EKIBUUZO 4

Amagara Shi Gakakomooka Aha Kintu Kimwe?

Omuti gw’amagara ogwa Charles Darwin ogurikworeka ngu ebintu ebiine obukomooko bumwe

Darwin akaba naateekateeka ngu ebiine amagara byona nibibaasa kuba byakomookire aha kintu kimwe. Akaba naateebereza ngu ekyakomookireho amagara kikaba nikishushana n’omuti muhango. Bwanyima, abandi bakagira ngu “omuti gw’amagara” ogu gukatandika gwine empimbi emwe y’obutafaari bworobi. Kandi ngu ebiine amagara ebindi bikaruga omu mpimbi egyo byagumizamu birikwebaganisa amataagi, nari ebika by’ebimera n’enyamaishwa, byarugamu ebika by’enyamaishwa n’ebimera byona ebiriho hati. Buzima eki nikyo kyabaireho?

Abanyasaayansi baingi nibateekateeka ki? Baingi baine emiteekateekyere ngu ebizoirwe omu itaka nibihamya ngu amagara gakakomooka aha kintu kimwe. Kandi nibagira ngu ahabw’okugira ebiine amagara byona biine DNA, bikakomooka aha kintu kimwe.

Baibuli neegamba ki? Ekitabo ky’Okutandika nikigira ngu ebimera, eby’omu maizi, n’enyamaishwa z’aha itaka, n’ebinyonyi bikahangwa “omu miringo yaabyo.” (Okutandika 1:12, 20-25) Enshoboorora egi neeyoreka ngu nihabaasa kubaho entaaniso omu ‘muringo’ gw’ekintu, kwonka kandi neeyoreka ngu emiringo y’ebintu neetaanira kimwe. Ebi Baibuli erikugamba aha kuhanga nibyoreka ngu ebika bisya by’ebyahangirwe bikaba nibiija kubaho ahonaaho kandi bihikire gye.

Obuhame nibworeka ki? Obuhame shi nibushagika enshoboorora ya Baibuli ey’ebintu, nari Darwin ahikire? Ebijubwirwe omu myaka 150 enyima nibyoreka ki?

ENYETEGYEREZA YA DARWIN EKASHANGWA EGWIRE

Omu myaka egi, abanyasaayansi baabaasize kugyeragyeranisa obutafaari bw’akarande obw’obukooko bumwe n’ebimera hamwe n’enyamaishwa. Nibateekateeka ngu okugyeragyeranisa oku nikuhikaana n’emiteekateekyere ya Darwin. Kwonka, eki tikihikire.

Okucondooza nikworeka ki? Omuri 1999 omunyasaayansi Malcolm S. Gordon akahandiika ati: “Ebiine amagara bishemereire kuba byakomookire haingi. Nikireebeka ebintu byona ebiine amagara tibiine obukomooko bumwe.” Mbwenu shi hariho obuhame ngu ebiine amagara nibikomooka aha mpimbi emwe nk’oku Darwin yaabaire naateekateeka? Gordon naagumizamu ati: “Enyegyesa erikugira ngu ebintu bikakomooka aha kintu kimwe terikuhikaana n’obuzaare bw’ebintu ebiriho hati. Terikuhikaana n’ebintu bingi, beitu byaba bitari byona, enganda nari emiringo eri omu nganda.”²⁹

Okucondooza okw’obunaku obu nikugumizamu kuhakanisa enyegyesa ya Darwin. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, omu 2009 omu magaziini New Scientist hakaiziramu ebigambo by’omunyasaayansi Eric Bapteste arikugira ati: “Titwine buhame bwona ngu amagara gakakomooka aha muti.”³⁰ Omu magaziini niyo emwe omunyasaayansi Michael Rose akagira ati: “Omuti gw’amagara guriyo niguziikwa mporampora, twena nitukimanya. Ekitarikwikirizibwa munonga n’okugira ngu emiteekateekyere y’aba biology yoona eine kuhindurwa.”³¹ a

KANDI SHI EBIRIKUZOORWA?

