho iyo yaiidzwa pakuvamba, sayenzi yakatanga mubindu reEdheni nokukurumidza apo vanhu vakavamba kufeyafeya nyika yakavapota. Kunyange pamberi pokusikwa kwaEvha, Adhama akagoverwa basa rokupa mhuka mazita. Kuti adzipe mazita akakodzera kwaida kuti iye asanofunda mavara adzo nemiitiro yadzo. Nhasi, tinoidza iyoyi kuti sayenzi yoruzivo rwoupenyu hwemhuka.—Genesi 2:19.

Mwana wokutanga waAdhama naEvha, Kaini, “akabatikana mukuvaka guta,” naizvozvo anofanira kuva akanga ane zivo yesayenzi yakakwana kuti atange midziyo iri madikanwa. Gare gare, mumwe wavazukuru vake, Tubharikaini, akanzi “mupfuri worudzi rwuri rwose rwomudziyo wendarira nedare.” Pakuzosvika panguva iyeyo ruzivo rwesayenzi noruzivo rwamabasa sezvinooneka zvakanga zvawedzera.—Genesi 4:17-22, NW.

Pakuzosvika panguva apo Egipita yakava simba renyika—kududza kweBhaibheri kwokutanga—ruzivo rwesayenzi rwakanga rwaenderera mberi kusvikira kupfundo rokuti vaEgipita vaikwanisa kuvaka mapyramid mahombe. Kurongedzerwa kwaaya mapyramid, inodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica, “kwakawanwa murubudiriro bedzi pashure pokuedza kukuru, umo zvinetso zvikuru zvouinjiniya zvakapedzwa.” Kupedza izvi zvinetso kwakada zivo yakati yamasvomhu uye kwakaratidzira kuvapo kwounyanzvi hwakati hunowirirana hwesayenzi.

Chokwadika, chiringa chesayenzi chakanga chisina kuganhurirwa kuna vaEgipita bedzi. VaBhabhironi, kunze kwokutanga karenda, vakagadza gadziriro dzokuverenga nokuyera. MuFar East, pepuko yeChina yakaita betsero dzesayenzi dzinokosha. Uye madzibaba apakuvamba avaInca navaMaya nomunyika dzeAmerica vakatanga pepuko yakavandudzika iyo gare gare yakashamisa vaongorori veEurope, vaisatongokarira zviitwa zvakadaro zvakaitwa na“vagari vachiri kubudirira.”

Handi chinhu chiri chose icho ava vanhu vekare vairangarira pakuvamba sezvokwadi yesayenzi, zvisinei, chakashanduka kuva chakarurama musayenzi. The World Book Encyclopedia inotiudza kuti pamwe chete nemidziyo inobetsera yakabudiswa navaBhabhironi nokuda kwokunzvera kwesayenzi, “vakatangawo sayenzi yenhema younyanzvi hwenyeredzi.”a

Bhabhironi Riri Kunzvimbo Iri Yose

Kuvadzidzi veBhaibheri Bhabhironi rekare rinowirirana nokunamata kwenhema. Muunyanzvi hwenyeredzi hwaishandiswa imomo, mwari akasiana aidavirwa kuva aitonga pachikamu chimwe nechimwe chamatenga. Bhaibheri, iro rinodzidzisa kuti kunongova bedzi naMwari mumwe wechokwadi, rakarurama musayenzi apo rinoramba sayenzi yenhema inozivikanwa sounyanzvi hwenyeredzi.—Dheuteronomio 18:10-12; 1 VaKorinte 8:6; 12:6; VaEfeso 4:6.

Rudzidziso rwakanga rwuri rutivi runokosha rwoupenyu hwomunhu wapakuvamba. Naizvozvo kunonzwisisika kuti ruzivo rwesayenzi haruna kutanga kunze kwezvitendero zvorudzidziso uye pfungwa. Ikoku kunogona kuonwa zvikurukuru munzvimbo yesayenzi yokurapa.

