‘Igihe ubwirijwe gukora igikorwa’

“WE SHA! Reka ubu nyene ivyo uriko urakora, uce aha untwaze uyu muzigo”. Wiyumvira ko Umuyuda yari afise ivyo ariko arakora mu kinjana ca mbere yari kuvyakira gute umusoda w’Umuroma amubwiye ayo majambo? Muri ya Nsiguro yiwe yo ku Musozi, Yezu yatanze impanuro igira iti: ‘[“Igihe umuntu afise ubukuru akubwirije”, NW] ngo umurenze umusozi umwe, umurenze n’uwa kabiri’ (Matayo 5:41). None abumviriza Yezu botahuye gute iyo mpanuro? Kandi dukwiye kuyitahura gute muri iki gihe?

Kugira ngo turonke inyishu, turakeneye kumenya ivyerekeye ibikorwa vy’agahato vyo mu bihe vya kera. Uwo mugenzo wari umenyerewe cane n’ababa muri Isirayeli mu gihe ca Yezu.

Ibikorwa vy’agahato

Ikimenyamenya c’uko mu Bumanuko bushira Uburengero bwa Aziya hakorwa ibikorwa vy’agahato, ni ica kera cane kuva mu kinjana ca 18 B.G.C. Ivyandiko vya Leta vyo mu gisagara ca kera ca Siriya citwa Alalaki birerekeza ku migwi y’abantu bakora ibikorwa vy’agahato, intwaro ikaba ari yo yabashira muri iyo migwi ku gahato kugira ngo ize irabakoresha ibikorwa vy’abantu banaka. Muri Ugariti, ku nkengera ya Siriya, abarimyi barima imirima bakotesheje barakoreshwa ibikorwa nk’ivyo, kiretse igihe umwami yaba yabahaye uburenganzira bwo kutabikora.

Birumvikana, abantu baba batsinzwe canke bigaruriwe mu ntambara wasanga bakoreshwa ibikorwa vy’agahato. Abahagarikizi b’ibikorwa b’Abanyamisiri barahatiye Abisirayeli kubabera abaja mu gufyatura amatafari. Mu nyuma, Abisirayeli barakoresheje Abanyakanani baba mu Gihugu c’Isezerano ibikorwa vy’ubuja, kandi Dawidi na Salomo barabandanije gukoresha abantu ibikorwa nk’ivyo.​—Kuvayo 1:13, 14; 2 Samweli 12:31; 1 Abami 9:20, 21.

Igihe Abisirayeli basaba ngo baronswe umwami, Samweli yarabasiguriye ibintu umwami afitiye uburenganzira yari kubasaba gukora. Abo atwara yobashinze kugendesha imikogote n’amafarasi, akabagira abarimyi n’abimbuzi, akabagira abo gucura ibirwanisho, hamwe n’ibindi (1 Samweli 8:4-17). Ariko rero, mu gihe c’iyubakwa ry’urusengero rwa Yehova, abanyamahanga bakoreshejwe ibikorwa vy’ubuja ku gahato, mugabo “mu Bisirayeli bo, nta bo yahinduye abaja; ariko bār’ingabo zo kuja mu ntambara, n’abagendanyi, n’abagabisha b’ingabo, n’abatware, n’abagaba abagendera ku mafarasi n’imikogote”.​—1 Abami 9:22.

Ariko ku vyerekeye Abisirayeli bakoreshejwe mu bundi bwubatsi, mu 1 Abami 5:13, 14 hagira hati: “Umwami Salomo atoza abantu bo kuba abanyabikebere mu Bisirayeli hose; abo yatoje baba ibihumbi mirongwitatu. Akāma abarungika i Lebanoni, bagahāna imbu, ibihumbi icumi icumi mu kwezi, bakamara ukwezi kumwe i Lebanoni, abiri bakayamara i muhira”. Hari incabwenge imwe ivuga iti: “Nta wokekeranya yuko abami ba Isirayeli n’ab’Ubuyuda bikoze ku bikorwa vy’agahato kugira ngo batume ibikorwa bijanye n’ukwubaka be n’ibikorwa vyo mu vyibare vy’umwami birangurwa kuri gusa”.

Mu gihe ca Salomo, ibikorwa vy’agahato vyari umuzigo uremereye. Uwo muzigo warabacinyiza rwose ku buryo igihe Rehobowamu yavuga yuko agiye kwongereza ivyo bikorwa, Abisirayeli bose baciye bagarariza, batera amabuye uwagaba abanyabikebere (1 Abami 12:12-18). Ariko rero, uwo mugenzo warabandanije. Asa, uwari umwuzukuru wa Rehobowamu, yaratumyeko ababa mu Buyuda ngo baze kwubaka ibisagara vya Geba na Misipa, kandi ‘nta n’umwe yasigaye’.​—1 Abami 15:22.