Abanyasaayansi baingi nibagira ngu ebirikuzoorwa omu itaka nibyoreka ngu amagara gakakomooka aha kintu kimwe. Nk’eky’okureeberaho nibagira ngu ebyazoirwe omu itaka nibyoreka ngu eky’enyanja kikahindukamu ebikyere, reero ebikyere byaba ebirikugyendesa enda, bwanyima byo byarugamu enyamaishwa empango. Kwonka shi ebyazoirwe omu itaka nibyoreka buhame ki?

David M. Raup akagira ngu “omu mwanya gw’okusherura oku ebiine amagara byagumire nibihinduka mporampora, ebi Darwin yaagambire n’abanyasaayansi abandi barikugamba hati nibyoreka gye ngu, ebintu tibirikuhinduka omu kubaho kwabyo reero bwanyima bikahwaho.”³²

Buzima, ebirikuzoorwa omu itaka nibyoreka ngu ebika by’ebiine amagara tibirikuhinduka bwanyima y’obwire bwingi. Obuhame tiburikworeka ngu bikahinduka kuruga omu bindi. Omubiri gw’omutaano nigubaho ahonaaho. Endeebeka nsya neebaho ahonaaho. Nk’eky’okureebera, tihariho ekirikworeka ngu akahundu kakaruga omu kintu ekitaine bwengye.

Nangwa enyamaishwa ezirengire kimwe kya kabiri zikabaho omu bwire bukye. Ahabw’okugira ngu ebiine amagara bisya nibibaho ahonaaho kurugiirira aha bizoirwe omu itaka, abanyasaayansi nibagamba aha bwire obu nk’okubaruka kw’ebintu. Obwire obu bukabaho ryari?

Ka tugire ngu okuteebereza kw’abanyasaayansi kuhikire. Kikaabaire nikimanyisa ngu ebyafaayo by’ensi bikabaho omu bwire oburikwingana n’ekishaayi ky’omupiira (1). Ekirikumanyisa ngu oine kugyenda ebicweka munaana by’ekishaayi ekyo emirundi mushanju otakahikire aha ki abanyasaayansi barikweta okubaruka (2). Omu kaire kakye ako, okuhinduka kuhango kw’enyamaishwa nibwo kurikureebeka omu bihandiiko by’ebizoirwe omu itaka. Bikabaho bita ahonaaho? Waaba noogyenda omu kishaayi ky’omupiira, ebintu ebi byona nibibaho omu mwanya ogutahikire n’ekita kimwe!

Okukuratana kw’ebintu okurikwingana n’ekishaayi ky’omupiira nikworeka ebyafaayo by’okutandika kw’ensi kuhika aha kubaruka kw’ebintu

Okubaho kw’ebiine amagara ebi byona ahonaaho, kireeteire abacondooza abamwe kuhakanisa enyegyesa ya Darwin. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, obu omunyasaayansi Stuart Newman yaabaire naabuuzibwa omu 2008, akagira ngu nikyetengyesa enshoboorora nsya ey’enyegyesa erikugira ngu ebintu bikaruga omu bindi kworeka oku ebiine amagara ebisya birikubaho ahonaaho. Akagira ati: “Enyegyesa ya Darwin erikushoboorora empinduka eyaabaireho, neija kunagwa. Niimanya ngu n’emwe aha nshoboorora nyingi kwonka etari nkuru kyahika aha kwetegyereza oku ebintu byagumire nibihinduka omu bika by’emibiri yaabyo.”³³

OKUGUMIRWA KUTUNGA “OBUHAME”

Ebizoirwe omu itaka nk’oku birikworekwa omu bitabo — Ahabw’enki ebitabo ebimwe nibihindura ekingano ky’ebizoirwe omu itaka nk’oku kirikworekwa aha?

Nk’oku kirikworekwa omu bitabo ebimwe

Ekingano ekiringaniire

Kandi shi ebyazoirwe omu itaka ebyabaire nibyoreka eby’enyanja birikuhinduka bikaba ebikyere, bikarugamu ebirikweharura ahansi reero bikarugamu enyamaishwa mpango? Ebi shi nibyoreka obuhame bwenyini oku ebintu byahindukire? Waayetegyereza enshonga egi, erimu oburemeezi bwingi.

