Nguva Yemberi Yorudzidziso Pakurangarirwa Kwenguva Yarwo Yakapfuura

Chikamu 17:1530 Kuchipfuurira—ChiPurotesitendi—Ichinjo Here?

“Kushandura hakuzati kuri chinjo.”—Edmund Burke, mutezo weParamende yeBritain womuzana ramakore rechi 18

VEZVENHAU vavaPurotesitendi vanorangarira Chinjo yavaPurotesitendi seyakadzorera chiKristu chaicho. Kuno rumwe rutivi, vazivi vavaKaturike vanoti yakaparirwa nechikanganiso choruzivo rwoumwari. Zvisinei, chiono chomunguva yakapfuura chenhau yorudzidziso chinoratidzirei? Ko Chinjo yavaPurotesitendi zvomenemene yakanga iri chinjo here, kana kuti kwaingovawo hakwo kushandura, kutsiva chimiro chimwe chine zvikanganiso chokunamata nechimwe?

Shoko raMwari Rinopiwa Nzvimbo Chaiyo

Vachinji vavaPurotesitendi vakasimbisa ukoshi hwaMagwaro. Vakaramba magamuchidzanwa, kunyange zvazvo Martin Marty, mupepeti wenhau mukuru wamagazini yeThe Christian Century, achitaura kuti mukati mezana ramakore rakapfuura, “vaPurotesitendi vazhinji zhinji vave vachidisa kuona wirirano pakati peBhaibheri negamuchidzanwa.” Zvisinei, ikoku kwakanga kusina kudaro ku“madzisekuru [avo] mukutenda.” Kwavari “Bhaibheri raiva nenzvimbo chaiyo, uye gamuchidzanwa kana kuti chiremera chapapa hachati chaitongogona kuwirirana nayo.”

Ichi chimiro chendangariro chakakuchidzira fariro mushanduro, goverwo, uye fundo yeBhaibheri. Pakati pezana ramakore rechi 15—kweinopfuura hafu yezana ramakore mavambo eChinjo asati atangwa—mubiyake waLuther Johannes Gutenberg wechiGermany akagadzirira chiPurotesitendi chinouya mudziyo unobetsera. Avamba mutoo wokutsikirira nawo parudzi rwomuchina unotakurika, Gutenberg akabudisa Bhaibheri rokutanga rakatsikirirwa. Muno uku kugadzira muchina Luther akaona bviro huru, uye akaidza muchina wokutsikirira nawo kuti “basa razvino uno uye rakanakisisa raMwari rokuparadzira rudzidziso rwechokwadi munyika yose.”

Zvino vanhu vakawanda vaigona kuva neBhaibheri ravo vamene, enderero mberi isina kubvumirwa neChechi yeKaturike. Muna 1559 Pope Paul IV akabudisa mutemo wokuti hapana Bhaibheri ringatsikirirwa mumutauro wemo kana pasina tendero yechechi, uye chechi yakaramba kubvumira ikoku. Kureva idi, muna 1564 Pope Pius IV akati: “Ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwaratidzira kuti kana kuraviwa kweBhaibheri mundimi yavose kuchibvumirwa nomutoo wokusasarudza, . . . makuri munobuda kuvadziko huru kupinda inobuda muzvakanaka.”

Chinjo yakabudisa rudzi rutsva rwe“chiKristu.” Yakatsiva chiremera choupapa nechisarudzo chakasununguka chomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Misa yavaKaturike yakatsiviwa nomutoo wakati wokunamata wavaPurotesitendi, uye zvivako zvinoorora zvavaKaturike zvakatsiviwa namachechi akarovedzeka avaPurotesitendi.