Mu gihe c’inganji y’Uburoma

Ya Nsiguro yo ku Musozi irerekana yuko Abayuda bo mu kinjana ca mbere bari bazi ko vyoshobora gushika ‘bakabwirizwa gukora igikorwa’ kinaka. Iyo mvugo ihinduwe mw’ijambo ry’ikigiriki ari ryo ag·ga·reuʹo, rino mu ntango rikaba ryerekeza ku gikorwa c’Abaperesi bari bajejwe gutwara ubutumwa. Bari bafise uburenganzira bwo gukoresha ku gahato abantu, amafarasi, ubwato, canke ikindi kintu cose caba gikenewe kugira ngo barangure ningoga ibikorwa vyo mu kibano.

Mu gihe ca Yezu, Isirayeli yatwarwa n’Abaroma, bano bakaba barakoresha ubwo buryo nyene. Mu ntara zo mu Buseruko, turetse amakori asanzwe yatozwa, abanyagihugu barashobora gusabwa gukora ibikorwa vy’agahato badahorereza canke rimwe na rimwe. Mwene ivyo bikorwa wasanga abantu batavyerekwa. Vyongeye, kwiha ku nguvu ibitungwa, imikogote canke abatwara imikogote, bikajanwa gukoreshwa na Leta mu kwunguruza ibintu n’abantu, vyari ibintu bikunda gushika. Nk’uko vyavuzwe n’umutohozakahise Michael Rostovtzeff, abategetsi “baragerageje gushinga amategeko agenga [uwo mugenzo] no kuwutunganya neza, mugabo biranka, kubera yuko wabandanije kuzana inkurikizi mbi mu gihe cose wamaze. Amategeko n’ayandi yarashinzwe n’abatware, bano bakaba barihatira ata buryarya guhagarika agacinyizo n’agahahazo vyama bijana n’uwo mugenzo. . . . Mugabo uwo mugenzo wagumye urimwo agahahazo”.

Hari incabwenge imwe y’Umugiriki ivuga iti: “Umuntu uwo ari we wese yarashobora gutegekwa kwikorera umuzigo w’abasoda akawushikana ahantu hanaka”, kandi “uwo ari we wese yarashobora kubwirizwa kurangura igikorwa ico ari co cose [Abaroma] baba bashatse ko akora”. Ivyo vyarashikiye Simoni Umunyakurene, umwe abasoda b’Abaroma ‘bafata’ bakamwikoreza igiti co kubabarizwako ca Yezu.​—Matayo 27:32.

Ivyandiko vy’abarabi na vyo nyene birerekeza kuri uwo mugenzo abantu batakunda. Nk’akarorero, hari umurabi umwe yahatiwe gutwara ku kirimba ibiti vyitwa imihadasi. Abakozi bakora akazi k’inguvu barashobora gukurwa ku bakoresha babo hanyuma bagahabwa ibindi bikorwa, ariko abo bakoresha bagategerezwa kuguma babahemba. Ibitungwa bitwara imizigo canke ibimasa barashobora kuvyiha ku nguvu. Mu gihe vyaba bishitse bigasubizwa benevyo, wasanga bitagishobora gukoreshwa. Uca ubona igituma abantu babona ko kwiha ikintu ku nguvu kugira kibe kirakoreshwa, vyari cokimwe no kugitwara buhere. Ni co gituma hari umugani umwe w’Abayuda wagira uti: “Angareia (ni ukuvuga umugenzo wo kwiha utw’abandi ku nguvu) ni co kimwe n’urupfu”. Hari umutohozakahise avuga ati: “Igisagara carashobora gusigara ata ho cikora igihe ibimasa birima vyaba vyatwawe ku nguvu (angareia) aho gutwara ibikoko vyaba bigenewe gutwara imizigo”.

Urashobora kwiyumvira ingene mwene ivyo bikorwa abantu batavyerekwa, na canecane kubera ko ababategeka kubikora akenshi babigirana ubwishime n’akarenganyo. Uravye urwanko Abayuda bari bafitiye ubutegetsi bw’Abanyamahanga babaganza, barashavuzwa cane n’ukuntu bamaramazwa mu gutegekwa kurangura mwene ivyo bikorwa. Nta tegeko rikiriho ritubwira neza na neza urugendo umunyagihugu yagira igihe yaba ahatiwe gutwara umuzigo. Bishoboka rwose yuko benshi batemera kurenzako intambuko imwe ku rugendo rwasabwa n’amategeko.

