Umucapuzi w’ibitabu wa kera yateje imbere Bibiliya

IBITABU be n’imizingo vyandikishijwe iminwe, haheze imyaka ibihumbi bitanguye kubaho. Ariko ibitabu bicapuwe vyovyo ntivyatanguye kera cane nk’ivyo. Ibitabu bizwi ko ari vyo vyatanguye gucapurwa, vyacapuriwe mu Bushinwa mu 868 G.C. hakoreshejwe ibibaho biharangatuweko ivyandikano. Nko mu 1455 mu gihugu c’Ubudagi, uwitwa Johannes Gutenberg yarahinguye imashini icapura ikoresheje inyuguti ziri ku twuma dupangwa tukongera tugapangurwa, araheza asohora Bibiliya ya mbere icapuwe mu rurimi rw’ikilatini.

Ariko haciye imyaka mikeyi, ivyo gucapura ibitabu bimaze kuba umwuga ushinze imizi, ni ho ivyo gukwiragiza Bibiliya be n’ibindi bitabu vyatangura gutera imbere cane. Igisagara ca Nuremberg cahavuye kiba co kibanza nyamukuru co mu Budagi gikorerwamwo ivyo gusohora ibitabu, kandi uwitwa Anton Koberger, akaba yari imvukira yo muri ico gisagara, ashobora kuba yabaye we mu muntu wa mbere azwi kw’isi yacapuye yongera arasohora Bibiliya ku rugero runini cane.

Abantu b’imico kama yose bari n’ico bakesha abacapuzi ba mbere ba Bibiliya, harimwo n’uwo Anton Koberger. Reka rero twihweze twitonze ivy’uwo Koberger be n’ivyo yakoze.

‘Igitabu yamye yitaho cane: Bibiliya’

Koberger yuguruye icapuriro rya mbere ry’i Nuremberg mu 1470. Igihe iryo hinguriro ryiwe ryari rimaze gutera imbere rwose, ryakoresha amamashini 24 acapurira icarimwe, rikagira abacapuzi 100, abafundi be n’abandi bakozi i Basel, i Strasbourg, i Lyon no mu bindi bisagara vy’i Buraya. Koberger yarasohoye ivyandikano vyo mu kilatini vyo mu myaka yo hagati y’ikinjana ca 5 gushika mu ca 15 G.C. be n’ibitabu vyinshi bijanye n’ivya siyansi vyo mu gihe ciwe. Mu gihe cose yamaze akora uwo mwuga, yasohoye ibitabu 236 bitandukanye. Bimwebimwe muri ivyo wasanga bifise impapuro amajana, mu kubicapura bakaba bacapura rumwerumwe ku mamashini acapura akoreshwa n’amaboko.

Indome nziza cane Koberger yakoresha zatumye ibitabu yacapura biba rurangiranwa kubera ukuntu vyari vyiza be n’ukuntu vyasomeka neza. Umutohozakahise yitwa Alfred Börckel yandika ati: “Koberger yamye ashimika ku vy’uko hacapurishwa utwuma ducapura indome tukiri dushasha, tukimeze neza. Utwuma ducapura indome dushaje ntiyemera ko dukoreshwa.” N’ikindi kandi, vyinshi mu bitabu n’amabibiliya Koberger yacapuye wasanga birimwo amashusho y’ido n’ido yahinguwe mu mbaho.

Uwitwa Oscar Hase, akaba ari umwanditsi yanditse inkuru y’ubuzima bwa Koberger, yanditse yuko kuva Koberger atanguye uwo mwuga wo gucapura gushika awuhagaritse, “vyibonekeza ko hari igitabu yamye yitaho cane, na co akaba ari Bibiliya.” Koberger na bagenziwe baraciye ku biti no ku mabuye kugira ngo baronke ibisomwa vya Bibiliya vyoshobora kuboneka birusha ibindi vyose kuba ibitagiramwo amakosa. Bitegerezwa kuba bitari vyoroshe narirya ivyandikano vyandikishijwe iminwe vyo ku nshato wasanga ari itunga ryamizwako ijisho ryo mu bigo kanaka vy’abihebeye Imana, kandi umuntu agiriwe ubuntu akanabitizwa ngo avyimure, yabimarana akanya gato gusa.