Eky’okubanza, ebiine amagara ebi barikworeka ngu bikahindukamu ebindi, nibakira kubikuratanisa kubi omu bitabo. Omu mwanya gw’okwingana obuhango, ebimwe ni bihango munonga, kandi ebindi ni bikye munonga.

Ekya kabiri, oburemeezi bw’amaani n’okubura obuhame oburikworeka ngu ebiine amagara ebi, biine obuzaare. Ebintu ebi barikukuratanisa omu kuhinduka, abacondooza nibagira ngu hakahinguraho obukaikuru bw’emyaka empinduka ezi kubaasa kubaho. Aha bikwatiraine n’obwire obwahingwireho empinduka ezi kubaasa kubaho, omunyasaayansi Henry Gee naagira ati: “Obwire obwahingwireho ebintu ebi kubaasa kuhinduka ni bwingi munonga kugira ngu titurikubaasa kugamba turikuhamya yaaba biine obukomooko bumwe.”³⁴ b

Omunyasaayansi Malcolm S. Gordon arikugamba aha by’enyanja kuhindukamu ebikyere naagira ngu ebizoirwe nibyoreka kakye “ngu empinduka nk’ezi zikabaho omu biine amagara ebyo.” Naagumizamu agira ngu: “Tihariho omuringo gw’okumanya ngu ebiine amagara ebyo biine akakwate n’ebiriho hati nari ngu bikaba baine akakwate ira.”³⁵ c

Guraafu erikworeka enyamaishwa zitarikushushana ezi barikugira ngu ziine obuzaare

OBUHAME NIBWOREKA KI BUZIMA?

Ekicweka ekyaiziire omu National Geographic omu 2004 kikagyeragyeranisa ebizoirwe na “vidiyo erikworeka ngu ebintu bikaruga omu bindi kwonka ei ebishushani 999 ahari buri 1,000 byabuzire.”³⁶ Teekateeka aha makuru g’eky’okureeberaho ekyo.

Orutambi rwa oruriho ebishushani bikye bya vidiyo — Ebicweka 95 eby’ebizoirwe omu itaka ku biraabe nibyoreka ngu enyamaishwa tizirikuhindukamu ezindi, ahabw’enki abanyasaayansi nibateekateeka ngu ebicweka 5 ebyatsigara nibihamya enshonga egi?

Ka tugire ngu waatunga ebishushani 100 byonka aha bishushani 100,000 ebyabaire biri omu vidiyo ey’okubanza. Mbwenu shi noobaasa kwetegyereza amakuru ga vidiyo? Noobaasa kuteebereza buteebereza, kwonka shi 5 ahari 100 ku byakuba nibyo byonka ebirikushagika enshonga, reero ebindi 95 birikugamba ekindi? Nikiba kiri eky’obwengye kuteekateeka ngu okuteebereza kwawe okwa vidiyo oku yaabaire neeshusha kuhikire, ahabw’ebishushani bitano byonka? Nari n’ahabw’okuba ebishushani bitaano obiteererize kuhikaana n’enyikiriza yaawe? Mbwenu shi nikiba kitari eky’obwengye kwikiriza ebishushani 95 ebindi kuhindura emiteekateekyere yaawe?

Eky’okureeberaho ekyo nikihikaana kita n’oku abarikwiririza omu kuhinduka kw’ebintu barikureeba ebizoirwe omu itaka? Kumara emyaka, abacondooza bakaba batarikumanya ngu bingi ebizoirwe omu itaka nibyoreka ngu ebiine amagara nibihindukaho kakye bwanyima y’obwire bwingi. Ahabw’enki nibahunamira obuhame obu? Omuhandiiki Richard Morris naagira ati: “Abanyasaayansi nibaikiririza omu kuhinduka kw’ebintu kandi nibahamira aha nyikiriza yaabo, n’obu baraabe batungire obuhame oburikutaana n’ekyo. Batwire nibateeraho kushoboorora ebizoirwe omu itaka nk’obuhame oburikworeka ngu ebintu bikaruga omu bindi.”

