Abimuzi b’ivyanditswe ba kera be n’Ijambo ry’Imana

IVYANDITSWE vy’igiheburayo vyarangiye kwandikwa mu mpera z’ikinjana ca gatanu B.G.C. Mu binjana vyakurikiye, incabwenge z’Abayuda, canecane Abasoferimu be n’abahavuye baza mu nyuma ari bo Bamasoreti, barabaye maso cane mu vy’ukuzigama igisomwa c’igiheburayo ngo kigume kitarimwo amakosa. Ariko rero, ibitabu vyo muri Bibiliya vya kera kuruta ibindi, vyanditswe mu gihe ca Musa na Yosuwa, imyaka igihumbi imbere y’uko Abasoferimu babaho. Ibintu ivyo bitabu vyari vyanditseko vyari ibishobora kwononekera, ugaca rero wumva ko imizingo y’ivyo bitabu yategerezwa kwimurwa incuro n’izindi. Ni ibiki none bizwi ku bijanye n’igikorwa co kwimura ivyanditswe muri ico gihe ca kera cane? Muri Isirayeli ya kera, hoba hariho abimuzi b’abahanga?

Ibisomwa vya Bibiliya vyandikishijwe iminwe vya kera kuruta ibindi bihari muri iki gihe, ni ivyo mu Mizingo yo ku Kiyaga c’Umunyu, imwimwe muri iyo mizingo ikaba yanditswe mu kinjana ca gatatu n’ica kabiri B.G.C. Porofeseri Alan R. Millard, akaba ari incabwenge mu vy’indimi zo mu karere k’Abarabu no mu vy’ubucukuzi bw’ivya kera bwaho, asigura ati: “Nta bindi bihimba na bimwe vya Bibiliya vy’imbere y’aho biriho”. Yongerako ati: “Imico kama yo mu micungararo yaho irashobora kwerekana ingene abimuzi b’ibisomwa ba kera bakora, kandi ivyo tubimenye birashobora kudufasha kumenya agaciro n’akamaro k’igisomwa c’igiheburayo be na kahise kaco”.

Igikorwa c’abimuzi b’ibisomwa bo mu ntango

Kera cane muri Mezopotamiya, ubu hakaba haciye imyaka ibihumbi bine, harandikwa ibisomwa vya kahise, ivy’idini, ivy’amategeko, ivy’incabwenge be n’ibindi bisomwa. Amashure yigisha ivy’ukwimura ibisomwa yaragwiriye, kandi kimwe mu vyigwa yigisha cari ic’ukwimura ibisomwa bisanzwe vyanditswe, bikimurwa nk’uko nyene biri. Incabwenge zo muri kino gihe, zihweje ibisomwa vy’i Babiloni vyimuwe incuro n’izindi mu kiringo c’imyaka igihumbi canke irenga, zisanga ari utuntu ata co tuvuze twahindutse.

Muri Mezopotamiya si ho honyene himurirwa ibisomwa. Igitabu kimwe c’inkoranyabumenyi (The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East) kivuga giti: “Umwimuzi w’ibisomwa w’Umunyababiloni wo mu myaka ya 1500 B.G.C. ashobora kuba yari azi ubuhinga bwakoreshwa mu bibanza bitari bike vyo muri Mezopotamiya, i Siriya, i Kanani, eka no mu Misiri, vyakorerwamwo igikorwa co kwimura ibisomwa”a.

Igikorwa co kwimura ibisomwa cari gihambaye mu Misiri mu gihe ca Musa. Abimuzi bama bariko barimura ibisomwa. Ico gikorwa kirerekanwa n’ibisharizo vyo ku mva zo mu Misiri zimaze imyaka irenga ibihumbi bine. Ca gitabu c’inkoranyabumenyi gihejeje kuvugwa kiravuga ivy’abimuzi ba kera bo muri ico gihe ca kera cane, mu kugira giti: “Mu kimpumbi ca kabiri B.G.C., bari bamaze kwimura no kwegeranya ibisomwa bitari bike bidondora amaterambere akomeye yo muri Mezopotamiya no mu Misiri, bongera barashinga urutonde rw’amategeko agenga abakora igikorwa co kwimura ibisomwa”.

Muri urwo “rutonde rw’amategeko” harimwo n’ibijanye no kwongera ku gisomwa nyamukuru amakuru ajanye na co. Muri ayo makuru haba harimwo amazina ya nyene kwimura ivyanditswe ku gisate c’ibuye canke c’ibumba be n’amazina ya nyeneco, itariki, isoko ry’icariko ivyo bimuriye kuri ico gisate, igitigiri c’imirongo, n’ibindi. Kenshi na kenshi, nyene kwimura yarongerako ati: “Vyimuwe nk’uko biri vyongera bisuzumwa hisunzwe aho vyakuwe”. Ivyo bintu bongerako birerekana yuko abimuzi ba kera bitwararika ivy’uko igisomwa cimurwa nk’uko nyene kiri.

Porofeseri Millard, umwe twavuga, agira ati: “Umuntu arashobora kwibonera yuko igikorwa co kwimura ibisomwa carimwo ivyo gusuzuma no gukosora ivyimuwe. Cari igikorwa gifise uburyo bwashinzwe bwo kwirinda ko hajamwo amakosa. Bumwebumwe muri ubwo buryo, na canecane ubujanye n’uguharura imirongo canke amajambo, bwarasubiye kwibonekeza mu kuntu Abamasoreti babigenza mu kwimura, mu ntango z’ikiringo co hagati y’ikinjana ca 6 n’ica 16”. Rero, mu gihe ca Musa na Yosuwa, mu karere k’ibihugu vy’Abarabu hari hasanzwe hariho agatima ko kwitaho kwimura ivyanditswe mu buryo bwitondewe kandi butarimwo amakosa.

Abisirayeli boba na bo nyene bari bafise abimuzi babishoboye? Ibiri muri Bibiliya vyerekana iki?

Abimuzi bo muri Isirayeli ya kera

Musa yakuriye mu rugo kwa Farawo (Kuvayo 2:10; Ivyakozwe n’intumwa 7:21, 22). Abatohoza ibijanye na Misiri ya kera bavuga yuko mu vyo Musa yigishijwe hashobora kuba harimwo ubuhinga bwo kwandika no gusoma inyandiko y’Abanyamisiri, muri ivyo yigishijwe hakaba n’imiburiburi hatari habuzemwo bumwebumwe mu buhinga bw’abimuzi. Porofeseri James K. Hoffmeier, mu gitabu ciwe Abisirayeli mu Misiri (mu congereza) avuga ati: “Hariho imvo yotuma umuntu yemera inkuru mpererekanwa z’ivya Bibiliya zivuga yuko Musa yari ashoboye kwandika ivyaba, ibijanye n’ingendo, be n’ibindi bikorwa vyakorwa n’abimuzi”b.

Bibiliya iravuga abandi bo muri Isirayeli ya kera bari abahanga mu vy’ukwimura ibisomwa. Igitabu kimwe (The Cambridge History of the Bible) kivuga yuko Musa “yashizeho abakuru bazi gusoma no kwandika . . . kugira ngo bandike ingingo zafatwa be n’ibijanye n’ugushira abantu mu migwi itandukanye”. Ico ciyumviro cashitsweko hisunzwe ibivugwa mu Gusubira mu vyagezwe 1:15, ahagira hati: “Nuko rero [jewe Musa] ntoranya abakuru mu miryango yanyu, . . . mbagira abakuru bo kubaganza, bamwe igihumbi-igihumbi, abandi ijana-ijana, abandi mirongwitanu-itanu, abandi cumi-cumi, [“be n’ababwiriza”, NW] babarōngōr[a] nk’ukw imiryango yanyu ingana”. None abo babwiriza bari bande?

Ijambo ry’igiheburayo ryahinduwe ngo “umubwiriza” riraboneka incuro zitari nke mu bisomwa vya Bibiliya bivuga ivy’igihe ca Musa na Yosuwa. Incabwenge zitandukanye zisigura yuko iryo jambo risobanura “umukarani ajejwe kwandika”, “umuntu ‘yandika’” be “n’uwafasha abacamanza mu gikorwa c’ubukarani”. Kuba iryo jambo ry’igiheburayo riboneka incuro zitari nke, vyerekana yuko muri Isirayeli hariho mwene abo bakarani benshi cane be n’uko bari bafise amabanga atari make barangura mu bijanye n’ukuyobora iryo hanga mu misi yaryo yo mu ntango.