Bibiliya zo mu kilatini no mu kidagi

Koberger yacapuye incuro 15 Bibiliya yo mu kilatini yitwa Biblia Latina, integuro yayo ya mbere ikaba yabonetse mu 1475. Integuro zimwezimwe zarimwo amashusho yerekana bwa bwato bwa Nowa, ya Mabwirizwa cumi be na rwa rusengero rwubakwa na Salomo. Mu 1483, Koberger yaracapuye Bibiliya yo mu kidagi yitwa Biblia Germanica, acapuye rimwe agacapura izishika 1.500, ico kikaba cari igitigiri kinini cane ico gihe. Iyo Bibiliya yarimwo amashusho arenga 100 yahinguwe mu mbaho, akaba yari agenewe kuvyurira abasomyi akayabagu ko kurondera kumenya vyinshi, abatazi gusoma na bo akabibutsa inkuru zizwi cane zo muri Bibiliya. Amashusho yo muri iyo Bibiliya yarisunzwe cane n’abateguye amashusho yo muri Bibiliya mu nyuma, dufatiye canecane ku mabibiliya yo mu kidagi.

Bibiliya yo mu kidagi Koberger yasohoye mu 1483 yarakunzwe, mugabo yahavuye iba yo nteguro yo mu kidagi ya mbere n’iya nyuma Koberger asohoye. Naho abamufashije gusuzuma no gukosora igisomwa bari bitwararitse guhindura imvugo y’iyo Bibiliya kugira ngo ihuze na ya Bibiliya yo mu kilatini yitwa Vulgate yari isanzwe yemewe na Ekeleziya, Koberger yari yashingiye iyo nteguro yiwe kuri Bibiliya yari yarabujijwe yo mu kinjana ca 14 y’abitwa Abavodwa. Mu mwaka wakurikiye, Papa Inosenti w’umunani yarakuriye hasi imigwi y’Abavodwa ngo ayizimanganye. Inyuma y’aho, Ekeleziya yararushirije kurwanya amabibiliya ari mu ndimi abantu bamenyereye. Ku wa 22 Ntwarante 1485, Umusenyeri mukuru Berthold w’i Mainz mu Budagi, yarasohoye itegeko ribuza gushira Bibiliya mu kidagi. Ku wa 4 Nzero mu mwaka wakurikiye, Berthold yarasubiye gusohora iryo tegeko. Kubera ico cuka kibi, Koberger ntiyongeye kwubahuka gucapura Bibiliya mu kidagi.

Naho ari ukwo, Anton Koberger ntiyaruhiye ubusa. Yarabaye imboneza mu gukoresha ubuhinga bwari buherutse kuboneka bwo gucapura ibitabu kugira ngo atume ibitabu vy’ubwoko bwinshi bishobora kugurwa ku giciro ciza kandi bikoroha kubironka mu Buraya. Gutyo igikorwa ca Koberger carafashije kugira ngo abantu batobato bashobore kuronka Bibiliya.

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Uhereye ibubamfu uja iburyo: Ishusho yahinguwe mu mbaho yerekana Daniyeli mu cobo c’intambwe; urudome rukuru ruri ku kababi k’inzahabu; indome ziboneka neza

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Koberger

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Udufoto twa Bibiliya y’ikilatini n’iy’ikidagi za Koberger twerekana udushusho two gushariza dufise amabara akayangana be n’amajambo agira ico avuze kw’⁠Itanguriro 1:1

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Amafoto yose yerekana Bibiliya tuyakesha American Bible Society Library; Koberger: Mit freundlicher Genehmigung der Linotype GmbH