“Magwaro ekare anoenzanisira chaunga nemishonga zveEgipita mukati moUmambo Hwekare,” inodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica, “anoratidzira kuti mashiripiti norudzidziso zvaibatanidzwa nomutoo unokosha nomuitiro wokurapa unotsamira paruzivo rwokuzviwanira uye kuti nyanzvi yamashiripiti huru yedare rafarao kazhinji kazhinji yakabatirawo sachiremba mukuru worudzi.”

Mukati momutsara wamadzimambo weEgipita wechitatu, murongedzeri akakurumbira ainzi Imhotep akawana mukurumbira sachiremba wounyanzvi husati huri huduku. Risingasviki zana ramakore pashure porufu rwake, akanamatwa samwari weEgipita womushonga. Pakuzosvika pakupera kwezana ramakore rechitanhatu P.N.V., akanga asimudzirwa kunzvimbo yamwari mukuru. Britannica inotaura kuti tembere dzakatsaurirwa kwaari dzai“wanzotsikinyidzanwa navatamburi vainyengetera vachirarako vaine chitendiso chokuti mwari aizozivisa mishonga kwavari mukurota kwavo.”

Varapi vavaEgipita navaBhabhironi vaipesvedzerwa zvikurukuru nepfungwa dzorudzidziso. “Rondedzero yakapararira yehosha panguva iyeyo, uye nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvaizouya,” rinodaro The Book of Popular Science, “yakanga iri yokuti fivhiri, noutachiona, kutemwa nomusoro namarwadzo zvaiparirwa nemidzimu yakashata, kana kuti madhemoni, anodenha muviri.” Nokuda kwechikonzero ichecho kurapa kwaiwanzobatanidza zvipiriso zvorudzidziso, zvitsinga, kana kuti madetembedzo.

Mukufambira mberi kwenguva, mukati mezana ramakore rechina nerechishanu P.N.V., chiremba wechiGiriki ainzi Hippocrates akadenha uyu murangariro. Iye anosanozivikanwa zvikurukuru nemhaka yemhiko yaHippocratic, ichiri kurangarirwa zvikurukuru seinobatanidza bumbiro remitemo rokurapa romufambiro. Bhuku rinonzi Moments of Discovery—The Origins of Science rinotaura kuti Hippocrates akanga ariwo “pakati pavokutanga kukwikwidzana navaprista mukuwana tsananguro yezvirwere zvomunhu.” Achishandisa mishonga mumudzimu wesayenzi, akatsvaka zvisakiso zvomuzvarirwo zvehosha. Chikonzero noruzivo rwokuzviwanira zvakavamba kupinda kuti zvitsive kudavira mashura nokubvuka.

Kupfurikidza nokuramba pfungwa dzinokanganisa dzorudzidziso rwenhema, Hippocrates akatora nhano murutivi rwakarurama. Kunyanguvezvo, kunyange nhasi tinoyeuchidzwa nezvemugariro worudzidziso wemishonga. Chiratidzo chawo chimene, tsvimbo yakamonerwa nenyoka yaAsclepius, mwari wavaGiriki womushonga, zvinogona kurondwa kudzokera shure kusvikira kutembere dzekare dzokurapa uko nyoka tsvene dzaichengetwa. Mukuwirirana neThe Encyclopedia of Religion, idzi nyoka dzaibatanidza “simba rokumutsidzirwa kwoupenyu uye kuberekwa patsva muutano.”

Hippocrates gare gare akava anozivikanwa sababa vomushonga. Asi ikoku hakuna kumudzivisa pakuva asina kururama musayenzi padzimwe nguva. The Book of Popular Science rinotiudza kuti dzimwe dzerondedzero dzake dzisina kunaka “dzinoratidzika kuva dzechienzi zvikuru kwatiri nhasi” rinonyevera mukurwisana nokuzvitutumadza kwavarapi, richiti: “Dzimwe dzerondedzero dzokurapa idzo zvino dziri dzakasimbiswa zvakatsiga zvimwe dzicharatidzika kuva dzechienzi chaizvo kuvanhu vechizvarwa chomunguva yemberi.”

