Kazinduzi yateguwe imyaka 90

MU 1621, hari umugenduzi w’uturere w’Umutaliyano yubuye inyandiko itari bwamenyekane, ayubura mu bihomvagurike vy’igisagara ca kera c’Ubuperesi citwa Persépolis. Mu myaka ya 1800, abacukuzi bariko bacukura ivya kera muri Iraki barubuye ivyandiko vyinshi biri mu nyandiko mwene iyo ku bisate vy’ibumba no ku bipande vy’impome z’ikirimba. Ivyo bisomwa biri mu ndimi zo mu karere ka Mezopotamiya zavugwa n’abategetsi nka Sarigoni wa kabiri, Hamurabi, na Nebukadinezari wa kabiri. Iyo nyandiko, iyahavuye yitwa cunéiforme, yari igizwe n’utumenyetso twandikishijwe akantu gafise isonga rimeze nk’itindo.

Gutegera iyo nyandiko vyari bikenewe cane kugira ngo abahinga batahure ibijanye n’ibisata vy’abantu bikomakomeye vyo muri Mezopotamiya ya kera be n’ukuntu bari babayeho. Abahinga bari bacuritse imitwe hamwe barondera gutahura ivyo vyandikano basanze rero hakenewe kazinduzi inonosoye y’ururimi rw’ikinyakadi, rukaba ari ururimi rufitaniye isano cane n’indimirimi z’Abashuri n’Abanyababiloni.

Ico gikorwa kitoroshe catangujwe mu 1921 n’Ikigo co kuri kaminuza y’i Chicago muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika gitohoza ibijanye n’akarere ka kera k’ibihugu vy’Abarabu, kikaba cagiye kurangira haciye imyaka 90, ni ukuvuga mu 2011. Ico gikorwa catumye haboneka kazinduzi amahanga kandi ihambaye bise Kazinduzi y’Abashuri (mu congereza) igizwe n’ibitabu 26, ikaba ifise impapuro zirenga 9.700. Irimwo indimi n’indimirimi zavugwa muri Irani, Iraki, Siriya na Tirkiya kuva mu mwaka wa 2500 B.G.C. (B.G.C. bisobanura “imbere y’igihe cacu”) gushika mu mwaka wa 100 G.C. (G.C. bisobanura “mu Gihe Cacu”)

Ni kubera iki iyo kazinduzi ingana ukuraho? Ni kubera iki vyasavye igihe kirekire kugira ngo itunganywe? Vyongeye, ni bande bokwungukira ku kuyikoresha?

Ibiri muri iyo kazinduzi

Uwitwa Gil Stein, akaba ari umuyobozi wa ca Kigo co kuri kaminuza y’i Chicago avuga ati: “Iyo kazinduzi si urutonde gusa rw’amajambo. Ahubwo riho, uravye ukuntu iyo kazinduzi idasanzwe yerekana ido n’ido inkomoko y’ijambo rimwerimwe ryose be n’uburyo butandukanye ryagiye rirakoreshwa, twovuga vy’ukuri yuko ari igitabu c’inkoranyabumenyi cerekeye kahise k’abantu bo muri Mezopotamiya, ikibano cabo, ivyo banditse, amategeko yabo, be n’uburyo bwabo bwo gusenga. Ico gitabu ni igikoresho c’ubushakashatsi ntahara ku muhinga uwo ari we wese, aho yoba ari hose, yipfuza gusuzuma ivyandiko bivuga ivy’abantu bo muri Mezopotamiya n’imico yabo.”

Abateguye iyo kazinduzi baratahuye kuva mu ntango yuko “kugira ngo umuntu yubahirize insobanuro y’ijambo kanaka, ategerezwa kwegeranya ahantu hose iryo jambo riri, ntaryerekane ari ryonyene gusa, mugabo akaryerekana riri kumwe n’agace k’igisomwa ririmwo gahagije ku buryo umuntu aca atahura insobanuro yaryo iyo riri mu gisomwa kanaka canke rikoreshejwe mu buryo kanaka.” Ku bw’ivyo, iyo kazinduzi yakoranirijwemwo uduhimba tw’ibisomwa vya kera tubonekamwo amajambo aba ariko arasobanurwa two muri iyo nyandiko yitwa cunéiforme. Nya duhimba tuba duherekejwe n’insobanuro yatwo mu zindi ndimi.