Yamara, uwo ni wo mugenzo Yezu yerekejeko igihe yavuga ati: ‘[“Igihe umuntu afise ubukuru akubwirije”, NW] ngo umurenze umusozi umwe, umurenze n’uwa kabiri’ (Matayo 5:41). Igihe bumva ayo majambo, bamwebamwe bashobora kuba biyumviriye ko Yezu yariko ararenza urugero. None yashaka neza na neza kuvuga iki?

Ingene abakirisu bakwiye kuvyifatamwo

Tubivuze mu buryo burashe, Yezu yariko abwira abamwumviriza yuko mu gihe umutegetsi abategetse gukora igikorwa cemewe n’amategeko, bari bakwiye kukirangura babikunze kandi ata mwikomo. Gutyo, “ivya Kayisari [bari kubiha] Kayisari” mugabo ntibirengagize ko babwirizwa ‘guha Imana ivy’Imana’.​—Mariko 12:17a.

Vyongeye, intumwa Paulo yahimirije abakirisu ati: “Umuntu wese n’agamburukire abamuganza: kukw [“abakuru bahari bahagaze mu nzego zigereranye bashizwemwo n’Imana”, NW]. Ni co gituma, ūgābagābiye ūganza aba agābagābiye icagezwe n’Imana [canke, “indinganizo y’Imana”, NW]. . . . Ni wakora nabi, ugire ubgoba, kukw atambarira inkota ubusa”.​—Abaroma 13:1-4.

Gutyo, Yezu na Paulo baremeye icese uburenganzira umwami yari afise canke intwaro yari ifise bwo guha igihano abatemera gukora ivyo bibasavye. Uti cari igihano nyabaki? Umufilozofe w’Umugiriki yitwa Épictète wo mu kinjana ca mbere n’ica kabiri G.C., aratanga inyishu imwe. Avuga ati: “Mu gihe hashitse ibintu bitari vyitezwe bikaba ngombwa ko umusoda yikora ku mukangara w’indogobwa yawe, yireke igende. Ntunane, ntuvugire mu ntamatama, kugira ngo ntuhave ukubitwa ibimoko n’indogoba yawe ukaburiramwo”.

Ariko rero, haba mu bihe vya kera canke mu bihe vya none, birashika abakirisu bakumva yuko ijwi ryabo ryo mu mutima ritabemerera gukora ivyo intwaro ibasavye. Rimwe na rimwe ivyo vyarakweze inkurikizi zikomeye. Abakirisu bamwebamwe baraciriwe urwo gupfa. Abandi barapfunzwe imyaka myinshi kubera banse kugira uruhara mu vyo babona ko ari ibikorwa bigaragaza ko umuntu afise aho yegamiye mu vy’isi (Yesaya 2:4; Yohana 17:16; 18:36). Mu bindi bihe, abakirisu bariyumvisemwo yuko bashobora kwemera ivyo basabwe gukora. Nk’akarorero, abakirisu bamwebamwe bariyumvamwo yuko bashobora kurangura ibikorwa binaka bihagarariwe n’ubuyobozi bwa gisivile bitari ivya gisirikare, bifitiye akamaro ikibano, kandi ijwi ryabo ryo mu mutima ntiribagirize ikibi. Ivyo bikorwa bishobora kuba birimwo kwitwararika abageze mu zabukuru canke abari n’ubumuga bunaka, gukora igikorwa co kuzimya umuriro, gusukura mwene vya bibanza vyo kwisamarizamwo vyo ku nkengera z’ibiyaga, gukora mu busitani, mu mashamba, canke mu bubiko bw’ibitabu, be n’ibindi.

Mu bisanzwe, usanga ibintu vyifashe mu buryo butandukanye bivanye n’igihugu. Kubera ico, kugira ngo umukirisu wese amenye nimba yokwemera canke atokwemera ivyo yoba asabwe gukora, ategerezwa kwisunga ijwi ryiwe ryo mu mutima ryamenyerejwe na Bibiliya.

