Akigoro Gakomeye Kagizwe Kugira Haboneke Bibiliya mu Kigiriki ca None

Urashobora gutangazwa no kumenya yuko mu Bugiriki, ari ho guhindura Bibiliya mu rurimi ruvugwa n’abanyagihugu vyabaye co kintu nyamukuru abantu barwaniye igihe kirekire bimwe bikomeye kandi ari co gihugu rimwe na rimwe kivugwa ko ari ho ivy’uburenganzira bwo gushikiriza ivyiyumviro vyatanguriye. Ariko ni nde yari kurwanya ivy’ugusohora Bibiliya mu Kigiriki coroshe gutahura? Ni kubera iki uwo ari we wese yashaka guhagarika ico gikorwa?

UMUNTU arashobora kwiyumvira yuko abantu bavuga Ikigiriki bafise agateka kadasanzwe, kubera yuko igice kinini c’Ivyanditswe Vyera mu ntango vyanditswe mu rurimi rwabo. Ariko rero, Ikigiriki ca none kiratandukanye cane n’Ikigiriki cakoreshejwe muri ya mpinduro yitwa Septante y’Ivyanditswe vy’Igiheburayo be n’icakoreshejwe mu Vyanditswe vy’Ikigiriki vya Gikirisu. Nkako, mu binjana bitandatu biheze, benshi mu bantu bavuga Ikigiriki basanze Ikigiriki co muri Bibiliya kigoye gutahura nka kurya kw’ururimi rw’urunyamahanga. Amajambo mashasha yarasubiriye amajambo ya kera, kandi amajambo agenga ururimi, indimburo, be n’inyubako y’amungane vyarahindutse.

Ibisomwa vy’Ikigiriki vyandikishijwe iminwe vyakoranirijwe hamwe vyo kuva mu kinjana ca 3 gushika mu kinjana ca 16 biremeza akigoro kagizwe mu guhindura ya mpinduro yitwa Septante mu Kigiriki cakoreshejwe mu nyuma. Mu kinjana ca gatatu, Grégoire, musenyeri wo muri Néo-Césarée (nko kuva mu 213 gushika nko mu 270 G.C.) yarahinduye igitabu c’Umusiguzi co muri ya mpinduro yitwa Septante mu Kigiriki kirushirije kworoha. Mu kinjana ca 11, Umuyuda yitwa Tobias ben Eliezer yaba i Makedoniya yarahinduye mu Kigiriki gisanzwe ibihimba vya Pentateki ya Septante ari vyo bitabu bitanu vya mbere. Yarakoresheje mbere n’inyandiko y’Igiheburayo kugira ngo Abayuda b’i Makedoniya bavuga Ikigiriki gusa mugabo bashobora gusoma Inyandiko y’Igiheburayo, bahungukire. Pentateki ikwiye ihinduwe muri mwene ubwo buryo yarasohowe i Constantinople mu 1547.

Umuco Munaka Uboneka Hagati mu Mwiza

Inyuma y’aho uturere tw’Inganji ya Bizantine tuvugwamwo Ikigiriki twigaruriwe n’Abanyaturukiya mu kinjana ca 15, benshi mu bantu baba muri two basigaye bakeneye inyigisho. Ishengero ry’Aborotodogisi, naho ari ryo ryatoneshwa mu gihe c’Inganji y’Abanyaturukiya, ryararetse mu buryo buranga ukutitaho ibintu abayoboke baryo baraba abanyarutoki b’aboro, batize amashure. Umwanditsi w’Umugiriki Thomas Spelios yavuze ibi: “Intumbero ihambaye kuruta izindi zose y’Idini y’Aborotodogisi be n’uburyo bwayo bwo kwigisha yari iyo gukingira abayoboke bayo ngo ntibinjirwemwo n’amaporopagande y’Abisilamu be n’aya Ekeleziya Gatolika ya Roma. Ico vyavuyemwo ni uko inyigisho y’Ikigiriki hari ukuntu yabaye nk’iyidatera imbere.” Mu bihe nk’ivyo vy’umwiza, abantu bakunda Bibiliya barumvise ko bakeneye kuronsa abantu bari batuntuye imfashanyo n’inyiruro biva mu gitabu ca Zaburi co muri Bibiliya. Kuva mu 1543 gushika mu 1835, hariho impinduro 18 z’igitabu ca Zaburi zahinduwe mu Kigiriki cavugwa ico gihe.

