Aburahamu yoba vy’ukuri yari atunze ingamiya?

BIBILIYA ivuga yuko ingamiya zari mu bitungwa Aburahamu yahawe na Farawo. (Ita. 12:​16) Igihe umusuku wa Aburahamu yafata urugendo rurerure aja i Mezopotamiya, “[yafashe] ingamiya cumi mu ngamiya za shebuja.” Ku bw’ivyo, Bibiliya iravuga mu buryo butomoye yuko nko mu myaka 4.000 iheze Aburahamu yari atunze ingamiya amaja mu ntango z’ikimpumbi ca kabiri B.G.C.​​—⁠Ita. 24:​10.

Hariho abatavyemera. Bibiliya imwe (New International Version Archaeological Study Bible) ivuga iti: “Incabwenge zavuze yuko izo nkuru zivuga ivy’ingamiya zidashigikiwe na kahise kubera ko abantu benshi bemera yuko ivyo bikoko bitatungwa cane gushika nko mu 1200 imbere ya Kristu, hakaba hari haciye igihe kirekire Aburahamu abayeho.” Ahantu hose havuga ibijanye n’ingamiya mu bice vya Bibiliya bitangura hoca rero hafatwa ko hatavuga ukuri kubera ko ingamiya zitakoreshwa muri ubwo buryo twisunze igihe izo nkuru zo muri Bibiliya zandikiwemwo.

Ariko rero, izindi ncabwenge zivuga yuko naho ivyo gutunga ingamiya vyabaye ikintu gihambaye amaja mu mpera z’ikimpumbi ca kabiri, ivyo bidasigura ko ingamiya zitakoreshwa imbere y’aho. Igitabu kimwe (Civilizations of the Ancient Near East) kivuga giti: “Ubushakashatsi buherutse kugirwa bwerekanye yuko ivyo gutunga ingamiya vyatanguye kugirwa mu bumanuko bushira ubuseruko bwa Arabiya mu gihe kinaka mu kimpumbi ca gatatu [B.G.C.]. Mu ntango, birashoboka ko abantu batunga ingamiya kugira ngo zize zirabaronsa amata, ubwoya, insato, n’inyama, mugabo biboneka ko batatevye gutahura yuko bashobora kuzikoresha mu gutwara imizigo.” Ico ciyumviro c’uko ingamiya zatanguye gutungwa imbere y’igihe ca Aburahamu gisa n’igishigikirwa n’utumanyu tw’amagufa be n’ibindi bisigarira vyazo vyacukuwe.

Hariho n’ibimenyamenya vyanditse. Ico gitabu nyene kivuga giti: “Muri Mezopotamiya, intonde zanditswe mu nyandiko yitwa cunéiforme ziravuga ibijanye n’ico kiremwa [ingamiya] kandi ku bidodo bitari bike usanga kiriko, ivyo bikaba vyerekana yuko ico gikoko gishobora kuba carashitse muri Mezopotamiya mu ntango z’ikimpumbi ca kabiri,” ni ukuvuga mu gihe ca Aburahamu.

Incabwenge zimwezimwe ziremera yuko abadandaza b’imibavu bo mu bumanuko bwa Arabiya bakoresha ingamiya kugira ngo zitware ibidandazwa vyabo mu buraruko ziciye mu bugaragwa, zigana mu turere tumwetumwe nka Misiri na Siriya ivyo bikaba vyatumye ingamiya zishika muri utwo turere. Birashoboka ko urwo rudandaza rwakorwa n’abantu benshi mu ntango z’umwaka wa 2000 B.G.C. Biri n’ico bivuze kubona mw’⁠Itanguriro 37:25-28 havuga ibijanye n’abadandaza b’Abishimayeli bakoresha ingamiya mu gutwara imibavu mu Misiri haciye nk’imyaka ijana Aburahamu abayeho.

Ingamiya zishobora kuba zitakoreshwa cane mu Bumanuko bushira uburengero bwa Aziya mu ntango z’ikimpumbi ca kabiri B.G.C., mugabo ibimenyamenya bisa n’ivyemeza yuko abantu bamwebamwe bari bazizi. Ni co gituma inkoranyabumenyi imwe y’ivya Bibiliya (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia) ishika kuri iki ciyumviro kigira giti: “Ntibigikenewe ko umuntu abona yuko inkuru zivuga ibijanye n’ikoreshwa ry’ingamiya mu bihe vya ba sekuruza b’imiryango atari iz’ukuri, kuko hariho ibimenyamenya vyinshi bijanye n’ubucukuzi vyerekana yuko ingamiya zatungwa imbere y’uko abo basekuruza b’imiryango babaho.”