Obu Emicwe Yaasiisikara Munonga

NOOBAASA kugira ngu emicwe ekatandika ryari kusiisikara munonga? N’omu myaka yaawe nari omu bwire bwa ira obw’abanyabuzaare n’abanywani? Abamwe nibagira ngu omu Rutaro rw’Ensi Yoona I omuri 1914, niyo yaabaire entandikiriro y’emicwe kusiisikara. Omuhangu Robert Wohl akahandiika omu kitabo kye The Generation of 1914 ati: “Abaabaire bariho omu bwire obwo, bakaba batarikubaasa kwebwa ngu ensi ey’obunabu obwo ekahwaho reero endiijo yaatandika omuri Agusto 1914.”

“Emitindo y’emicwe ekasiisikara buri hamwe,” nikwo omunyabyafaayo Norman Cantor arikugira. “Gavumenti n’abategyeki ku baraabe baabaire nibatwariza abu barikwebembera nk’enyamaishwa ezirikuza kubaagwa, mbwenu abeebembezi b’ediini bakaba nibabaasa kureetera abantu kutwarizana omu muringo murungi? . . . Okwitana okwabaireho omu Rutaro rw’Ensi Yoona 1 kuruga [1914-18] kukareetera amagara g’abantu kuba nk’agataine mugasho.”

Omunyabyafaayo Omungyereza H. G akahandiika omu bwijwire omu kitabo The Outline of History ati: Ningira ngu abantu okwikiriza ngu ebintu bikabaho bubaho nikyo kyarugiriireho “emicwe kusiisikara munonga.” Ahabw’enki? Abamwe bakaba nibaikiriza ngu omuntu n’enyamaishwa y’obwengye bwingi. Wells, owaabaire naikiriza ngu ebintu bikabaho bubaho, akahandiika omuri 1920 ati: “Omuntu, akacwamu kutwaza nk’embwa ya India erikukoresibwa omu kuhiiga. . . , n’ahabw’ekyo bakaba nibareeba ngu kihikire embwa mpango ez’abantu kutuuntuza abantu n’okubategyeka.”

Buzima, Cantor akagira ngu orutaro rw’okubanza rukakwata munonga aha micwe y’abantu. Naashoboorora ati: “Omu myaka ya ira eby’obutegyeki, emijwarire, n’enshonga z’okuteerana bikaba bisiisikaire.” Ediini ekarekyera aho kukuratira enyegyesa z’Ekikristaayo yaatandika kugyendera aha nyegyesa erikugira ngu ebintu bikabaho niburuga omu bindi, eki kikongyesereza aha kusiisikara kw’emicwe y’abantu. Omundumizi w’eihe rya Bungyereza Frank Crozier akahandiika ati: “Amakanisa Amakristaayo nigo gaakizireyo kusheesha eshagama kandi ekyo tikirikubangaanisibwaho.”

Entwaza Ekihikire Kuhwa

Bwanyima y’Orutaro rw’Ensi Yoona I​, omu kutandika kw’omwaka enkumi ibiri, abantu bakarekyera aho kutwaza gye baatandika kutwaza nk’oku barikwenda. Omunyabyafaayo Frederick Lewis Allen akagira ati: “Emyaka ikumi bwanyima y’orutaro orwo obwire obwo bukaba nibwetwa obwire bw’emicwe mibi. . . . Entwaza nungi eyaabaire neereetera abantu kugira ekigyendererwa, ekaba etakibaasa kugaruka kureebeka.”

Ebyabaireho omu myaka ya 1930 bikareetera baingi kubeera kimwe abooro. Kwonka emyaka egyo erikuza kuhendera hakabaho orutaro orundi orw’Ensi Yoona II. Omu bwire bukye amahanga gakatandika kukora ebirwaniso by’akabi, ebyareeteire abantu kwongyera kubonabona n’okugira amaganya maingi munonga. Orutaro rwo rurikuza kuhendera, endembo nyingi zikaba ziri amatongo, endembo ibiri eza Japan zikateerwa bomu z’obutwa! Abantu enkumi bakafeera omu nkambi z’empungi. Okutwarira hamwe, obutabanguko obwo bukacwekyereza amagara g’abantu nk’obukaikuru 50, abashaija, abakazi n’abaana.