Betsero Dzisingakarirwi

Nhau inotidzidzisa kuti masangano ari orudzidziso pakuvamba-vamba muchimiro anowanzotora zvimiro zvamagariro avanhu nezvezvamatongerwe enyika. Ikoku kwakabvumikisa kuva kwakaitika kuChinjo yavaPurotesitendi. Purofesa wenhau wapaYunivhesiti yeColumbia Eugene F. Rice, Jr., anorondedzera, kuti: “MuNhambo Yapakati chechi yoKumadokero yakanga iri sangano ravaEurope. Mukati mehafu yokutanga yezana ramakore regumi namatanhatu rakaparadzana kuva chiverengero chikuru chamachechi omumaruwa omunzvimbomo . . . vabati ushe venyika vakashandisa udzori hukuru [paari].” Ikoku kwakaparira “kuguma kwerwisano yenhambo yapakati yenguva refu pakati pechiremera chenyika nechavafundisi. . . . Kuzvimirira kwoubati ushe kwakavheya zvapachokwadi uye pakupedzisira kwakabva kuchechi kuchienda kuhurumende uye kwakabva kumuprista kuchienda kumunhuwo zvake.”

Kuno munhu mumwe nomumwe ikoku kwakareva rusununguko rukuru zvikuru, kurwose rwuri rwuviri rworudzidziso norwehurumende. Mukusafanana nechiKaturike, nechiPurotesitendi chakanga chisina sangano guru rinotungamirira dzidziso kana kuti muitiro, nokudaro chichibvumira rusununguko rukuru rwomufungo worudzidziso. Ikokuwo, pashoma napashoma, kwakasimudzira shiviriro yorudzidziso nechimiro chendangariro chokubvuma zvose icho panguva yokuvamba kweChinjo chakanga chichiri chisingadavirike.

Rusununguko rukuru zvikuru rwakasunungura masimba aisashandiswa kare. Rwakanga rwuri chikuchidziro, vamwe vanodaro, chakanga chichidikanwa kunyandura enderero mberi dzamagariro avanhu, dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye dzoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu dzakaparira kutipinza munhambo yedu yazvino uno. Tsika dzebasa ravaPurotesitendi dza“kashandurirwa kuzvose zviri zviviri hurumende noupenyu hwezuva nezuva,” anonyora kudaro munyori mushakabvu Theodore White. Akarondedzera ikoku se“chitendero chokuti munhu ane mutoro wakananga pamberi paMwari nokuda kwehana yake nezviito zvake, pasina kupindira kana kuti kunyengetera kwavaprista. . . . Kana munhu akashanda nesimba, akarima zvikuru, asina kurega kana kuti kuva simbe, uye akatarisira mudzimai wake navana, ipapo mhanza kana kuti zvimwe Mwari aizotusa nhamburiko dzake.”

Ko aya mativi akananga anooneka echiPurotesitendi anofanira kutiita kuti tirege kuona zvikanganiso zvacho here? Chinjo yavaPurotesitendi yakangawo iri “nhambo yezvakashata zvizhinji kwazvo,” rinodaro Encyclopœdia of Religion and Ethics, richiwedzera, kuti: “Nhambo yavaJesuit neBvunzurudzo yakagumiswa . . . kungova bedzi inoteverwa nechimwe chinhu chakadererazve. Kana kwakanga kuno kusaziva kwapachokwadi muNhambo Yapakati, zvino kune nhema huru dzakarongwa.”

“Nhema Dzakarongwa”—Munzirai?

Dzakanga dziri “nhema dzakarongwa” nokuti chiPurotesitendi chakavimbisa kuchinjwa kwedzidziso bva chakakundikana kukuita. Kazhinji kazhinji, wakanga uri muitiro wechechi, kwete kusava nechokwadi chedzidziso, kwaimutsa hasha dzavazhinji. Murutivi rukurusa, chiPurotesitendi chakachengeta pfungwa nemiitiro zvakashatiswa zvechihedheni zvechiKaturike. Seiko? Muenzaniso wakatanhamara ndewedzidziso yoUtatu, iyo iri hwaro hukuru hwokuva mutezo muDare raMachechi reNyika ramaPurotesitendi. Kunamatira kune iyi dzidziso kwakasimba zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo The Encyclopedia of Religion rinobvuma kuti ‘vadudziri navafundisi nhasi vanobvumirana kuti hapana apo muBhaibheri dzidziso inodzidziswa zvinonzwisisika.’

