Ivyiyumviro n’inyigisho vya Kaluvino bimaze imyaka 500 vyashitse ku ki? — ICEGERANYO C'IBITABU CO KURI INTERNET ca Watchtower

Ivyiyumviro n’inyigisho vya Kaluvino bimaze imyaka 500 vyashitse ku ki?

JEAN CAUVIN (ari we Yohani Kaluvino) yavukiye i Noyon mu Bufaransa, mu 1509. Yaratanguje umuhari w’idini wagize uruhara rukomeye mu buzima bw’abantu benshi bo mu mihingo y’i Buraya, muri Amerika, muri Afirika y’Epfo n’ahandi. Abonwa ko ari umwe mu bantu nyamukuru batunganije ivy’idini bushasha muri kahise k’ibihugu vya Buraya.

Muri gihe, inyuma y’imyaka nka 500 Kaluvino avutse, ivyiyumviro n’inyigisho vyiwe biracatsimbataye mu buryo bumwe canke ubundi mu madini y’abaporoti nk’iry’abitwa aba réformés, aba presbytériens, aba congrégationalistes, aba puritains hamwe n’abandi. Urunani mpuzamakungu rw’amadini yatunganijwe bushasha (Alliance mondiale des Églises réformées), uruhurikiyemwo abantu imiliyoni 75 mu bihugu 107, ruragerageza kubandanya ruzigama iragi rya Kaluvino.

Haba ukutumvikana n’idini rya Gatolika

Se wa Kaluvino yari umushingwamanza akaba n’umunyamabanga wa Ekeleziya Gatolika i Noyon. Ako kazi yakora gashobora kuba karatumye abona inyifato mbi yarangwa mu bakuru ba Ekeleziya ico gihe. Ntituzi neza ko ivyo vyoba vyaratumye se wa Kaluvino na mwene wabo na Kaluvino biyamiriza Ekeleziya canke batayubaha, mugabo bahavuye bacibwa muri Ekeleziya. Igihe se wa Kaluvino yapfa, Kaluvino yaragize ingorane zo kwemererwa na Ekeleziya ko se wiwe ahambwa rukirisu. Ico kintu gishobora kuba caratumye Kaluvino arushiriza kutizigira idini rya Gatolika.

Vyinshi mu bitabu bivuga ivya Kaluvino nta vyinshi bivuga ku bimwerekeye akiri muto uretse ko vyerekana ko yari umuntu yihoreye, atakunda kuyaga n’abandi. N’igihe yiga i Paris, i Orléans, n’i Bourges, yasa n’uwufise abagenzi bake. Ariko rero, Kaluvino yari afise ingabirano y’ubwenge bubangutse akagira n’ingabirano yo kwibuka bimwe bitangaje. Vyongeye, yari umuntu ashoboye gukora cane biteye akoba. Kukaba nkako, yariga ku musi ku musi guhera isaha cumi n’imwe z’igitondo gushika isaha zitandatu z’ijoro. Ivyo vyose vyatumye aba umuhinga yaminuje ivy’amategeko atarashikana imyaka 23. Yarize kandi igiheburayo, ikigiriki n’ikilatini kugira ngo yige Bibiliya. Ariko rero, ikintu kiruta vyose Kaluvino bari bamuziko ni uko yari umuntu akunda gukora akazi ata gufyina, kikaba ari ikintu abenshi babona ko ari akarangamutima k’abayoboke ba Kaluvino no muri kino gihe.

Muri ico gihe nyene, hakurya yaho mu Budagi, uwitwa Martin Luther yaraneguye Ekeleziya Gatolika adahisha ku bijanye n’ibibi vyayo be n’inyigisho zayo zidashingiye kuri Bibiliya. Abantu benshi bavuga ko mu 1517 Martin Luther yamanitse ku muryango w’urusengero rw’i Wittenberg ivyiyumviro vyiwe 95 vyo kwiyamiriza Ekeleziya, asaba ko igira ivyo ihinduye. Abenshi barashigikiye Luther, maze ibijanye n’Ugutunganya ivy’idini bushasha birakwiragira hirya no hino i Buraya bidatevye. Birumvikana ko ivyo vyatumye abaharanira ukwo Gutunganya ivy’idini bushasha barwanywa bimwe bikomeye mu mihingo myinshi, abo biyamiriza Ekeleziya, ari bo baporoti, bakaba baciye basobanura neza ivyiyumviro vyabo naho babizira. Mu 1533 i Paris, umugenzi wa Kaluvino, Nicholas Cop, yarashikirije ijambo ashigikira Luther, kandi kubera yuko Kaluvino yagize ico afashije mu kwandika iryo jambo Cop yashikirije, bompi babwirijwe guca bahunga kugira banyage amagara. Kaluvino ntiyigeze agaruka kuba mu Bufaransa.

Mu 1536, Kaluvino yarasohoye igitabu Institution de la religion chrétienne, kikaba vy’ukuri gifasha kumenya ishingiro ry’ukwizera kw’abaporoti. Yacandikiye Umwami Faransisiko wa mbere mu ntumbero yo kuburanira abaporoti bo mu Bufaransa, abahavuye bitwa aba huguenots. Kaluvino yarahagurukiye inyigisho za Ekeleziya Gatolika maze ashigikira iciyumviro nyamukuru twokwita inkingi y’ukwizera kwiwe, na co akaba ari ubusegaba bw’Imana. Uretse ko ico gitabu Kaluvino yanditse cagize akosho mu bijanye n’idini, kirazwi cane kandi kubera akosho cagize ku rurimi rw’igifaransa n’impinyanyuro zarwo mu vy’inyandiko. Kaluvino yarashimagijwe nk’umwe mu bantu b’imboneza batunganije ivy’idini bushasha. Yahavuye agerera i Jeneve mu Busuwisi, maze guhera mu 1541 ico gisagara kiba ari co yibandako mu bijanye n’uguhindura ibintu.

Ahindura ibintu i Jeneve

Kaluvino yaragize akosho gakomeye cane ku gisagara ca Jeneve. Kubera yuko Kaluvino yitwararika cane ibijanye n’inyifato runtu n’ubugororotsi, yarahinduye Jeneve, ico “gisagara cahora kizwi nabi, akigira ahantu amategeko akaze ajanye n’inyifato runtu ari yo agenga ubuzima bw’abantu bose,” nk’uko bivugwa n’igitabu kimwe c’inkoranyabumenyi (Encyclopedia of Religion). Harabaye n’ayandi mahinduka. Uwitwa Sabine Witt, akaba ari umuhinga yaminuje ajejwe kubungabunga utugenegene ndangakaranga mw’iratiro ry’ivya kera ry’i Berlin mu Budagi, asigura ati: “Intambara z’amadini zabereye mu Bufaransa zatumye ababa [i Jeneve] bigwiza na kabiri mu myaka mikeyi kubera impunzi ibihumbi n’ibihumbi z’abaporoti zari zahahungiye.” Abitwa aba huguenots, abari bafise agatima kabaranga mu vy’akazi gasa n’aka Kaluvino, barateje imbere ubutunzi bw’igisagara ca Jeneve, batuma kiba ikibanza nyamukuru bakoreramwo ivyo gucapura ibitabu no guhingura amasaha.

Impunzi zivuye mu bindi bihugu na zo nyene zaraje i Jeneve, ushizemwo n’impunzi nyinshi zaje ziva mu Bwongereza, aho abaporoti bari bageramiwe n’Umwamikazi Mariya wa mbere. Abayoboke ba Kaluvino, ahanini bakaba bari bagizwe n’imigwi y’inkehwa y’impunzi, baciye rero batanguza ivyo ikinyamakuru cegamiye idini citwa Christ in der Gegenwart (bisobanura ngo Umukirisu wo mu gihe ca none) kivuga ko ari “ukwemera kw’abahamwa.” Mu 1560, izo mpunzi zarasohoye Bibiliya yitwa Geneva Bible, ikaba ari yo Bibiliya ya mbere yasohowe mu congereza irimwo ibiharuro vyerekana imirongo. Kubera ko iyo Bibiliya itari nini, yarorohereza umuntu kwiyigisha Ijambo ry’Imana. Iyo Bibiliya ishobora kuba ari yo abaporoti bitwa aba puritains bagiye batwaye igihe baja kugerera muri Amerika ya Ruguru mu 1620.