Kuenderera Mberi Zvishoma Nezvishoma

Nokudaro, kutsvakwa kwezvokwadi yesayenzi kwave kuri muitiro wapashoma napashoma, kuchibatanidza kusarudzwa kwamaidi murondedzero dzokukanganisa kwamazana amakore enguva. Asi kuti ikoku kubvire, kuwana kwechizvarwa chimwe kwaifanira kupfuudzwa nomutoo wakarurama kune chinotevera. Imwe nzira yokuita nayo ikoku, sezvinooneka, kwakanga kuri kupfurikidza neshoko romuromo, sezvo vanhu vakasikwa vaine simba rokutaura.—Enzanisa naGenesi 2:23.

Uyu mutoo wokupfuudza nawo cherekedzo, zvisinei, hausati waizotongova wakavimbika zvakakwana kuti ugovere kururama uko enderero mberi yesayenzi uye unyanzvi hwamabasa zvaida. Nenzira yakajeka paiva nedikanwo yokuchengetedza mashoko muchimiro chakanyorwa.

Kuti ndirini chaizvoizvo apo vanhu vakavamba kunyora hakuzivikanwi. Asi apo vakanga vatanga, ivo vakanga vane mutoo unoshamisa wokushandisa wokupfuudzira nawo mashoko paigona kuvakira vamwe. Pepa risati raitwa—zvimwe muChina munenge muna 105 N.V.—kunyora kwakanga kuchiitwa pazvinhu zvakadai samahwendefa omunyakwe, papepa renhokwe, uye pepa reganda.

Enderero mberi yesayenzi yaizova isingabviri kana pasina gadziriro dzokuverenga nokuyera. Kubudirira kwazvo kwakanga kuchikosha zvikuru. Richiidza kushandiswa kwamasvomhu kuti “kwapose pose muukuru,” The Book of Popular Science rinotiyeuchidza kuti “kamuraniso dzawo dzakatungamirira kuenderero mberi zhinji dzesayenzi dzinoisvokosha.” Masvomhu akabatirawo “sechinhu chinokosha nokuda kwenyanzvi yoruzivo rwemishonga yemiti yomusikirwo, nyanzvi yoruzivo rwemitemo yezvinhu zvomusikirwo, nyanzvi yoruzivo rwemitumbi yomuchadenga, injiniya navamwe.”

Kwamazana amakore zvimwe zvinhu zvakawedzera ukuru hwokunzvera hwokutsvaka zvokwadi yesayenzi. Somuenzaniso, kufamba. The Book of Popular Science rinotsanangura, kuti: “Munhu anoenda kunyika dzokumwe ane bviro yokuwana chiringa chake chichirodzwa nezviono zvitsva, mitinhimira, kunhuwa uye kuravidza. Achaedzwa kubvunza kuti neiko zvinhu zvakasiana zvikuru munyika yechienzi; uye mukuedza kwake kugutsa chiringa chake, achawana uchenjeri. Ndozvakwakanga kwakaita kuna vaGiriki vekare.”

Hungu, vaGiriki Vanoramba Varipo Ivavo

Rava pamusoro penhau yorudzidziso, zvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti kutengeserana uye uchaona zvakawanda zvinopfuura kududzwa kwavaGiriki. Uye ndiani hake asina kunzwa nezvevazivi vavo vakakurumbira, shoko rinowanwa mushoko rechiGiriki rokuti phi·lo·so·phiʹa, rinoreva “rudo rwouchenjeri”? Rudo rwavaGiriki rwouchenjeri uye nyota nokuda kwezivo rwakanga rwuchisanozivikanwa muzana rokutanga ramakore apo muapostora wechiKristu Pauro akashanyira nyika yavo. Akanongedzera kuvazivi vavaEpikuro navaStoiko, avo sa“vaAtene vose navokumwe vaigara imomo vaizopedzera nguva yavo yokuzorora pasina asi kuzivisa chimwe chinhu kana kuti kuteerera chimwe chinhu chitsva.”—Mabasa 17:18-21, NW.

Naizvozvo hakutongoshamisi kuti pamarudzi ose ekare, vaGiriki vakasiya sayenzi nhaka hurusa. The New Encyclopædia Britannica inotsanangura, kuti: “Kuedza kwouzivi hwamaGiriki kugovera rondedzero yechisiko chapose pose kutsiva fundo dzechisiko dzengano pakupedzisira kwakatungamirira kukuwana chaiko kwesayenzi.”

