“Choonadi Nchiyani?”

AMUNA aŵiri amene anali kuyang’anizana anali osiyana kwambiri. Wina anali wandale wosuliza, wokonda kutchuka, wachuma, wokonzeka kuchita chilichonse kuchirikiza ntchito yake. Winayo anali mphunzitsi amene sanafune chuma ndi kutchuka ndipo anali wokonzeka kupereka moyo wake nsembe kuti apulumutse miyoyo ya ena. Ndithudi, amuna aŵiriwa anali osemphana malingaliro! Makamaka pankhani ina, iwo sanamvane konse​—nkhani ya choonadi.

Amunawo anali Pontiyo Pilato ndi Yesu Kristu. Yesu anaimirira pamaso pa Pilato monga mpandu woyenera kufa. Chifukwa? Yesu anafotokoza kuti chifukwa chake​—inde, chifukwa chenicheni chimene anadzera ku dziko lapansi nayamba utumiki wake​—chinali chinthu chimodzi chokha: choonadi. “Ndinabadwira ichi ine, ndipo ndinadzera ichi kudza ku dziko lapansi,” iye anatero, “kuti ndikachite umboni ndi choonadi.”​—Yohane 18:37.

Yankho la Pilato linali funso lapadera lakuti: “Choonadi nchiyani?” (Yohane 18:38) Kodi iye anafunadi yankho? Mwinamwake sanali kufuna yankho. Yesu anali munthu amene anali kuyankha funso lililonse limene anafunsidwa moona mtima, koma iye sanamyankhe Pilato. Ndipo Baibulo limanena kuti atafunsa funso lake, Pilato anatuluka nthaŵi yomweyo m’bwalo. Mwinamwake bwanamkubwa Wachiromayo anafunsa funsolo mosakhulupirira ndi mosuliza, monga ngati kuti anali kufuna kunena kuti, “Choonadi? Kodi chimenecho nchiyani? Kulibe chinthu chotero!”a

Lingaliro la Pilato la kukayikira choonadi nlofala lerolino. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti choonadi chimadalira pa munthu​—mwa mawu ena, ndiko kuti chimene chili choona kwa munthu wina chingakhale chosaona kwa wina, kwakuti aŵiri onsewo angakhale “olondola.” Chikhulupiriro chimenechi nchofala kwambiri kwakuti chili ndi liwu lake​—“relativism” (lingaliro lakuti choonadi chimadalira pa munthu). Kodi ndi mmene mumaonera nkhani ya choonadi? Ngati mumatero, kodi kungakhale kwakuti mwalandira lingaliro limeneli popanda kulikayikira konse? Ngakhale ngati simunatero, kodi mukudziŵa mmene lingaliro limeneli likukhudzira moyo wanu?

Kutsutsa Choonadi

Pontiyo Pilato sindiye anali munthu woyamba kukayikira lingaliro la choonadi chosatsutsika. Afilosofi ena akale Achigiriki anayamba kuphunzitsa zikayikiro zotero kwenikweni monga ntchito yawo yamoyo wonse! Zaka mazana asanu Pilato asanakhaleko, Parmenides (amene waonedwa monga woyambitsa metaphysics ya ku Ulaya) anakhulupirira kuti chidziŵitso chenicheni chinali chosapezeka. Democritus, wotamandidwa monga “wopambana pa afilosofi akale,” ananenetsa kuti: “Choonadi nchobisika kwambiri. . . . Kunena zoona palibe chimene tidziŵa.” Socrates, amene mwinamwake anali wolemekezeka kuposa onsewo, anati zokha zimene anali kudziŵa nzakuti sanali kudziŵa kalikonse.

Kutsutsa lingaliro lakuti choonadi chingadziŵike kumeneku kwapitirizabe mpaka lero. Mwachitsanzo, afilosofi ena amanena kuti popeza kuti chidziŵitso timachilandira kupyolera m’mphamvu zathu za ubongo, zimene zinganyengedwe, palibe chidziŵitso chimene chingatsimikizidwe kukhala choona. Wafilosofi ndi katswiri wa masamu Wachifrenchi René Descartes anasankha kupenda zonse zimene anaganiza kuti anali kuzidziŵadi. Anafafaniza zonse kusiyapo choonadi chimodzi chimene anaona kukhala chosatsutsika: “Cogito ergo sum,” kapena kuti, “Ndimaganiza, choncho ndine amene.”

Chiphunzitso Chakuti Choonadi Chimadalira pa Munthu

Lingaliro lakuti choonadi chimadalira pa munthu silili ndi afilosofi chabe. Limaphunzitsidwa ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo, limaphunzitsidwa m’masukulu, ndi kufalitsidwa ndi oulutsa nkhani. Bishopu wa Episcopal John S. Spong anati zaka zingapo zapitazo: “Tiyenera . . . kusiya kuganiza kuti tili ndi choonadi ndipo ena ayenera kugwirizana ndi lingaliro lathu la kuzindikira kuti tonsefe sitikhoza kuchidziŵa choonadi chosakanika.” Lingaliro la Spong lakuti choonadi chimadalira pa munthu, mofanana ndi lija la atsogoleri achipembedzo ambiri lerolino, limafulumira kukana ziphunzitso za Baibulo za makhalidwe m’malo mwa lingaliro lakuti “aliyense achite zake.” Mwachitsanzo, poyesa “kukhazika mtima pansi” amathanyula m’Tchalitchi cha Episcopal, Spong analemba buku lonena kuti mtumwi Paulo anali wamathanyula!

M’maiko ambiri sukulu zikuchita ngati kuti zikuchirikiza kalingaliridwe kofanana ndi kameneko. Allan Bloom analemba m’buku lake lakuti The Closing of the American Mind: “Pali chinthu chimodzi chimene profesa ayeneradi kudziŵa: pafupifupi wophunzira aliyense woloŵa pa yunivesite amakhulupirira, kapena amati amakhulupirira, kuti choonadi chimadalira pa munthu.” Bloom anapeza kuti ngati atsutsa zimene ophunzira ake amakhulupirira pankhaniyi, iwo amadabwa, “monga ngati kuti iye anali kukayikira kuti 2 + 2 = 4.”

Kalingaliridwe kamodzimodziko kakuchirikizidwa mwa njira zina zambirimbiri. Mwachitsanzo, atolankhani a TV ndi a manyuzipepala kaŵirikaŵiri amaoneka ngati kuti amakonda kwambiri kusangulutsa omvetsera awo m’malo mopereka choonadi cha nkhaniyo. Maprogramu ena a nkhani asinthadi filimu kapena kusonyeza yabodza kuti achititse nkhaniyo kukhala yosangalatsa. Ndipo m’zosangulutsa, choonadi chimatsutsidwa mwamphamvu. Choonadi cha makhalidwe ndi miyambo zimene makolo ndi agogo athu anatsatira ambiri amaziona kukhala zachikale ndipo amaziseka kaŵirikaŵiri.

Ndithudi, ena angatsutse kuti mbali yaikulu ya lingaliro limeneli lakuti choonadi chimadalira pa munthu imasonyeza kutseguka mutu, choncho ili ndi chisonkhezero chabwino pa anthu. Komabe, kodi ilidi yotero? Ndipo bwanji za chisonkhezero chake pa inu? Kodi muganiza kuti choonadi chimadalira pa munthu kapena kuti kulibe? Ngati mumatero, mungaone kuchifunafuna monga kutaya nthaŵi. Kapenyedwe kotero kadzakhudza mtsogolo mwanu.

[Mawu a M’munsi]