Omu bwire bw’Orutaro rw’Ensi Yoona II, omu mwanya gw’abantu kuguma nibatwaza nka ira, bakatandika kutwaza oku barikwenda. Ekitabo Love, Sex and War​—Changing Values, 1939-45, kikagira kiti: “Nooshusha oti obwire by’okwezibira okuteerana bukaba buhwaireho, obwo entwaza eya ira ekaba ehangwiire. . . . Ebyabaireho omu bwire bw’orutaro bikareetera abantu kusiisikara omu micwe, kandi baingi bakaba nibataahirirwa omu maka gaabo bataine burinzi bwona.”

Abantu bakeeyongyera kutiina munonga okufa baahika aha kwenda kugira emikago y’okubareetera kwehurira gye. Omukazi omwe kuruga Bungyereza akagamba aha bikorwa by’okuteerana ebitarikwikirizibwa omu myaka egyo ati: “Tukaba tutasiisikaire, tukaba turi omu rutaro.” Omuserukare omwe w’America naikiriza ati: “Abantu baingi bakaba basiisikaire omu micwe, kwonka tukaba turi bato turikubaasa kufa eshaaha yoona.”

Baingi abaahonokireho omu rutaro bakabonabona ahabw’ebi bareebire omu bwire obwo obw’ekiita bantu. Okuhitsya na hati, abaabaire bari bato omu bwire obwo, nibeehurira kubi ku barikwijuka ebikorwa bibi ebyabaireho. Baingi bakeehwa amatsiko kandi bakaba batarikumanya eki baine kukora. Bakaba batarikubaasa kuha omwebembezi weena ekitiinisa yaataho emitindo y’ekihikire n’ekigwire, ahakuba bantu bakaba nibareeba ngu tikiine ntaniso yoona.

Entwaza Nsya

Orutaro rw’Ensi Yoona rwa II ku rwahwaire, hakashohozibwa bingi ebirikukwata aha kuteerana. Kimwe aharibyo ni Kinsey Report kuruga omuri United States ekyashohoziibwe omu myaka ya 1940 ekyabaire kiine empapura ezirikurenga 800. N’ekyarugiremu, abantu bakatandika kugamba butunu aha nshonga z’okuteerana, kwonka ira tikwo kyabaire kiri. N’obu okucondooza kumwe kwayorekire ngu obutingwa n’ebindi bikorwa by’obushambani bikaba nibireebwa nk’ebikorwa by’okurengyesereza, okucondooza kukooreka ngu emicwe y’abantu ekoongyera kusiisikara bwanyima y’orutaro orwo.

Bwanyima y’obwire, abantu bakateeraho kugira eki baakora kutereeza embeera eyaabaire eshobire. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, radiyo, vidiyo, na tiivi zikaba nizigamba aha nshonga z’okuteerana. Kwonka entebeekanisa egyo ekamara obwire bukye. William Bennett, owa U.S. owaabaire ari karaani omu by’obwegyese akashoboorora ati: “Kwonka omu myaka ya 1960, abatuuzi b’Amerika bakatandika kutwaza omu muringo gw’obuntu.” Kandi eki kikabaho n’omu mahanga agandi maingi. Ahabw’enki omu myaka ya 60, emicwe y’abantu yaatandikire kusiisikara?

Omu myaka egyo hakateebwaho ebibiina ebirikurwanirira obugabe bw’abakazi na munonga aha nshonga z’okuteerana n’okugyendera aha ntwaza eyaabaire ehangire omu bwire obwo. Kandi, hakateebwaho enkora y’okuzibira omukazi kuzaara. Omuntu akaba naabaasa kuteerana atatiinire ngu naija kutwara enda, “hatariho kukundana,” nari “bataine kigyendererwa ky’okugaitwa.” Ebikorwa nk’ebi bikakanya munonga.