Ko chiPurotesitendi chakashandura chimiro chakashata chehurumende yechechi here? Aiwa. Panzvimbo pakwo, “chakapfuuridzira mitoo yechiremera kubva munhambo yapakati yechiKaturike,” anodaro Martin Marty, uye “chakangotsauka bedzi musangano ravaRoma Katurike kuti chiumbe marudzi akasiana avaPurotesitendi.”

ChiPurotesitendi chakavimbisawo kudzorera “humwe mukutenda.” Zvisinei, iyi vimbiso yeBhaibheri haina kuzadzika nokuvamba kwamasekete mazhinji akakamukana avaPurotesitendi.—VaEfeso 4:13.

Nyongano Yakarongwa—Neiko?

Nhasi, muna 1991, chiPurotesitendi chakaputsanyika kuva masekete mazhinji zvikuru namasangano zvokuti kungava kusingabviri kududza chiverengero chose. Munhu asati apedza kuverenga, mapoka matsva angave aumbwa kana kuti mamwe angave atsakatika.

Hunyanguvezvo, World Christian Encyclopedia rinoita “zvisingabviri” kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa chiKristudhomu (sera 1980) kuva “masangano echiKristu oruwa ane 20 780,” mazhinjisa zvikuru awo ari echiPurotesitendi.a Anobatanidza mapoka ekare avaPurotesitendi ane 7 889, marudzidziso emo zvikurukuru asati ari avachena avaPurotesitendi ane 10 065 masangano echechi yeAnglican 225, uye mapoka maduku avaPurotesitendi ane 1 345.

Mukutsanangura nezvokuti uyu musiano unonyonganisa, rinoidza kose kuri kuviri kuti “chiratidzo choutano nechechirwere,” wakatanga sei, bhuku rinonzi Protestant Christianity rinodudza kuti “kungava nemhaka younyanzvi hwokuita chinhu hwohunhu uye unyanzvi hwakaganhurirwa hwohunhu; kutopfuurezvo kungava nokuda kwavanhu vanodada vanonyanyofunga zvakakwirira nezvemufungo wavo vamene paupenyu.”

Haiwa, ndokwechokwadi sei! Kana vasingarangariri zvakakwana zvokwadi youmwari, vanhu vanodada vanogovera mimwe mitoo mitsva yokuwana nayo ruponeso, rusununguko, kana kuti zadziko. Dzidziso yamarudzidziso mazhinji orudzidziso haitsigirwi muBhaibheri.

Mukusimudzira dzidziso yamarudzidziso mazhinji orudzidziso, chiPurotesitendi chinoratidzika kureva kuti Mwari haana nhungamiro dzakagadzwa idzo iye anofanira kunamatwa mukuwirirana nadzo. Ko nyongano yakadaro yakarongwa inowirirana nezvokwadi yaMwari, uyo Bhaibheri rinoti “ndiMwari, asati ari wenyongano, asi worugare” here? Ko mufungo unowanzonzwika wavaPurotesitendi wokuti enda kuchechi yawakazvisarudzira wakasiana chose chose here nokufunga kwokuzvimirira kwakaparira Adhama naEvha kupinda muchitendero chechikanganiso nenhamo yakatevera?—1 VaKorinte 14:33; ona Genesi 2:9; 3:17-19.

Kufuratira Chimiro Chaicho cheBhaibheri

Pasinei hapo nechimiro chaicho chakapiwa Bhaibheri navachinji vapakuvamba, vafundisi vavaPurotesitendi gare gare vakamutsa kutsoropodza kukuru uye “nenzira iyeyo vakabata rugwaro rweBhaibheri,” anodaro Marty, “sezvavangaita rumwe rugwaro rwupi norwupi rwechinyorwa.” Ivo va“kasa[pa] chimiro chaicho kukufuridzirwa kwavanyori veBhaibheri.”