Impinduro ya mbere y’Ikigiriki ihinduwe ikuwe mu Vyanditswe vy’Ikigiriki vya Gikirisu bikwiye yateguwe mu 1630 na Maximus Callipolites, umumonaki w’Umugiriki w’i Callipolis. Ivyo vyabaye biyobowe kandi bishigikiwe na Cyrille Loucaris, umusenyeri mukuru w’i Constantinople, akaba ari na we yigira ko yatunganije busha Idini y’Aborotodogisi. Ariko rero, Lucaris yari afise abamurwanya mw’idini, batokwemeye ukugerageza guhindura ibintu ukwo ari kwo kwose canke ngo bemere ihindurwa iryo ari ryo ryose rya Bibiliya mu rurimi rwavugwa ico gihe.a Baramunize bavuga ko ari igihemu. Naho ari uko, amakopi nk’1.500 y’impinduro ya Maximus yaracapuwe mu 1638. Hashize imyaka 34, inama kaminuza y’Aborotodogisi y’i Yeruzalemu yaragize ico ivuze kuri iyo mpinduro, imenyesha ko Ivyanditswe “bitari bikwiye gusomwa n’umuntu uwo ari we wese, ariko ko vyari bikwiye gusomwa gusa n’abantu babanza kugira ubushakashatsi bubereye imbere y’uko basuzuma bitonze ibintu vy’impwemu vyimbitse.” Ivyo vyasigura yuko Ivyanditswe vyari bikwiye gusomwa gusa n’abakuru b’amadini bize.

Mu 1703, Seraphim, umumonaki w’Umugiriki yaturuka mw’izinga rya Lesbos yaragerageje gusohora i Londres impinduro ya Maximus yasubiwemwo. Igihe Umwamikazi w’Ubwongereza n’abafasha biwe bananirwa kumuha imfashanyo y’amahera bari baramwemereye, yaciye acapurisha nya mpinduro yasubiwemwo akoresheje amahera yiwe bwite. Mu ntangamarara ikabura yarimwo, Seraphim yarashimitse ku vy’uko bikenewe ko “Umukirisu wese yibanga Imana” asoma Bibiliya, yongera aragiriza umugwi w’abakuru b’idini bo mu rwego rwo hejuru ko “bipfuza guhisha inyifato yabo mbi mu kugumiza abantu mu bujuju.” Nk’uko ashobora kuba yari avyiteze, abamurwanya b’Aborotodogisi bamufatiye mu Burusiya, maze bamwomorera muri Siberiya, ari na ho yahavuye apfira mu 1735.

Mu kuvuga ukuntu abantu bavuga Ikigiriki bari bafise inzara ikomeye y’ivy’impwemu muri ico gihe, umukuru w’idini umwe w’Umugiriki yavuze ku vyerekeye impinduro ya Maximus yasubiwemwo mu nyuma aya majambo akurikira: “Abagiriki be n’abandi iyo Bibiliya Yera bayakiranye urukundo n’igishika. Kandi barayisomye. Kandi bumvise umubabaro bari bafise ugabanutse, n’ukwizera Imana kwabo . . . kurongerekana.” Ariko rero, indongozi zabo zo mu vy’impwemu zaratinye yuko abantu baramutse batahuye Bibiliya, abakuru b’amadini bociye bashirwa ku kabarore kubera ivyo bemera be n’ivyo bakora bidashingiye ku Vyanditswe. Ni co gituma mu 1823 no mu 1836, umusenyeri mukuru w’i Constantinople yasohoye itegeko ryo guturira amakopi yose y’impinduro za Bibiliya nk’izo.

Umuhinduzi w’Umurindutsi

Naho hari ukurwanywa gukaze, vyongeye abantu bakaba baripfuza rwose ubumenyi bwa Bibiliya, haraserutse umuntu ahambaye yogize uruhara nyamukuru mu guhindura Bibiliya mu Kigiriki ca none. Uwo muntu w’umurindutsi yari Neofitos Vamvas, umuhinga mu vy’indimi akaba n’incabwenge mu vya Bibiliya yari azwi cane, muri rusangi yabonwa ko yari umwe mu “Bigisha b’Igihugu.”

Vamvas yarabonye mu buryo butomoye yuko Idini y’Aborotodogisi ari yo yari ikwiye kwagirizwa ubujuju bwo mu vy’impwemu abantu barimwo. Yaremera bimwe bikomeye yuko kugira ngo abantu bave mw’itiro ryo mu buryo bw’impwemu, Bibiliya yari ikeneye guhindurwa mu Kigiriki cavugwa ico gihe. Mu 1831, afashijwe n’izindi ncabwenge, yaratanguye guhindura Bibiliya mu Kigiriki cakoreshwa n’incabwenge. Impinduro yiwe yuzuye yasohowe mu 1850. Kubera yuko Idini y’Aborotodogisi yo mu Bugiriki itari kumushigikira, yaciye akorana n’Ishirahamwe ry’ivya Bibiliya ry’Abongereza n’Abanyamahanga mu bijanye n’ugusohora be ugukwiragiza impinduro yiwe. Idini yaciye imwita “Umuporoti,” maze bidatevye aba igicibwa.