Ariko rero, i Jeneve ntihereye impunzi zose. Uwitwa Michel Servet, uwavukiye muri Esupanye mu 1511, yarize ikigiriki, ikilatini, igiheburayo n’ivy’ubuvuzi, kandi ashobora kuba yarahuye na Kaluvino igihe bompi biga i Paris. Servet amaze kwiga Bibiliya, yarabonye ko inyigisho y’Ubutatu itari ishingiye ku Vyanditswe. Yaragerageje guhanahana ivyiyumviro na Kaluvino ku bijanye n’ico kibazo, ariko aho kubona Servet nk’umugenzi, Kaluvino yamubonye nk’umwansi. Servet amaze guhamwa n’abagatolika mu Bufaransa, yaciye ahungira i Jeneve ca gisagara Kaluvino yabamwo. Aho kwakiranwa urweze, Servet yarafashwe, yagirizwa ko yigisha inyigisho z’ivyaduka, aca aturirwa amanitse ku giti mu 1553. Umutohozakahise Friedrich Oehninger avuga ati: “Iyicwa rya Servet n’ubu riracari iceyi ku buzima no ku bikorwa vya wa muntu [Kaluvino] yari azwi ko yabaye imboneza mu vyo guhindura ibintu.”

Mu gukurikirana umugambi yari afise wo guhindura ibintu, Kaluvino yarasohoye ibitabu vyinshi cane. Bivugwa ko yanditse ibitabu birenga 100 hamwe n’amakete arenga 1.000, be n’uko yashikirije insiguro nka 4.000 i Jeneve. Hirya no hino muri ico gisagara cose, Kaluvino ntiyagiye asigura gusa ukuntu yabona ingene ubukirisu bukwiye kumera ariko kandi yarakoze uko ashoboye kugira atume abakirisu babaho nk’uko we yiyumvira ko bakwiye kubaho, na canecane i Jeneve aho yipfuza ko hamera nk’igisagara c’Imana.a

None utwigoro Kaluvino yagize i Jeneve adatezura arondera guhindura ibintu twashitse ku ki? Ibiro vy’Ubusuwisi bijejwe ivyo guharura ibitigiri bivuga yuko mu mwaka wa 2000 ibice 16 kw’ijana vy’ababa i Jeneve bari abayoboke ba Kaluvino, kandi muri ico gisagara abagatolika ni bo benshi kuruta abayoboke ba Kaluvino.

Ukwicamwo ibice mu vy’idini gukwiragira

Aho ukwo Gutunganya ivy’idini bushasha kumariye gutangura, kimwekimwe cose mu bisagara n’amaleta caciye kivuga ko gishigikiye idini rya Gatolika, iry’Abaluteri canke iry’abayoboke ba Kaluvino, bica bituma i Buraya haba ukwicamwo ibice gukomeye mu vy’idini. Naho abatunganije ivy’idini bushasha bahuza mu kunegura Ekeleziya Gatolika, ntibavuga rumwe hagati yabo. Wa muhinga Witt twavuga agira ati: “Ukutumvikana mu vy’inyigisho kwaratanguye kwibonekeza no mu baporoti.” Naho bose wasanga bemera yuko Bibiliya ikwiye kuba ryo shimikiro ry’ukwizera kwa gikirisu, harabaye ukutumvikana gukomeye mu nyigisho zabo. Ikibazo kitatevye guca kivyuka ni ikijanye n’insobanuro ya za Mfungurwa za nyuma z’Umukama zo ku mugoroba be n’icerekeye ukuhaba kwa Kristu. Mu nyuma, inyigisho za Kaluvino zaravuyemwo imwe mu nyigisho ziwe zavyuye ibibazo kuruta izindi, ni ukuvuga ya nyigisho y’uko Imana iba yaranditse imbere y’igihe ibishikira umuntu.