Kurenga umusozi ugira kabiri

Ingingo ngenderwako Yezu yigishije, iy’uko umuntu akwiye kurangura n’umutima ukunze ivyo asabwe vyemewe n’amategeko, ntikora gusa ku bijanye n’ivyo intwaro isaba, mugabo kandi irakora no mu migenderanire abantu bagiranira mu buzima bwa misi yose. Nk’akarorero, vyoshika umuntu agufiseko ubukuru akagusaba gukora ikintu utoshima gukora mugabo kidateye kubiri n’itegeko ry’Imana. Uzovyifatamwo gute? Woshobora kwiyumvamwo yuko uriko usabwa ibintu birenze urugero bigutwara umwanya n’inguvu, ugasanga kumbure uciye ushavura. Harashobora kuvamwo urwanko. Ku rundi ruhande, ubikoze unyinyiriwe, amahoro yawe yo mu mutima yoshobora guhungabana. None umuti woba uwuhe? Nukore nk’uko Yezu yahanuye, urenge umusozi ugira kabiri. Ntukore gusa ivyo usabwe gukora, ahubwo kora n’ibiruta ivyo wasabwe. Nubikore bivuye ku mutima. Niwabikorana ako gatima, ntuzoba uciyumvisemwo yuko bariko barakurya imitsi, yamara uba ugifise umwidegemvyo wo kuyobora ivyo ukora.

Hari umwanditsi umwe avuga ati: “Abantu benshi bamara ubuzima bwabo bwose bakora gusa ivyo bahatiwe gukora. Kuri bo ubuzima ntibuhimbaye, kandi bama bumva barushe. Abandi bararenza ku vyo basabwa gukora maze bakitanga babikunze”. Nkako, mu bihe vyinshi umuntu arashobora guhitamwo kurenga umusozi umwe ku gahato, canke kurenga ibiri. Igihe umuntu ahisemwo kurenga umusozi umwe, yoshobora gusaba ko arangura gusa birya nyene bisabwa n’amategeko. Igihe na ho ahisemwo kurenga imisozi ibiri, yoshobora gusanga bimuzaniye umunezero ntangere. None wewe umeze nka nde muri abo babiri? Woshobora rwose gusanga uhimbawe gusumba ukongera ukarangura vyinshi gusumba, mu gihe ivyo ukora utobibona nk’itegeko canke nk’ibintu utegerezwa gukora, ahubwo ukabibona nk’ibintu ushaka gukora.

Tuvuge iki igihe woba uri umuntu afise ubukuru? Gukoresha ubukuru ufise kugira ngo utume abandi bakora ivyo ubasavye batabikuye ku mutima, biratomoye yuko bitaranga urukundo kandi biteye kubiri n’ubukirisu. Yezu yavuze ati: “Abaganwa b’amahanga bayatwaza amanyama, kandi n’abakuru bayo bayagirak’ububasha”. Mugabo ukwo si ko abakirisu bakwiye kumera (Matayo 20:25, 26). Ego ni ko, ubwiye umuntu ngo akore ikintu kw’itegeko arashobora kugikora. Mugabo ubucuti burarushiriza kuba bwiza hagati y’uwufise ubukuru n’uwuyobokera nya bukuru, igihe uno bamusavye n’umutima mwiza gukora ibintu bibereye, na we agaheza akabikorana icubahiro n’umwete. Ego cane, kwemera kurenga umusozi ugira kabiri aho kurenga umwe gusa, birashobora gutuma ubuzima bwawe burushiriza vy’ukuri kumera neza.

[Utujambo tw’epfo]

[Uruzitiro ku rup.]

ABARENGEJE URUGERO MU VY’UGUKORESHA ABANDI IBIKORWA VY’AGAHATO

Ivy’uko ibikorwa vy’agahato akenshi vyagirwa icitwazo co gukoresha abandi ibikorwa vy’umurengera, biragaragarira mu mategeko yashinzwe kugira ngo ukwo kurenza urugero gutuzwe. Mu mwaka wa 118 B.G.C., Umwami Ptolémée Évergète wa kabiri wa Misiri yarashinze itegeko ry’uko abatware biwe “badakwiye guhata abanyagihugu ngo babakorere ibikorwa vyabo bwite, canke ngo bihe ku nguvu (aggareuein) inka zabo kugira ngo bazikoreshe ivyabo”. Vyongeye, “Nta n’umwe akwiye kwiha ku nguvu . . . ubwato kugira ngo abukoreshe ivyiwe naho vyoba vyagenze gute”. Mu candiko co mu mwaka wa 49 G.C., kiri mu rusengero rwa Great Oasis mu Misiri, umutegetsi w’Umuroma yitwa Vergilius Capito yaremeye icese yuko abasoda bari barihaye ibintu mu buryo budahuye n’amategeko, aca ategeka yuko “ata muntu n’umwe azofata canke azokwiha ku nguvu . . . ikintu na kimwe, kiretse igihe azoba afise urukaratasi rumuha uburenganzira ruvuye kuri [uwo mutegetsi]”.

[Ifoto ku rup. 24]

Simoni Umunyakurene yarabwirijwe gukora igikorwa

[Ifoto ku rup. 26]

Ivyabona benshi barapfunzwe bahorwa yuko banse gukora ibiteye kubiri n’impagararo yabo ya gikirisu