Injo za kera zubuwe, ziremeza ko ibivugwa muri Bibiliya ari ivy’ukuri

BIBILIYA ni Ijambo ry’Imana ryahumetswe (2 Timoteyo 3:16). Ibintu vyo mu bihe vya kera ivuga ku bijanye n’abantu, ibibanza be n’ivyerekeye ugusenga hamwe n’ivy’intwaro, ntibigira amakosa. Naho ibintu vyubuwe n’ubucukuzi vyemeza koko yuko ukuntu dutahura ibivugwa muri Bibiliya ari ukw’ukuri canke bikadufasha kwungura ukwo gutahura, ukuba Ivyanditswe ari ivy’ukuri ntibihagaze na gato kuri ivyo bintu.

Injo, ni ukuvuga ibimanyu vy’ibibumbano vyamenetse, ni zo ahanini usanga ari nyinshi cane mu bintu vyubuwe n’abacukuzi igihe bariko baracukura mu bibanza vya kera. Mu bibanza vyinshi vyo mu karere ka kera k’ibihugu vy’Abarabu, ushizemwo Misiri na Mezopotamiya, injo zarakoreshwa bwa bikoresho bizimbutse vyo kwandikako. Injo zarakoreshwa mu kwandikako amasezerano, ibijanye n’amahera, ivy’urudandaza be n’ibindi; nk’uko muri kino gihe hakoreshwa amafishi be n’impapuro. Muri rusangi ivyanditse kuri izo njo vyandikishwa wino, kandi vyarashobora kuba vyanditse ku murongo umwe gusa canke bikandikwa mu mirongo myinshi kibure mu nkingi nyinshi.

Ubucukuzi bwagizwe muri Isirayeli bwarubuye injo zitari nke zo mu bihe vya Bibiliya. Imigwi itatu y’injo zakorakoranirijwe hamwe, izivugwa yuko ari izo mu kinjana c’indwi be n’ic’umunani B.G.C., birakwiye ko tuyitwararika cane kubera yuko irimwo injo zemeza ibintu bitandukanye vy’ido n’ido vyerekeye inkuru za kahise zivugwa muri Bibiliya. Izo njo ni izatowe i Samariya, i Aradi be n’i Lakishi. Nimuze twihweze twitonze umwumwe muri iyo migwi.

Injo z’i Samariya

Samariya wari umurwa mukuru w’ubwami bwa Isirayeli bwo mu Buraruko bwari bugizwe n’imiryango cumi, gushika ico gisagara gisanganguwe n’Abashuri mu 740 B.G.C. Ku bijanye n’ingene igisagara ca Samariya catanguye kubaho, mu 1 Abami 16:23, 24 hagira hati: “Mu mwaka ugira mirongwitatu na rimwe Asa umwami w’i Buyuda ari ku ngoma [mu 947 B.G.C.], ni ho Omuri yima mu Bisirayeli; . . . bukeye agura na Shemeri umusozi w’i Samariya, atanga italanto zibiri z’ifeza, yubaka kur’uwo musozi; umurwa yubatse awita Samariya”. Gushika mu gihe c’Abaroma Samariya yari ikiriho, ariko ico gihe ico gisagara citwa Sébaste. Amaherezo ico gisagara carazimanganye mu kinjana ca gatandatu G.C.