Kupfurikidza nokupanikira kufuridzira kwoumwari Bhaibheri, nenzira iyeyo, vafundisi vavaPurotesitendi vakasekesa kutenda icho Vachinji vairangarira kuva nheyo chaiyo yechiPurotesitendi. Ikoku kwakazarurira nzira kutsoropodza, kuramba dzidziso yorudzidziso, uye dzidziso yokuti munhu anotungamirirwa nomufungo. Nomutoo uno mufungo, vazivi vazhinji vanorangarira Chinjo sechisakiso chikuru chokusaitirwa hanya kworudzidziso kwomuzuva razvino uno.

Chakabatwa Mune Zvamatongerwe Enyika

Chibereko chadudzwa pamusoro apa ufakazi hwakajeka hwokuti pasinei hapo nevavariro dzakanaka dzinobvira dzavachinji vamwe navamwe navateveri vavo, chiPurotesitendi hachina kudzorera chiKristu chechokwadi. Panzvimbo pokusimudzira rugare kupfurikidza nokusatora rutivi kwechiKristu, chakava chakavhengana nourudzi.

Ikoku kwakaoneka nokukurumidza apo kukamukana kwechiKristudhomu mukuva marudzi avaKaturike naavaPurotesitendi kwakaitika chaizvo. Mauto avaKaturike navaPurotesitendi akateura ropa muhondo zhinjisa achigura nomunyika dzose dzeEurope. The New Encyclopœdia Britannica rinodziidza kuti “Hondo dzoRudzidziso dzakaparirwa neChinjo yeGermany neyeSwiss ya 1520.” Yakanga yakaisvotanhamara yaidzodzi yakanga iri Hondo yaMakore Ana Makumi Matatu (1618-48), yakabatanidza yose iri miviri misiano yezvamatongerwe enyika neyorudzidziso pakati pavaPurotesitendi veGermany navaKaturike.

Ropa rakayererawo muEngland. Pakati pa 1642 na 1649, Mambo Charles I akarwisana neParamende. Sezvo vazhinjisa vavavengi vaMambo vaiva vebato ravaPuritan reChechi yeEngland, hondo yacho padzimwe nguva inotaurwa nezvayo seChinjo yavaPuritan. Yakaguma nokuurawa kwaMambo uye kugadzwa kwecommonwealth mukutungamirira kwaOliver Cromwell. Kunyange zvazvo Hondo yaMarudzi emo yamaNgezi yakanga isati iri rwisano hurusa yorudzidziso, vezvenhau vanobvumirana kuti rudzidziso rwakanga rwuri chitemeso chokusarudza mativi.

Mukati meiyi hondo, boka rorudzidziso raizivikanwa seShamwari, kana kuti maQuaker, rakavamba. Bokaro rakanangana nokushorwa kwakasimba kwakabva ku“hama” dzaro dzavaPurotesitendi. Mitezo ina mazana anoverengeka yakafira mutorongo, uye ine zviuru yakatambura kubatwa zvisino kufanira. Bva sangano racho rakapararira, kunyange kusvikira kunyika dzeBritain dziri muAmerica, umo muna 1681 Charles II akapa rugwaro rwebvumiro kuna William Penn rwokuti avambe nyika yavaQuaker, iyo gare gare yakazova nyika yePennsylvania.

VaQuaker vakanga vasiri vechienzi mukutsvaka vatendeuki munzvimbo yose, nokuti mamwe marudzidziso akanga aita kudaro kare. Zvisinei, zvino pashure po“Kushandura” kwavaPurotesitendi, vaKaturike, pamwe chete nechiverengero chikuru chamapoka avaPurotesitendi, vakatanga kuwedzera nhamburiko dzavo dzokuendesa shoko raKristu rezvokwadi norugare kuna “vasingadaviri.” Asika kwakava kwechienzi sei! Sa“vadaviri,” vaKaturike navaPurotesitendi vakanga vasingakwanisi kubvumirana parondedzero yavose yezvokwadi youmwari. Uye vakakundikana zvirokwazvo kuratidzira rugare nechinzwano zvoukama. Nemhaka youyu mugariro, chii chingakarirwa “Apo ‘maKristu’ na‘Vahedheni’ Vakasangana”? Rava nyaya 18 inotevera muchinyorwa chino.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