Harabaye impari nyinshi ku bijanye n’insobanuro y’iyo nyigisho. Umugwi umwe w’abayoboke ba Kaluvino wavuga ko imbere y’uko abantu bacumura, Imana yafashe ingingo y’uko abantu bakeyi bacaguwe bokijijwe biciye kuri Kristu, abasigaye bose bagahebwa. Uwo mugwi rero wemera yuko Imana ari yo igena uwuzokizwa uwo ari we be n’uko abantu bose batangana. Abandi bayoboke ba Kaluvino na bo biyumvira yuko agakiza ari ak’abantu bose kandi ko umwe wese ari we yihitiramwo kukakira canke kureka. Ivyo rero vyasobanura ko kugira ngo umuntu aronke agakiza bivana n’ihitamwo yigirira. N’igihe kirekire inyuma y’urupfu rwa Kaluvino, abo mw’idini ryiwe baranyinyanye n’ibibazo bimwebimwe, nk’ikijanye n’ivy’uko Imana igenera umuntu ibizomushikira, ikijanye n’ubushobozi umuntu afise bwo kwihitiramwo be n’ikijanye n’uko abantu bose bafise amahirwe angana.

Iragi ririko iceyi rya Kaluvino

Mu kinjana ca 20, Idini ryatunganijwe bushasha ry’Abanyaholande ryisunga inyigisho za Kaluvino ryerekanye ko inyigisho y’uko Imana iba yaranditse imbere y’igihe ibishikira umuntu ari ishimikiro ry’amacakubiri afatiye kw’ibara ry’urukoba yabaye muri Afirika y’Epfo. Ku bijanye na politike ya Leta yerekana ko abazungu baruta abirabure, Nelson Mandela, uwabaye umukuru w’igihugu wa mbere w’umwirabure muri Afirika y’Epfo, yavuze ati: “Iyo politike yari ishigikiwe n’Idini ryatunganijwe bushasha ry’Abanyaholande, rikaba ryatumye intwaro karyanishamiryango ironka ivyo ifatirako mu vy’idini mu kuvuga yuko abazungu ari abantu batoranijwe n’Imana, abirabure na bo bakaba ubwoko bw’abaja. Abazungu babona ko intwaro karyanishamiryango be n’idini vyari bifatanye mu nda.”

Mu myaka ya 1990, Idini ryatunganijwe bushasha ry’Abanyaholande ryarasavye imbabazi ku mugaragaro ku kuba ryarashigikiye intwaro karyanishamiryango. Mw’ijambo ryashikirijwe icese bise Itangazo ry’i Rustenburg, indongozi z’amadini ziyemereye ziti: “Bamwebamwe muri twebwe barakoresheje cane Bibiliya ukutari kwo kugira ngo bashigikire intwaro karyanishamiryango, bituma benshi bemera yuko ishigikiwe n’Imana.” Uko imyaka yagiye irarengana, impagararo y’idini ku bijanye n’intwaro karyanishamiryango ntiyagize gusa uruhara mu mibabaro yavuye ku kwinubana gufatiye kw’ibara ry’urukoba, ariko yaranerekanye ko Imana ari yo yobibazwa!

Yohani Kaluvino yapfiriye i Jeneve mu 1564. Ari mu kurangiza ubuzima bwiwe, bivugwa ko yakengurukiye abo bari basangiye idini “kubona bari barateye iteka mu buryo bwinshi cane umuntu vy’ukuri ata kintu na kimwe nk’ico yari abereye,” aca arasaba imbabazi kubera ubugoyagoye bw’ukutihangana n’ukurakara yagumye agaragaza. Naho vyoba ari ukwo vyari bimeze, nta wohakana yuko agatima abaporoti bagaragaza ku kazi, akarangwa n’ugukorana umwete, ukwiyumanganya be n’ukwihebera akazi, gafitaniye isano rya hafi na kamere Yohani Kaluvino yari afise be n’ingingo yisunga.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

a Ushaka kumenya ayandi makuru, raba igitabu L’humanité à la recherche de Dieu, urupapuro rwa 321-325, casohowe n’Ivyabona vya Yehova.

[Akajambo gasigura ifoto ku rup. 21]

Aho kwa Gutunganya ivy’idini bushasha kumariye gutangura, kimwekimwe cose mu bisagara n’amaleta caciye kivuga ko gishigikiye idini rya Gatolika, iry’Abaluteri canke iry’abayoboke ba Kaluvino, bica bituma i Buraya haba ukwicamwo ibice gukomeye mu vy’idini