Impinduro ya Vamvas yisunze cane impinduro yitwa King James Version maze ijamwo udukosa twari muri iyo mpinduro kubera yuko ico gihe ubumenyi bwerekeye Bibiliya be n’ubw’ururimi bwari buke. Yamara, mu myaka n’iyindi, iyo ni yo yari Bibiliya abantu bashobora kuronka yanditswe mu Kigiriki kirushirije kuba ica none. Igishimishije, irimwo izina ry’uruharo ry’Imana incuro zine, ryanditswe ngo “Ieová.”​—Itanguriro 22:14; Kuvayo 6:3; 17:15; Abacamanza 6:24.

Muri rusangi abantu bakiriye gute iyo mpinduro be n’izindi mpinduro za Bibiliya zoroshe gutahura? Emwe baratangaye bimwe bitagira uko vyovugwa! Mu bwato bumwe bwari buvuye muri rimwe mu mazinga y’Ubugiriki, umudandaza w’Amabibiliya wo muri rya Shirahamwe ry’ivya Bibiliya “yarakikujwe n’amato yuzuyemwo abana bari baje kurondera [Bibiliya], ku buryo yategerejwe . . . gusaba uwugendesha ubwato ari we mukapiteni kuva aho hantu,” ahandi ho amabibiliya yose yari afise yari gusigara ahantu hamwe! Ariko ukumurwanya ntikwatevye kwaduka.

Abapatiri b’Aborotodogisi barabujije abantu kwironsa impinduro nk’izo. Nk’akarorero mu gisagara c’i Atenayi, abantu baratswe Amabibiliya. Mu 1833, musenyeri w’Umworotodogisi w’i Kirete yaraturiye ibitabu vy’“Isezerano Risha” yasanze mu kigo c’abamonaki. Hari umupatiri yanyegeje ikopi imwe, n’abantu bo mu tugari two mu micungararo baranyegeje amakopi yabo gushika nya musenyeri avuye muri iryo zinga.

Hashize imyaka nk’ingahe, impinduro ya Bibiliya ya Vamvas yarabujijwe mw’izinga ry’i Corfu n’iciswe Inama Kaminuza Nyeranda y’Idini y’Aborotodogisi yo mu Bugiriki. Kuyigurisha vyarabujijwe, maze amakopi yari ahari araherengetezwa buhere. Mw’izinga rya Chios, Síros na Mykonos, urwanko abakuru b’amadini b’aho bari bafise rwabashikanye ku guturira Amabibiliya. Mugabo, hari irindi herengetezwa ry’impinduro ya Bibiliya ryari rikiraririye gushika.

Umwamikazi Ashimishwa na Bibiliya

Mu myaka y’1870, Umwamikazi Olga w’Ubugiriki yaratahuye yuko abanyagihugu bo mu Bugiriki muri rusangi bari bagifise ubumenyi bukeyi ku vyerekeye Bibiliya. Kubera yemera yuko ubumenyi bw’Ivyanditswe bwokwiruye kandi bukaruhurira iryo hanga, yararondeye ukuntu Bibiliya yohindurwa mu rurimi rworoshe kurusha urwakoreshejwe mu mpinduro ya Vamvas.

Prokopios, umusenyeri mukuru w’i Atenayi akaba ari na we yari arongoye Inama Kaminuza Nyeranda yararemesheje mu kinyegero umwamikazi muri ico gikorwa yari yiyemeje. Ariko rero, igihe uwo mwamikazi yasaba nya Nama Kaminuza Nyeranda kugira imuhe uburenganzira, yarabumwimye. Naho vyabaye uko, yarabandanije, arongera gusaba bundi busha, barasubira kumwankira mu 1899. Yarirengagije ukwo kumwankira, aca afata ingingo yo gusohora amakopi makeyi akoresheje amahera yiwe bwite. Ivyo yabigize mu 1900.

Abarwanya ivy’Ukuyihindura b’Intahaha

Mu 1901, hari ikinyamakuru ca rurangiranwa c’i Atenayi (The Acropolis) casohoye Injili ya Matayo yahinduwe na Alexander Pallis, umuhinduzi yakorera mu gisagara c’i Liverpool mu Bwongereza, mu Kigiriki Kimenyerewe. Imvo iboneka Pallis na bagenziwe bari bafise yari iyo ‘kwigisha Abagiriki’ no “gufasha ihanga kuva i buzimu rikaja i buntu.”

Abanyeshure b’Aborotodogisi biga tewolojiya be n’abigisha babo ukwo kuyihindura bakwise “ugutwengera mw’ijigo ibintu ihanga ryubaha kurusha ibindi vyose,” ni ukuvuga uguhumanya Ivyanditswe Vyeranda. Joakim III, umusenyeri mukuru w’i Constantinople yarasohoye icete kibuza kuyihindura. Ibihari vyahavuye biba ivya politike, maze kirakoreshwa mu buryo butabereye n’imigwi ya politike yaba iriko irarwana.