Igihe umugwi w’abacukuzi wariko uracukura muri Samariya ha kera mu 1910, warubuye umugwi w’injo zakorakoranirijwe hamwe, izo biyumvira ko ari izo mu kinjana c’umunani B.G.C. Basanze kuri izo njo handitse ibijanye n’irungikwa ry’amavuta n’umuvinyu i Samariya bivuye mu turere dutandukanye two mu micungararo y’ico gisagara. Ku bijanye n’ivyo bintu vyubuwe, igitabu kimwe (Ancient Inscriptions​—Voices From the Biblical World), kigira giti: “Injo 63 zatowe mu 1910 . . . zirabereye kubonwa nka kimwe mu bintu vyakorakoranirijwe hamwe biri mu nyandiko bihambaye kuruta ibindi, bitazimanganye vyo muri Isirayeli ya kera. Ukwo kuba injo z’i Samariya zihambaye ntibishingiye ku vyanditse kuri zo . . . ahubwo bishingiye ku kuba zitanga urutonde rurerure rw’amazina y’abantu bo muri Isirayeli, amazina y’imiryango be n’amazina y’uturere”. None ni gute ayo mazina yemeza ibintu vy’ido n’ido bivugwa mu nkuru zo muri Bibiliya?

Igihe Abisirayeli bigarurira ca Gihugu c’isezerano maze bakakigabangana mu miryango, Samariya yari mu karere kahawe umuryango wa Manase. Twisunze ibivugwa muri Yosuwa 17:1-6, imiryango cumi ikomoka kuri Manase biciye ku mwuzukuru wiwe Gileyadi, yarahawe amatongo muri ako karere. Wari umuryango wa Abiyezeri, wa Heleki, wa Asiriyeli, wa Shekemu be n’uwa Shemida. Umuhungu agira gatandatu ari we Heferi, nta buzukuru b’abahungu yari afise, ariko yari afise abuzukuru batanu b’abakobwa, ari bo: Makila, Nowa, Hogila, Miluka be na Tirusa, kandi umwumwe wese muri abo yararonse itongo.​—Guharūra 27:1-7.

Injo z’i Samariya ziriko indwi mu mazina y’iyo miryango, ni ukuvuga amazina atanu y’abahungu bose ba Gileyadi hamwe n’amazina abiri y’abuzukuru ba Heferi b’abakobwa, ari bo Hogila na Nowa. Igitabu kimwe (NIV Archaeological Kwiga Bible) kivuga giti: “Amazina y’imiryango ari ku njo z’i Samariya aratanga ikimenyamenya ciyongera ku gitangwa na Bibiliya, cerekeye isano riri hagati y’imiryango ikomoka kuri Manase be n’akarere Bibiliya ivuga yuko iyo miryango yabamwo”. Muri ubwo buryo, izo njo ziremeza uwo muce w’inkuru y’imiryango yo mu ntango yo muri Isirayeli, nk’uko Bibiliya izidondora.

Injo z’i Samariya zisa n’izemeza kandi ibijanye n’ukuntu ivyo gusenga vyari vyifashe mu Bisirayeli nk’uko bidondorwa muri Bibiliya. Igihe injo z’i Samariya zandikwako, Abisirayeli barafatanya ugusenga Yehova be n’ugusenga Bayali imana y’i Kanani. Ubuhanuzi bwa Hoseya, na bwo nyene bukaba bwanditswe mu kinjana c’umunani B.G.C., bwari bwaravuze ibijanye n’igihe Isirayeli yohamagaye Yehova ibigiranye ukwigaya ngo “umugabo wa[nje]”, ntibe ikimuhamagara ngo “Bayali [wanje]”, ni ukuvuga ‘databuja’ (Hoseya 2:16, 17; akajambo k’epfo). Amazina amwamwe y’abantu aboneka ku njo z’i Samariya yasigura ngo “Bayali ni data”, “Bayali araririmba”, “Bayali arahambaye”, “Bayali aribuka”, n’ibindi mwene ivyo. Igihe cose haba habonetse amazina 11 y’abantu arimwo imero yinaka y’izina Yehova, haboneka amazina 7 arimwo igihimba cerekeza kw’izina “Bayali”.

Injo z’i Aradi

Aradi cari igisagara ca kera cari mu karere kagwamwo imvura nkeya cane kitwa Negebu, kano kakaba kari kure cane mu Bumanuko bwa Yeruzalemu. Ivyacukuwe i Aradi vyarashize ahabona inyubakwa zitandatu nininini zizitiwe zo muri Isirayeli zagiye zirakurikirana mu kwubakwa, kuva mu gihe c’ingoma y’umwami Salomo (1037-998 B.G.C.) gushika igihe Yeruzalemu yasangangurwa n’Abanyababiloni mu 607 B.G.C. Abacukuzi barubuye i Aradi umugwi munini kuruta iyindi w’injo zakorakoranirijwe hamwe zo mu bihe vya Bibiliya. Muri izo njo harimwo izirenga 200 zanditseko mu giheburayo, mu giharameya be no mu zindi ndimi.

Zimwezimwe mu njo z’i Aradi ziremeza amakuru dusanga muri Bibiliya yerekeye imiryango y’abaherezi. Nk’akarorero, ku rujo rumwe haravugwamwo “bene Kora”, abavugwa muri Kuvayo 6:24 be no mu Guharūra 26:11. Utujambo tw’intangamarara twa Zaburi ya 42, 44-49, 84, 85, 87, be n’iya 88 turatomora ko ayo mazaburi ari aya “bene Kora”. Iyindi miryango y’abaherezi ivugwa mu njo z’i Aradi ni iya Pashuri be na Meremoti.​—1 Ngoma 9:12; Ezira 8:33.

Raba akandi karorero. Mu bisigarira vy’inyubakwa nini izitiwe, iyivugwa ko ari iyo mu gihe c’imbere gatoya y’uko Abanyababiloni basangangura Yeruzalemu, abacukuzi barubuye urujo rwandikiwe umukuru w’iyo nyubakwa. Twisunze ibivugwa mu gitabu The Context of Scripture, urwo rujo ruriko agace kagira gati: “Kuri databuja Elyashib. Ese Yahweh [Yehova] yokwitwararika ukumererwa neza kwawe. . . . Nayo ku bijanye n’ibintu wantegetse gukora: ubu vyose vyaratunganye: [wa wundi] aracari mu rusengero rwa Yahweh”. Incabwenge nyinshi ziyumvira ko urwo rusengero ruvugwa ari urusengero rw’i Yeruzalemu, urwo rukaba rwabanje kwubakwa mu gihe ca Salomo.

Injo z’i Lakishi

Igisagara cari kizitiwe c’i Lakishi cari ku bilometero 43 mu Bumanuko bushira Ubuseruko bwa Yeruzalemu. Igihe bariko barahacukura mu 1930, harubuwe umugwi w’injo, kandi n’imiburiburi 12 muri zo ni izakoreshwa bwa makete, zikaba zadondowe ko “zihambaye bimwe bidasanzwe . . . kubera yuko zifasha gutahura uko ibintu vyari vyifashe mu vy’intwaro, zikongera zigafasha gutahura ibijanye n’umudurumbanyo wari ukwiye hose mu Buyuda igihe bwari bwiteguriye guhangana n’igitero ntagisivya ca Nebukadinezari [Umwami w’i Babiloni]”.

Amakete ahambaye gusumba ayandi ni ayo umusirikare afise ipete riri munsi y’irya Yaosh be na Yaosh ubwiwe bandikiraniye, bikaba bishoboka ko Yaosh yari intwazangabo i Lakishi. Imvugo yakoreshejwe muri ayo makete irasa n’iyo umuhanuzi Yeremiya, uwabayeho muri ico gihe, yakoresheje mu vyo yanditse. Rimbura ingene amakete abiri muri ayo ashigikira ukuntu Bibiliya idondora ivyabaye muri ico gihe caranzwe n’ibintu bitoroshe.

Muri Yeremiya 34:7, uwo muhanuzi aradondora “igihe ingabo z’umwami w’i Babuloni zāriko zirarwana n’i Yerusalemu n’ibisagara vyose vy’i Buyuda vyari bigisigaye, n’i Lakishi n’i Azeka; kukw ivyo ari vyo vyari bigisigaye mu bisagara vy’i Buyuda bikizitiriwe inzitiro”. Bisa n’uko umwanditsi wa rimwe mu makete y’i Lakishi adondora ivyo bintu nyene. Yandika ati: “Turindiriye kubona ibimenyetso [vy’ibimuri] vy’i Lakishi . . . , kuko tudashobora kubona Azeka”. Incabwenge nyinshi ziyumvira yuko ivyo vyerekana ko Abanyababiloni bari bamaze kwigarurira Azeka, Lakishi na ho hakaba ari ho hari haramukiwe kwigarurirwa. Ikintu gishimishije muri iryo kete ni uko rivugwamwo ibijanye n’“ibimenyetso vy’ibimuri”. Muri Yeremiya 6:1 (NW) na ho nyene haravuga ivyerekeye mwene ubwo buryo bwo guhanahana amakuru.

Hari irindi kete ry’i Lakishi bibonwa ko rishigikira ivyo abahanuzi Yeremiya na Ezekiyeli bavuga ku bijanye n’utwigoro umwami w’Ubuyuda yagize kugira ngo arondere ugushigikirwa na Misiri igihe yagarariza Babiloni (Yeremiya 37:5-8; 46:25, 26; Ezekiyeli 17:15-17). Iryo kete ry’i Lakishi rivuga riti: “Ubu umusuku wawe yamaze kuronka aya makuru akurikira: Jenerali Konyahu umuhungu wa Elunatani yaragiye yerekeza mu Bumanuko kugira ngo yinjire mu Misiri”. Muri rusangi incabwenge zisigura ko ukwo kwerekeza mu Bumanuko kwagizwe mu ntumbero yo kurondera gufashwa na Misiri mu vya gisirikare.

Injo z’i Lakishi ziravugwamwo kandi amazina atari make dusanga mu gitabu ca Yeremiya. Ayo mazina ni Neriya, Yazaniya, Gemariya, Elunatani be na Hoshaya (Yeremiya 32:12; 35:3; 36:10, 12; 42:1). Nta wokwemeza neza ko ayo mazina yerekeza kuri abo bantu nyene bavugwa muri Bibiliya. Ariko rero, kubera yuko Yeremiya yabayeho muri ico kiringo, isano riri hagati y’ayo mazina riribonekeza.

Ivyo za njo zose zihurizako

Za njo zakorakoranirizwa hamwe ari zo z’i Samariya, iz’i Aradi be n’iz’i Lakishi, ziremeza ko ibintu vy’ido n’ido bitari bike bivugwa mu Bibiliya ari ivy’ukuri. Muri ivyo bintu harimwo amazina y’imiryango, amazina y’uturere be n’ivyerekeye ukungene ibintu vyari vyifashe mu vy’ugusenga be no mu vy’intwaro muri ivyo bihe. Ariko rero, hariho ikintu gihambaye izo njo zose zakorakoranirijwe mu migwi itatu zihurizako.

Amakete yasanzwe ku njo zakorakoranirijwe hamwe z’i Aradi be n’iz’i Lakishi arimwo amajambo nk’aya avuga ngo “Ese Yehova yobaha amahoro”. Indwi mu makete y’i Lakishi, aravugwamwo izina ry’Imana incuro 11. Vyongeye, amazina menshi y’abantu yo mu giheburayo yasanzwe kuri izo njo zose zakorakoranirijwe mu migwi itatu, arimwo impfunyapfunyo y’izina Yehova. Ku bw’ivyo rero, izo njo ziremeza ko Abisirayeli bo muri ico gihe bakoresha izina ry’Imana mu buzima bwa misi yose.

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Urujo rwandikiwe umugabo yitwa Elyashib rwubuwe mu bisigarira vya Aradi

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Ifoto yafashwe na © Israel Museum, Jerusalem; tuyikesha Israel Antiquities Authority

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Ikete ry’i Lakishi ririko izina ry’Imana

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Ifoto yafashwe bitangiwe uburenganzira na British Museum