Kutaura idi, vamwe vavazivi vechiGiriki vakaita mipiro ine revo kukutsvakwa kwezvokwadi yesayenzi. Vakavavarira kubvisa masora epfungwa dzechikanganiso uye rondedzero dzavakavatangira, nepo panguva imwe cheteyo vachivakira pahwaro hweizvo vakawana kuva zvakarurama. (Ona bhokisi nokuda kwemienzaniso.) Nokudaro, vazivi vechiGiriki vezuro vakapfuura vamwe vanhu vapi navapi vekare mukufunga kufanana nemasayendisiti anhasi. Sezvinei, kutozosvikira munguva dzemisi yazvino uno zvikuru, shoko rokuti “uzivi hwomuzvarirwo” rakashandiswa kurondedzera mapazu akasiana-siana esayenzi.

Mukufambira mberi kwenguva Girisi inoda sayenzi yakadzikatidzwa mune zvamatongerwe enyika noUmambo hweRoma huchangobva kutangwa. Ikoku kwaizova netapuro ipi neipi paenderero mberi yesayenzi here? Kana kuti zvimwe kuuya kwechiKristu kwaiita musiano here? Rutivi 3 munyaya yedu inotevera ruchapindura.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 15]

“Masayendisiti” echiGiriki Apamberi pechiKristu

THALES of Miletus (zana ramakore rechitanhatu), zvikurukuru anozivikanwa nokuda kwebasa rake mumasvomhu uye nokuda kwechitendero chake chokuti mvura inoita manyuko echinhu chose, akava nokusvika kunotambudza kugadziriro, iyo The New Encyclopædia Britannica inoti yakanga ya“kaoma mukutangwa kwomufungo wesayenzi.”

Socrates (zana ramakore rechishanu) anoidzwa neThe Book of Popular Science kuti “muvambi womutoo wokubvunza nawo—unyanzvi hwokufeyafeya zvokwadi—unoswedera pedyo napakati chaipo pomutoo wesayenzi wechokwadi.”

Democritus of Abdera (zana ramakore rechishanu kusvikira kune rechina) akabetsera kuvanzarika hwaro hwerondedzero yeatomu yechisiko chapose pose pamwe chete nerondedzero dzokusaparadzika kwechinhu uye kuchengetedzwa kwesimba.

Plato (zana ramakore rechishanu kusvikira kune rechina) muvambi weChikoro muAtene sesangano nokuda kwokurondwa kune nhevedzano kwokutsvaka kwouzivi nokwesayenzi.

Aristotle (zana ramakore rechina), nyanzvi yoruzivo rwezvinhu zvipenyu, akaumba Lyceum, chikoro chesayenzi icho chakanzvera mativi mazhinji. Kwaanopfuura makore 1 500, pfungwa dzake dzakadzora mufungo wesayenzi, uye iye akarangarirwa kuva chiremera chikuru chesayenzi.

Euclid (zana ramakore rechina), nyanzvi yamasvomhu yakakurumbira zvikurusa yekare, anozivikanwa zvikurusa nokuda kwomuunganidzwa wezivo pamusoro “poruzivo rwokuwiriranisa ukuru nokuwirirana kwezvinhu,” iro rinobva mushoko rechiGiriki rinoreva “kuyerwa kwenyika.”

Hipparchus of Nicaea (zana ramakore rechipiri), nyanzvi yoruzivo rwemitumbi yomuchadenga uye muvambi woruzivo rwewirirano yamativi eturayiengura, mapoka enyeredzi muukuru mukuwirirana nokujeka, gadziriro ichiri kushanda zvikurukuru. Akanga ari mutangiri waPtolemy, nyanzvi yoruzivo rwomugariro wapasi nezviri pariri yakatanhamara uye nyanzvi yoruzivo rwemitumbi yomuchadenga yomuzana ramakore rechipiri N.V., akafutunura zviwanwa zvaHipparchus ndokudzidzisa kuti pasi ndiro musimboti wechisiko chapose pose.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 16]

Tsvimbo yakamonerwa nenyoka yaAsclepius, chiyeuchidzo chokuti sayenzi haina kutanga kunze kwepesvedzero yorudzidziso