“Okugira ngu ebizoirwe omu itaka nibyoreka ngu oku ebintu byagumire nibihinduka, ti kintu eki abanyasaayansi barikubaasa kuhamiza kimwe, kureka n’enyikiriza ei barikugamba kushemeza abantu, obundi erikwegyesa, kwonka etaine buhame bwa saayansi.”—Ekitabo In Search of Deep Time—Beyond the Fossil Record to a New History of Life, ekya Henry Gee, rup. 116-117

Kandi shi abarikwikiririza omu kuhinduka kw’ebintu hati? Tibarikubaasa kuba nibeebembeza ebizoirwe omu itaka ahabw’emiteekateekyere ei baine, omu mwanya gw’okugira obuhame?³⁷ d

Niki eki orikuteekateeka? Ni nyegyesa ki eine obuhame? Yetegyereze obuhame obu twaheza kureeba.

Ekiine amagara ekyabandize omu nsi kikaba kitoorobi eishoboorora.
Tikirikubaasa kuba kihikire na kakye ngu ebiri omu katafaari k’amagara bikabaho ahabwa butandu.
Entebeekanisa ya DNA, nari obutumwa oburimu oburikureetera akatafaari kukora, egumire eiyetegyereza, kandi neeha obuhame ngu tihariho kintu ekikozirwe abantu ekirikubaasa kubiika obutumwa butyo nka DNA.
Okucondooza aha karande nikworeka gye ngu amagara tigarakomookire aha kintu kimwe. Kandi, ebika by’enyamaishwa nibibaho ahonaaho omu kucondooza aha bizoirwe omu itaka.

Kurugiirira aha mazima aga shi, n’eky’obwengye kuteekateeka ngu obuhame nibwikirizana n’enshoboorora ya Baibuli aha bukomooko bw’amagara? Kwonka abantu baingi, nibagira ngu saayansi neehakanisa n’eki Baibuli erikugamba aha kuhanga. Ekyo shi kihikire? Baibuli buzima neegamba ki?

a Kiine kwetegyerezibwa ngu ekicweka ekyabaire kiri magaziini New Scientist nari Bapteste nari Rose tibarikugira ngu ebintu kuruga omu bindi kigwire. Kureka nibooreka ngu enyegyesa ya Darwin erikugira ngu hariho omuti gw’amagara teine buhame. Abanyasaayansi aba nibashoboorora omu muringo ogundi ngu ebintu bikaruga omu bindi.

b Henry Gee tarikuteeraho kugira ngu ebintu kuruga omu bindi kigwire. Naayoreka ngu okwegyera aha bizoirwe omu itaka kiine obugarukiro.

c Malcolm S. Gordon naashagika enyegyesa ngu ebintu bikaruga omu bindi.

d Reeba, eky’okureeberaho omu kabokusi “Kandi shi Okuhinduka kw’Abantu?”

Kandi shi Okuhinduka kw’Abantu?

Waashoma aha kuhinduka kw’abantu omu bitabo bingi nooreeba ebishushani aha rubaju hariho empundu egondami omugongo ekuratiirwe ebindi ebihangirwe ebyagumire nibihinduka birikugororoka mporampora kwemerera butsimba. Aha muheru hariho omuntu ow’ebiro ebi. Ebishushani ebi n’ebindi ebirikwizira aha mikura y’amakuru nibyoreka ngu hariho obuhame bwingi ngu omuntu akaruga omu mpundu. Mbwenu shi ebi nibyegamira aha buhame obuhikire? Yetegyereze eki abarikucondooza aha kuhinduka kw’ebintu barikugamba aha nshonga ezi.e

EKI EBIZOIRWE OMU ITAKA BIRIKUHAMYA

Kuruga obwo, ebizoirwe omu itaka ebirikukoresibwa kushagika enyikiriza egi byeyongyeire. Hati nibagira ngu nibibaasa kwijura omu kyana ky’egaari y’omwika.³⁸ Kwonka, bingi aha bizoirwe omu itaka, niriba riri eigufa rimwe nari eriino ryonka. Empanga y’omutwe eijwire nari orukaanga rwona tibirikukira kureebeka.³⁹

Ekibuuzo: Okukanya kw’ebizoirwe omu itaka shi ebi barikugira ngu nigwo muti gw’amagara nibashoboorora enshonga y’abahangu ngu abantu bakaruga omu mpundu?

