Ugusagamba be n’ukuzimangana kw’“amato y’i Tarushishi”

“Amato y’i Tarushishi yaragira ingendo mu biyaga ku bw’urudandazwa rwawe.”​—EZEKIYELI 27:25, BIBLE DE JERUSALEM

AMATO y’i Tarushishi yarafashije Umwami Salomo kuba umutunzi. Abantu bakora ayo mato baratumye indome zigize ururimi rw’ikigiriki be n’urw’ikiroma zimenyekana cane. Barubuye n’igisagara citwa Byblos, iryo zina ryaco rikaba ryahavuye ritazirwa igitabu cagize akosho kanini kuruta ibindi vyose vyigeze gusohorwa.

Ni bande none bakora ayo mato y’i Tarushishi bakongera bakayasoza? Vyagenze gute ngo yitwe gutyo? Kandi ibintu vyabaye vyerekeye abo bantu be n’ayo mato yabo vyerekana gute ko Bibiliya ari igitabu kitagira amakosa?

Abaganza akarere ka Mediterane

Abanyafenisiya ni bo bubatse amato manini yahavuye yitwa amato y’i Tarushishi. Nk’imyaka igihumbi imbere y’uko Kristu aza ngaha kw’isi, Abanyafenisiya bari bamaze kuba abahinga mu vyo gusoza amato. Baba mu kanyororondwe ko ku nkengera y’ikiyaga, kano kakaba ari nk’aho ari igihugu ca Libani co muri iki gihe. Ayandi mahanga yari yiziziye ico gihugu mu Buraruko, mu Buseruko no mu Bumanuko. Mu Burengero bwako na ho hari ca Kiyaga kinini citwa Mediterane. Abanyafenisiya ico kiyaga ni co bari bazeyeko ubutunzi.

Abasozabwato b’Abanyafenisiya bagiye buhorobuhoro barakora amato y’urudandaza yatuma bunguka cane. Uko urudandaza rwabo be n’ubuhanga bwabo vyarushiriza gutera imbere, ni ko barushiriza gukora amato maninimanini yashobora kugira ingendo ndende kuruta. Abanyafenisiya bamaze gushika i Shipure, i Sardaigne be no mu Mazinga ya Baléares, baciye bajana inkengera y’ikiyaga mu Buraruko bwa Afirika berekeza mu Burengero, bateba barashika muri Esupanye. (Raba ikarata ndondabihugu iri kumwe n’iki kiganiro.)

Abanyafenisiya bakanongoreye mu vyo gukora amato, barakora ayafise uburebure bw’imetero zirenga mirongo itatu. Biboneka ko ayo mato yaguma agira ingendo ndende mu biyaga bininibinini ari yo yitwa “amato y’i Tarushishi” kubera yuko yashobora kugira urugendo rw’ibilometero birenga 4.000 kuva i Fenisiya ugashika mu Bumanuko bwa Esupanye, aho bishoboka ko akarere ka Tarushishi kari gaherereye.a

Bishoboka ko Abanyafenisiya ata ntumbero bari bafise yo kuganza isi, bo bashaka kwironderera amahera gusa. Ivyo babishitseko mu gushinga ibibanza vy’ubudandaji. Ariko rero, kubera ko bari abadandaza, bahavuye ari bo basigara biganziye akarere ka Mediterane.

Bararenze akarere ka Mediterane

Igihe abagenduzi b’uturere b’Abanyafenisiya bariko barondera ingene boteza imbere urudandaza rwabo, baragize ingendo no mw’Ibahari Atalantike. Amato yabo yagumye agenda ajana inkengera y’ikiyaga yo mu Bumanuko bwa Esupanye ateba arashika mu karere kitwa Tartessus. Nko mu mwaka wa 1100 B.G.C., barubatse igisagara bise Gadir. Ikivuko kiri muri ico gisagara, icitwa muri iki gihe Cádiz, kikaba kiri muri Esupanye, cahavuye kiba kimwe mu bisagara vya mbere bininibinini vyo mu Buraya bwo mu Burengero.

Abanyafenisiya baradandaza umunyu, umuvinyu, ifi zumye, ibiti vy’amasederi, ibiti vy’amapinusi, ibintu bicuze mu vyuma, ibirahuri, impuzu z’injishano, impuzu nziza zoroshe be n’impuzu zizize mu mutugutu wari uzwi cane w’i Tiro. Ni ubutunzi ubuhe Esupanye na yo yaheza ikabaronsa?

Vyaragaragaye ko mu Bumanuko bwa Esupanye ari ho hantu hacukurwa amafeza be n’ubundi butare bw’agaciro kuruta ahandi hose mu karere ka Mediterane. Ku bijanye na Tiro ikivuko gikuru c’Abanyafenisiya, umuhanuzi Ezekiyeli yavuze ati: “Waradandaje muri Esupanye maze ufata amafeza, ivyuma n’amabati, ubikaba ibitayega vyawe vy’uburyo bwinshi.”​—Ezekiyeli 27:12, Today’s English Version.