Akarorero kagira gatatu ni akerekeye abaherezi bo muri Isirayeli. Igitabu kimwe c’inkoranyabumenyi (Encyclopaedia Judaica) kivuga yuko “ibikorwa barangura bijanye n’ugusenga be n’ibitajanye n’ugusenga vyasaba ko baba bazi gusoma no kwandika”. Nk’akarorero, Musa yategetse abahungu ba Lewi ati: “Uk’umwaka wose ugira indwi utashe, . . . muze muhore musomera ibi vyagezwe Abisirayeli bose”. Abaherezi ni bo baciye bitwararika ikopi y’Ivyagezwe abimuzi bisunga mu kwandika ayandi makopi. Ni bo batanga uburenganzira bwo kwandika ayandi makopi bakanahagarikira ico gikorwa c’ukwimura.​—Gusubira mu vyagezwe 17:18, 19; 31:10, 11.

Rimbura ukuntu Ivyagezwe vyimuwe ari bwo bwa mbere. Mu kwezi Musa yapfiriyemwo, yabwiye Abisirayeli ati: “[Nimwa]jabuka Yorodani, mugashika muri ca gihugu Uhoraho Imana yanyu yabahaye, muze mushinge amabuye manini-manini, muyahome ingwa; muheze muyandikekw amajambo yose y’ivyo vyagezwe” (Gusubira mu vyagezwe 27:1-4). Inyuma y’ugusangangurwa kw’igisagara ca Yeriko n’ica Hayi, Abisirayeli barakoraniye ku Musozi Ebali, uwo na wo ukaba wari hagati na hagati muri ca Gihugu c’Isezerano. Kuri uwo musozi, Yosuwa yaranditse koko ku mabuye y’igicaniro “ivyagezwe vya Mose” (Yosuwa 8:30-32). Iyaba ata bantu bazi gusoma no kwandika bari bahari, ntivyari kwandikwa. Ivyo vyerekana ko Abisirayeli bo mu ntango bari bafise ubumenyi bw’ururimi be n’ubuhanga vyari bikenewe kugira ngo bazigame ibisomwa vyabo vyeranda ata co bahinduye.

Ku Vyanditswe nta cahindutse

Mu nyuma za Musa na Yosuwa, hari n’iyindi mizingo y’Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo itari imwe yanditswe, kandi haragizwe n’amakopi yayo yandikishijwe iminwe. Ayo makopi ashaje canke akononekera kubera ugusisira canke ukugwa ifira, yategerezwa gusubirizwa. Ico gikorwa co kwimura carabandanije mu binjana n’ibindi.

Naho abimuzi ba Bibiliya biyubara rwose ngo ntihagire amakosa ajamwo, hari utwabaciye mu ryahumye. Mugabo none, amakosa abimuzi bagize yoba yaragize ikintu gikomeye ahindura ku gisomwa ca Bibiliya? Haba n’intete! Muri rusangi, ayo makosa nta co avuze kandi nta co ahindura ku nsobanuro y’ibivugwa muri Bibiliya, nk’uko bigaragazwa n’umwihwezo wagizwe ku bisomwa vya kera vyandikishijwe iminwe.

Ku bakirisu, ukuntu Yezu Kristu yabona ibitabu vya Bibiliya vyo mu ntango ni icemeza ko insobanuro y’ibiri mu Vyanditswe Vyeranda yagumye ari ya yindi. Amajambo nk’aya ngo “Nta ho murasoma mu gitabo ca Mose?”, be n’aya ngo “Mbega Mose si we yabahaye ivyagezwe?”, arerekana ko Yezu yabona ko amakopi yandikishijwe iminwe yariho mu gihe ciwe yari ayo kwizigirwa (Mariko 12:26; Yohana 7:19). Vyongeye, Yezu yaremeje ko ata cahinduwe ku Vyanditswe vy’igiheburayo vyose igihe yavuga ati: “Ivyanditswe kuri jewe vyose mu vyagezwe vya Mose no mu majambo y’abāvugishwa n’Imana no muri Zaburi bikwiye gushika”.​—Luka 24:44.

Turi n’imvo rero yo kwizigira tudakeka yuko kuva kera na rindi, Ivyanditswe Vyeranda vyagiye birimurwa ata makosa. Ni nk’uko nyene umuhanuzi Yesaya yabivuze ati: “Ivyatsi birūma, amashurwe agakabirana, arikw ijambo ry’Imana yacu rizohorah’ibihe bidashira”.​—Yesaya 40:8.

[Utujambo tw’epfo]

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Uwu ni umwimuzi w’ibisomwa w’Umunyamisiri ari ku gikorwa ciwe

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Ibitabu vyo muri Bibiliya vya kera kuruta ibindi vyanditswe mu gihe ca Musa