Eky’okugarukamu: Ngaaha, ekyo tikihikire. Kyahika aha rurengo rw’ebizoirwe omu itaka, Robin Derricourt owa Yunivasite ya New South Wales, Australia, akahandiika omu 2009 ati: “Obundi okwikirizana oku twine hati n’okugira ngu tihariho kwikirizana.”⁴⁰ Omu 2007 akatabo k’abanyasaayansi Nature kakahandiika ekicweka ekirikugira ngu tihaine orikuamanya obu omuntu yaarugire omu mpundu nari oku yaarugiremu.⁴¹ Gyula Gyenis, omucondooza omu kitongore ky’ebya saayansi aha Yunivasite ya Eötvös Loránd University, omuri Hungary, omu 2002 akahandiika ati: “Orurengo rw’ebizoirwe omu itaka n’omwanya gwabyo omu kuhinduka kw’ebintu n’enshonga etwire neehajaanwaho.”f Omuhandiiki ogu kandi naagira ngu ebizoirwe omu itaka ebiriho hati nibituhitsya haihi n’okumanya obu abantu baahinduka kuruga omu mpundu, omwanya ogu baahindukiiremu, n’oku baahindukire.⁴²

OKUBONA EKYABAIRE KIBUZIRE OMU KUHINDUKA KW’ABANTU

Nk’eky’okureeberaho, omu 2009 ekizoirwe omu itaka ekikazi ekirikwetwa Ida kikaboneka.⁴³ Omu rupapura rw’amakuru The Guardian orwa United Kingdom (UK) hakaba harimu omutwe ogurikugira guti: “Ekizoirwe omu itaka Ida: N’eky’omutaano Ekyabaire Nikiburaho omu Kuhinduka kw’Abantu.”⁴⁴ Kwonka ku haahingwireho ebiro, akatabo k’abanyasaayansi aka UK akarikwetwa New Scientist kakagira kati: “Ida tikyo kyabaire kibuzireho omu kuhinduka kw’abantu.”⁴⁵

Ekibuuzo: Ahabw’enki okubona ekyabaire kibuzire kwatairweho munonga omutima, kandi obwo obu kyaihwa omu runyiriri rw’okuhinduka kutarikugambwaho?

Eky’okugarukamu: Aha bikwatiraine n’okubona ekintu eki, Robin Derricourt, owaaba yaagambirweho naagira ati: “Owaabaire ayebembeire omu kucondooza oku aine kugamba munonga aha ku okujumbura oku kuri okw’omutaano, kubaasa kureetera abacondooza kugira omuhimbo kw’okureeba yaaba ebirikugambwa bihikire.”⁴⁶

EBISHUSHANI BY’OMU BITABO EBIRIKWOREKA OKU OMUNTU YAARUGIRE OMU MPUNDU

Nibikira kworeka eby’okubanza birikushushana nk’enkyende reero ebindi biine ebicweka by’omubiri nk’eby’abantu otwariiremu aha maisho, erangi y’omubiri, ebyoya, n’eishokye.

Ekibuuzo: Mbwenu shi abanyasaayansi nibabaasa kukora ebishushani ebi barikwihirira aha bucwanyagurika obu bazoire omu itaka?

Eky’okugarukamu: Ngaaha. Omu 2003, omuhangu Carl N. Stephan, orikukora omu kitongore ky’abarikucondooza aha mibiri y’abantu n’enyamaishwa aha Yunivasite ya Adelaide, omuri Australia, akahandiika ati: “Oku abantu abu twakomookireho baabaire nibashusha aha maisho titurikubaasa kukukora nari kukucebera.” Naagira ngu okuteeraho kukikora barikwihirira aha mpundu ez’obunaku obu “nikiija kubangaanisibwaho munonga, kandi ekirikukorwa nikiija kuba kigwire.” Okuhendera kwe? “Okuteeraho kwona kwombeka ebintu bya ira ebi twakomookiremu nikibaasa kuhabisa abantu.”⁴⁷

OKUPIMA OBWENGYE KURUGIIRIRA AHA KINGANO KY’OBWONGO

Ekibuuzo: Ekingano ky’obwongo shi kiine akakwate n’okwetegyereza kw’ekintu?