Abanyafenisiya barubuye hafi y’uruzi Guadalquivir ubutare nk’ubwo bwasa n’ubudahera, aho hakaba hatari kure ya ca gisagara ca Cádiz. Ubwo butare nyene buracacukurwa muri ako karere, ubu kakaba kitwa Río Tinto. Haraciye imyaka nk’ibihumbi bitatu aho hantu hacukurwa ubutare bw’agaciro kanini cane.

Kubera ko umuhora wahuza Abanyesupanye be n’Abanyafenisiya wari warashinzwe uraguma, Abanyafenisiya bari basigaye ari bo bifatiye mu minwe amafeza yo muri Esupanye. Ivyo vyatuma amafeza yisukira cane muri Fenisiya eka mbere no mu micungararo ya Isirayeli. Umwami Salomo wa Isirayeli yarakoranye urudandaza n’Umwami Hiramu wa Fenisiya. Ivyo vyatumye mu gihe ca Salomo ifeza ibonwa ko “ata co imaze.”​—1 Abami 10:21, NW.b

Naho Abanyafenisiya babaye abadandaza bateye imbere, vyarashika bakaba ba ruburakigongwe. Biravugwa ko rimwe na rimwe bahenda abantu baba bari mu bwato bivugisha ngo bashaka kubereka ivyo badandaza, yamara barondera kubagira abaja. Bahavuye mbere bahindukirira Abisirayeli kandi bari bahoze bakorera hamwe urudandaza, maze barabagurisha kugira ngo bagirwe abaja. Ku bw’ivyo, abahanuzi b’Abaheburayo bari baramenyesheje imbere y’igihe yuko igisagara c’Abanyafenisiya ari co Tiro, cosanganguwe. Ubwo buhanuzi amaherezo bwaranguwe na Alegizandere Mukuru mu 332 B.G.C. (Yoweli 3:6; Amosi 1:9, 10) Iryo sangangurwa ni ryo ryabaye iherezo ry’ugusagamba kw’Abanyafenisiya.

Iragi Abanyafenisiya basize

Nk’uko bisanzwe bigenda ku badandaza bose bakora akazi kabo neza, abadandaza b’Abanyafenisiya barashira mu nyandiko amasezerano bagira. Bakoresha indome zisa cane n’izigize ururimi rw’igiheburayo ca kera. Ayandi mahanga yarabonye ko gukoresha indome zari zigize ikinyafenisiya vyari n’akamaro. Uko izo ndome zagiye zirahinduka, zahavuye ziba ryo shimikiro ry’indome zigize ururimi rw’ikigiriki, zino na zo zikaba zahavuye ziba ryo shimikiro ry’inyandiko y’ikiroma, iyo na yo ikaba ari imwe mu zigizwe n’indome zikoreshwa cane muri kino gihe.

Vyongeye, igisagara gihambaye c’Abanyafenisiya ari co Byblos, cahavuye kiba ho hantu hatangirwa inkorogoto, zino zikaba ari zo zahavuye zituma impapuro dukoresha muri kino gihe ziboneka. Ikoreshwa ry’inkorogoto mu kwandika ryatumye ibitabu bitangura kwandikwa. Nkako, ijambo Bibiliya, rino rikaba ari izina ry’igitabu cakwiragiye kw’isi kuruta ibindi vyose, rikomoka mw’izina Byblos. Mu vy’ukuri, inkuru yigana kahise k’Abanyafenisiya be n’amato yabo iratuma turushiriza kwizigira ko Bibiliya ishingiye cane ku bimenyamenya bifadika.

[Utujambo tw’epfo]

[Ifoto ku rup. 27]

INZIRA Z’URUDANDAZA RW’ABANYAFENISIYA

ESUPANYE

TARTESSUS

Uruzi Guadalquivir

Gadir

Corsica

Amazinga ya Baléare

Sardaigne

Sisile

Kirete

Shipure

Byblos

Tiro

IKIYAGA MEDITERANE

Esiyoni-geberi

Ikiyaga Gitukura

AFIRIKA

[Ifoto ku rup. 27]

Ikingorongoro gicapuweko ubwato bw’Abanyafenisiya cakoreshwa mu kinjana ca gatatu gushika mu kinjana ca kane B.G.C.

[Ifoto ku rup. 27]

Ibisigarira vy’igisagara ca Cádiz co muri Esupanye Abanyafenisiya babamwo

[Picture Credit on page 26]

Museo Naval, Madrid

[Ifoto ku rup. 27]

Ikingorongoro: Museo Arqueológico Municipal. Puerto de Sta. María, Cádiz; Ibisigarira: Yacimiento Arqueológico de Doña Blanca, Pto. de Sta. María, Cádiz, España