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Vana Vokutanga veChinjo

SANGANO REANGLICAN: Machechi 25 anozvidzora nemimwe mitumbi 6 anogoverana dzidziso, zvamatongerwe enyika, uye miitiro neChechi yeEngland uye anoziva utungamiriri hune zita rechiratidzo hwaBhishopi Mukuru weCanterbury. The Encyclopedia of Religion rinoti dzidziso yeAnglican “yakachengeta kutenda mukutevedzana kwouapostori kwamabhishopi uye yakachengeta miitiro mizhinji yapamberi peChinjo.” Chinhu chikuru kukunamata kwayo iThe Book of Common Prayer, “muitiro bedzi womunyikayo wenhambo yeChinjo uchiri kushanda.” MaAnglican ari muUnited States, akatsauka neChechi yeEngland ndokuumba Chechi yeEpiscopal yavaPurotesitendi muna 1789, yakatsaukazve negamuchidzanwa muna February 1989 kupfurikidza nokugadza bhishopi wokutanga womunhukadzi munhau yeAnglican.

MACHECHI EBAPTIST: Masangano ane 369 (1970) akatanga kuvaAnabaptist vomuzana ramakore rechi 16, vakasimbisa rubhapatidzo rwavakura kupfurikidza noruombeko. The Encyclopedia of Religion inoti vaBaptist “vakakuwana kwakaoma kuchengeta chinzwano chesangano kana kuti chedzidziso youmwari,” ichiwedzera kuti “mhuri yavaBaptist iri muUnited States ihuru, . . . bva, somune dzimwe mhuri zhinji huru, mimwe mitezo haitauri kune mimwe mitezo.”

MACHECHI ELUTHERAN: Masangano ane 240 (1970), anoganza kuti ane mitezo ine chiverengero chikurusa cheboka ripi neripi ravaPurotesitendi. Iwo “achiri akatikamukanei munzira dzourudzi (vaGerman, vaSwede, zvichingunodaro),” rinodaro The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1988, zvisinei, richiwedzera kuti “kukamukana kukuru kuri pakati pavanorangarira norumano Bhaibheri sezvariri navanogamuchira mifungo mitsva.” Kukamukana kwavaLutheran mukuva misasa yourudzi kwakava kunooneka zvikuru mukati meHondo yeNyika II, apo, “boka duku ravafundisi veLutheran neungano [muGermany] rakaramba Hitler, asi voruzhinji zvikuru vavaLutheran vakaramba vanyerere kana kuti vachibatira pamwe nomutoo wokushingaira noutongi hweNazi,” sokutaura kunoita E. W. Gritsch weChikoro Chedzidziso Youmwari cheLutheran.

MACHECHI EMETHODIST: Masangano 188 (1970) anobuda musangano romukati meChechi yeEngland yakatangwa muna 1738 naJohn Wesley. Pashure porufu rwake yakazviparadzanisa seboka riri roga; Wesley akarondedzera Methodist se“iyo inogara mukuwirirana nomutoo wakarongwa muBhaibheri.”

MACHECHI EREFORMED NEEPRESBYTERIAN: Machechi eReformed (masangano ane 354 sea 1970) mudzidziso maCalvinist, panzvimbo pokuva vaLutheran, uye vanozvirangarira ivo vamene se“Chechi yeKaturike, yechinjo.” “VaPresbyterian” vanosarudza hurumende yechechi inodzorwa navakuru (vapresbyter); machechi ose ePresbyterian machechi eReformed, asi handi machechi ose eReformed ane chimiro chavapresbyterian chehurumende.

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Peji rakaitwa zvakanaka reBhaibheri rechiRatini raGutenberg

[Kwazvakatorwa]

By permission of The British Library

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Gutenberg nomuchina wake unotakurika wokutsikirira

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John Wesley, muvambi weChechi yeMethodist (1738)