Eky’okugarukamu: Ngaaha. Abacondooza abamwe abaabaire nibaihirira aha kingano ky’obwongo kumanya ni kihangirwe ki ekiine obuzaare n’abantu, bakaikiriza ngu tibaine buhame bw’enshonga egi.⁴⁸ Ahabw’enki? Yetegyereze ebyagambirwe omu 2008 omu katabo Scientific American Mind: “Abanyasaayansi baremirwe kumanya akakwate akari aha gati y’ekingano ky’obwongo n’okwetegyereza kw’abantu nari ezindi nyamaishwa. Tibabaasize kumanya yaaba okwetegyereza nikurugiirira aha kingano ky’obwongo, nari yaaba okwetegyereza haine ahu kuri omu kicweka kimwe eky’obwongo.”⁴⁹

Niki eki orikuteekateeka? Ahabw’enki abanyasaayansi nibarundaana ebizoirwe omu itaka kworeka obuzaare obu abantu baine n’empundu kurugiirira aha kingano ky’obwongo, kandi obwo kirikumanywa gye ngu ekingano ky’obwongo ti kipimiso ekihikire eky’okwetegyereza? Mbwenu shi baine obuhame oburikushagika enyegyesa yaabo? Kandi shi ahabw’enki abacondooza nibaguma nibahajaana aha bizoirwe omu itaka ebiine kuteebwa omu runyiriri rw’obukomooko bw’abantu? Ebizoirwe omu itaka ebi barikucondoozaho, tibirikubaasa kuba biri eby’ekika ky’empundu ezaahwaireho kare?

Kandi shi ebizoirwe omu itaka ebirikushusha nk’abantu ebi barikwihiriraho kugira ngu abantu abari nk’empundu bakabaho? Abacondooza batandikire kuhindura emiteekateekyere yaabo aha ki buzima byabaire biri. Omu 2009, Milford H. Wolpoff akahandiika omu katabo American Journal of Physical Anthropology ngu “Ebiine amagara ebyabaire biri nk’empundu bishemereire kuba byabaire nibishushana n’abantu aha maisho.”⁵⁰

Abacondooza ab’amazima nibareeba ngu omwehuriro, esente, n’okwenda kurangaanwa omu makuru nibyo birikureetera abantu kworeka enshonga ezi “nk’obuhame” ngu abantu bakakomooka omu mpundu. Oyeteekateekire shi kwesiga obuhame nk’obu?

e Yetegyereze: Tihariho mucondooza n’omwe aha baagambwaho omu kabokusi aka orikwikiririza omu ki Baibuli erikwegyesa. Boona nibaikiriza ngu ebintu bikahinduka kuruga omu bindi.

f The term “hominid” is used to describe what evolutionary researchers feel make up the human family and prehistoric humanlike species.

EKISHUSHANI EKI KIRIHO NSHOBE KI?

Ebishushani nk’ebi nibyegamira aha mwehuriro gw’abacondooza n’abahuugi b’ebishushani n’okuteebereza kwabo, beitu gatari mazima.⁵¹
Bingi aha bishushani ebi nibabikora barikuteerana obucweka bw’empanga n’amaino geenaganagire. Empanga ezikiijwire, n’enkanga ezitacwanyagurikire tizirikukira kureebeka.
Abacondooza tibarikwikirizana aha rurengo oru ebizoirwe omu itaka ebitari bimwe na bimwe biine kuteebwamu.
Abahuugi b’ebishushani tibarikubaasa kukora enshusha y’aha maisho, endeebeka y’omubiri, n’eishokye omu muringo ogurikwesigwa.
Kubaasa kuhika aha muntu ow’obunaku obu nibata buri kihangirwe omu mwanya gwakyo barikwihirira aha kingano ky’akabokusi k’obwongo. Nibakora eki n’obu obuhame buraabe nibworeka ngu ekingano ky’obwongo tikiine kakwate n’okwetegyereza.