Mu binjana bibiri biheze, harubuwe ibisomwa amamiliyoni vyo mu nyandiko ya cunéiforme bivuga ivyerekeye ibintu vyinshi bitandukanye. Ururimi rw’ikinyakadi, urwahurizwako n’Abashuri be n’Abanyababiloni, ni rwo rwari ururimi mpuzamakungu rwakoreshwa mu migenderanire y’ibihugu vyo mu karere kose ka kera k’Abarabu. Ariko rero, abantu bo mu gace kamwekamwe kose barandika ibisomwa, bakagira urudandaza, bakiga ibiharuro, ivyerekeye ibisyo vyo mu kirere n’ivyerekeye maji, bagashinga amategeko, bakagira imyuga, bakongera bagasenga. Ivyo banditse rero ku bijanye n’iyo mice yose hamwe n’iyindi biratanga amakuru menshi cane.

Uravye ukuntu ivyo bisomwa bidondora abo bantu, uca ubona ko bari bameze nk’abandi bose. Uwitwa Matthew Stolper, akaba ari umwigisha yigisha ivya kahise ka Ashuri na Babiloni kuri ya kaminuza y’i Chicago, akaba yamaze imyaka 30 aza aracishamwo afasha mu gutegura iyo kazinduzi, avuga ati: “Vyinshi mu vyo umuntu asoma ku bijanye n’abo bantu aca abitahura bitagoranye; nk’akarorero arashobora gusoma ivyerekeye abantu bagaragaza ubwoba n’ishavu, abagaragaza urukundo n’abasaba gukundwa.” Yongerako ati: “Hari ivyandiko vy’abami bivuga ukuntu bari agakomeye, hakaba n’ibindi vyandiko vy’abandi bantu bivuga ko abo bagabo batari agakomeye nk’uko bavyihaya.” Vyongeye, ibisomwa vyubuwe i Nuzi muri Iraki yo muri kino gihe biravuga ivy’imburano haheze imyaka 3.500 zibaye, zikaba zari zerekeye ugutorana kw’umupfakazi, umurima wavomewe amazi, be n’indogobwa y’intirano.

Ico gikorwa coba cararangiye?

Abahinga mu bijanye na kahise ka Ashuri na Babiloni bo mu mihingo yose y’isi baraterereye umuganda muri ico gikorwa. Abakozi bo kuri ca kigo co kuri kaminuza baramaze imyaka mirongo begeranya bongera batondeka udukarata hafi 2.000.000 twerekana ukuntu amajambo akoreshwa. Igitabu ca mbere c’iyo kazinduzi carungitswe mw’icapuriro mu 1956. Kuva ico gihe, ibindi bitabu 25 vy’iyo kazinduzi vyagiye birasohoka uko bihejeje gutegurwa. Ivyo bitabu vyose uko ari 26 bigurishwa amadolari nka 2.000 (nk’amarundi arenga 2.800.000), mugabo amakuru yose ari muri vyo yarashizwe kuri Internet, ku buryo umuntu ashobora kuyaronka ku buntu.

Vyasavye imyaka 90 yuzuye kugira ngo iyo kazinduzi irangire. Naho ari ukwo, abagize uruhara muri ico gikorwa amahero, baremera icese yuko itikwije. Ikiganiro kimwe kivuga ibijanye n’iyo kazinduzi kigira giti: “Hari amajambo amwamwe bataramenya ico asobanura; kandi kubera ko hari ibintu bishasha biguma vyuburwa, ni . . . igikorwa kibandanya.”

[Iciyumviro nyamukuru ku rup. 14]

Ibitabu 26 bigize Kazinduzi y’Abashuri bifise impapuro zirenga 9.700

[Ifoto ku rup. 14]

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Ifoto yafashwe na Ash-har Quraishi, tukaba tuyikesha WTTW11, bitangiwe uruhusha na WTTW Digital Archives