Omu bwire nibwo bumwe, vidiyo, na tiivi bikashiisha emitindo y’emicwe. Bwanyima Zbigniew Brzezinski, owaabaire naakurira U.S. National Security Council, akagamba aha puroguraamu z’aha tiivi ati: “Abantu nibeehimbisa ekirenga, nibareetera eby’obushaarizi kureebeka nk’ebikorwa bya butoosha kandi nibeenegyeza eby’obushambani.”

Omu kutandika kw’emyaka ya 1970, enkoresa y’ebyoma ebirikukwata vidiyo ekongyera kurangaanwa. Abantu bakaba nibabaasa kureeba ebikorwa by’obushambani n’ebirikwitsa enshoni omu maka gaabo, ebi baabaire batarikubaasa kureebera omu rw’enteerane. Obunaku obu, abantu omu nsi yoona nibabaasa kureeba ebirikwitsa enshoni kurabira aha Intaneeti barikukoresa kompyuta zaabo.

Ebirugiremu nibitiinisa munonga. “Emyaka ikumi egyo,” omurinzi w’ekihome omuri U.S. akagira ati: “Ku naabaire mbugana abaana aha ruguto, nkaba ngaaniira n’abo aha bikwatiraine n’ekihikire n’ekigwire. Kwonka abaana ab’ebiro ebi tibarikufayo aha bindikugamba.”

Omuntu Naabaasa Kuhungira Nkahi?

Titurikubaasa kuhungira aha amakanisa g’omu nsi kutuhabura aha bikwatiraine n’emicwe. Omu mwanya gw’okukuratira emitindo ya Yesu ekihikiriire ei yaayegyeise n’ei abakuratsi be ab’omu kyasha ky’okubanza, amakanisa gacwiremu kugira omukago n’ensi n’okwejumbira kimwe omu bikorwa bibi. Omuhandiiki omwe akagira ati: “Ni rutaro ki orurabaireho oru Ruhanga yaarashagikire?” Kyahika aha mitindo ya Ruhanga, emyaka mikye ehingwire omu rurembo rwa New York omwebembezi w’ediini akagira ati: “Ediini nikyo kibiina kyonka omu nsi ekirikushaba ebintu bikye ebirikwetengyesa kubaasa kugitaahamu waabigyeragyeranisa n’okutaaha omu baasi.”

Buzima, okweyongyera kw’okusiisikara kw’emicwe y’abantu nikyoreka ngu haine kugira ekyakorwa. Kwonka shi niki ekyo? Haine kubaho mpinduka ki? Ni baahi abarikubaasa kuzireetaho, kandi nibabaasa kuzikora bata?

[Ekishushani]

“Ekiita bantu ekyabaireho omu Rutaro rw’Ensi Yoona 1 [1914-18] kukareetera emicwe y’abantu kusiisikara munonga”

[Akabokusi]

ENTWAZA OKUZA OMU MWANYA GW’EMICWE

Ira bantu bakaba baine emicwe mirungi. Omuntu akaba naareebwa butunu ngu n’ow’amazima, omwesigwa, oshemeire, kandi w’ow’ekitiinisa nari atari atyo. Hati, ekigambo, “entwaza” kikaza omu mwanya “gw’emitwarize.” Kwonka hariho oburemeezi omu nshonga egi, omunyabyafaayo Gertrude Himmelfarb akahandiika omu kitabo kye The De-Moralization of Society ati: “Omuntu tarikubaasa kugamba aha ntwaza nk’oku orikubaasa kugamba aha mitwarize, . . . buri omwe aine obugabe aha ntwaza ye.”

Akeetegyereza ngu entwaza, “neebaasa kuba enyikiriza, ebiteekateeko, emiteekateekyere, enyehurira, emize, engyenderwaho, ebi orikukunda, okushoroora, enkora y’ebintu, buri kintu kyona eki omuntu, abantu, nari ekicweka kirikukora ahabw’enshonga zitari zimwe na zimwe.” Omu bwire obu obw’entunguuka, buri omwe naayecweramu emicwe ei araagire nk’oku abantu barikwecweramu kugura ebintu omu duuka. Kwonka shi eki ku kirikubaho, niki ekirikuhika aha mitindo n’emicwe?

[Ekishushani]

Eby’okweshemeza ebitashemeire ni bingi kandi kyorobi kubitunga