Igice gikomeye c’urwego menyeshamakuru rwo muri Atenayi caratanguye kurwanya impinduro ya Pallis, abashigikira iyo mpinduro kikabita “abahakanamana,” “ibihemu,” be n’“ibikoresho vy’abategetsi bo mu mahanga” bari biyemeje guhungabanya ikibano c’Ubugiriki. Kuva kw’igenekerezo rya 5 gushika ku rya 8 Munyonyo 1901, bivuye ku kosho k’imigwi y’abantu bo mw’Idini y’Aborotodogisi yo mu Bugiriki batashaka ko hagira na kimwe gihinduka, abanyeshure baragize imigumuko muri Atenayi. Barateye ibiro vy’iyandikiro vya ca kinyamakuru (Acropolis), baragira imyiyerekano yo kwiyamiriza ikirimba c’umwami, barigarurira Kaminuza y’i Atenayi, maze basaba ko ubutegetsi butanga imihoho. Iyo migumuko imaze gukomera, abantu umunani barishwe mu gihe c’ugutana mu mitwe n’inteko z’igisoda. Umusi ukurikira, umwami yaciye asaba yuko musenyeri mukuru Prokopios atanga imihoho, maze haheze imisi ibiri, Abashikiranganji bose baciye batanga imihoho.

Haciye ukwezi kumwe, abanyeshure barasubiye kugira imyiyerekano maze baturirira ku mugaragaro impinduro ya Pallis. Barasohoye iciyemezo kibuza gukwiragiza iyo mpinduro bongera basaba ko umuntu uwo ari we wese yohirahiye kuyihindura muri kazoza yohanywe bimwe bikomeye. Ico carabaye icitwazo co kubuza gukoresha Bibiliya iyo ari yo yose yo mu Kigiriki ca none. Vy’ukuri cari igihe c’umwiza!

“Ijambo ry’Uhoraho Ryamah’Ibihe Bidashira”

Ukubuza gukoresha Bibiliya yo mu Kigiriki ca none kwarakuweho mu 1924. Kuva ico gihe, Idini y’Aborotodogisi yo mu Bugiriki yarananiwe rwose mu twigoro yagize two gutuma abantu bataronka Bibiliya. Mu kurindira ico gihe, Ivyabona vya Yehova barabaye imboneza mu vyo kwigisha Bibiliya mu Bugiriki, nk’uko babigize no mu bindi bihugu vyinshi. Kuva mu 1905, barakoresheje impinduro ya Vamvas kugira ngo bafashe Abantu ibihumbi n’ibihumbi bavuga Ikigiriki kuronka ubumenyi bwerekeye ukuri kwa Bibiliya.

Mu myaka n’iyindi, incabwenge nyinshi be n’abigisha benshi baragize utwigoro dukwiriye gushimwa kugira ngo basohore Bibiliya mu Kigiriki ca none. Muri iki gihe, hariho impinduro za Bibiliya nka 30, ari yose canke igice, ishobora gusomwa n’Abagiriki basanzwe. Impinduro y’agaciro nyakuri muri zo ni impinduro y’Ikigiriki yitwa Les Saintes Écritures​—Traduction du monde nouveau yasohowe mu 1997 ku bw’abantu imiliyoni 16 bari kw’isi yose bavuga Ikigiriki. Iyo mpinduro, iyahinguwe n’Ivyabona vya Yehova, ihindura Ijambo ry’Imana mu buryo bworoshe gusoma, mu buryo bworoshe gutahura, bwisunga rwose igisomwa co mu ntango.

Akigoro gakomeye kagizwe mu kwandika Bibiliya mu Kigiriki ca none karerekana ikintu gihambaye. Karerekana mu buryo butomoye yuko, naho abantu bagize utwigoro two kubirwanya, “ijambo ry’Uhoraho ryamah’ibihe bidashira.”​—1 Petero 1:25.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

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Cyrille Loucaris yarayoboye ivyo guhindura impinduro ya mbere y’Ikigiriki ihinduwe ikuwe mu Vyanditswe vy’Ikigiriki vya Gikirisu bikwiye mu 1630

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Bib. Publ. Univ. de Genève

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Impinduro zimwezimwe zahinduwe mu Kigiriki cavugwa: Zaburi yacapuwe mu: (1) 1828 na llarion, (2) 1832 na Vamvas, (3) 1643 na Julianus. “Isezerano rya Kera” ryacapuwe mu: (4) 1840 na Vamvas

Umwamikazi Olga

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Amabibiliya: National Library of Greece; Umwamikazi Olga: Culver Pictures

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Inkorogoto: Reproduced by kind permission of The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin

[Abo dukesha ifoto ku rup. 29]

Inkorogoto: Reproduced by kind permission of The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin