Chinsisi cha Zipatazo

ANTHU ambiri amazizwitsidwa ndi chinsinsi​—nkhani yokhala ndi chozizwitsa, ndi mfungulo zomwe zingaŵerengedwe m’njira zosiyanasiyana, ndipo yokhala ndi mapeto odabwitsa, kungakhale kupeza kwa chuma. Ngati mumatero, mudzasangalala ndi ‘Chinsisi cha Zipatazo.’

Chinsisi chimenechi chinyamba kuwonekera pa Megido, mzinda wokhala ndi chifuno womwe unalamulira malonda ndi njira za nkhondo mu Middle East wakale. Katswiri wofukula zinthu zofotseredwa pansi anapeza zotsalira za chipata chochinjiriza cha chikumbukiro, chomwe umboni wake unawatsimikizira kuti chinali chochokera ku nthaŵi ya Mfumu Solomo. Kodi icho chinali monga chiyani? Mfungulozo zinayamba.

Yang’anani kulamanja pa chitsanzo cha Megido wakale, ndipo makamaka pa dera la chipata lowunikiridwalo. Woyenda wakale kapena gulu lirilonse lankhondo lowukira lomakwera ndi msewuwo kupita ku mzinda wolimbitsidwawu choyamba linafika ku chipata cha kutsogolo. Mkati mwa icho munali malo a poyera, kapena bwalo. Mu iwo oukira alionse akavumbulutsidwa pamene anali kupita patsogolo ndi kutembenukira kumanzere kuti afikire chipata chenicheni chochinjirizira, chomwe chiri pa mtima pa chinsisi chathu.

Nsanja zolimbitsidwa zinapanga mbali za kutsogolo kwa chipatacho. Thunthu lonse la chipatacho linamangidwa, osati ndi miyala wamba kapena ndi njerwa, koma ndi ashlar (miyala yolimbitsidwa mosamalitsa) yomwe inali yotchuka m’nyengo ya Solomo. Koma panali mtundu wosiyana mkati mwa chipatacho. M’mbali mwa malo ofikira a atali munali unyinji wa nsanja zazitali, kapena malo odutsira opangidwa ndi miyala, omwe anapanga zipinda zisanu ndi chimodzi kumene alonda akanaikidwa. (Yerekezani ndi Ezekieli 40:6, 10, 20, 21, 28, 29.) M’nthaŵi zopanda mavuto, gareta kapena gulu la anthu amalonda likakhoza kudutsa popanda vuto, komabe ikakhala nkhani yosiyana kwa owukira omwe angakhoze kudutsa pa zitseko zazikulu zolimbazo. Malo odutsira opangidwa ndi miyalawo akakakamiza owukira m’njira yopapatiza, kuthamanga pakati pa mizere iŵiri ya amuna okhala ndi zida, gulu lankhondo lapamwamba la Megido, m’zipindazo kulamanja ndi kulamanzere.

Tsopano chinsinsicho chikusinthira kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Galileya ku mulu, kapena chiwunda, cha Hazori wakale, kumene Profesa John Garstang anafukula mu 1928. Katswiri wodziŵa za zinthu zofotseredwa pansi wa Chiisrayeli Yigael Yadin anatembenukira ku mulu waukulu umenewu mu 1955. Iye anali ndi ndemanga ya m’Baibulo m’maganizo yomwe imaŵerenga kuti: “Ndipo chifukwa chake cha msonkho uja anawusonkhetsa Mfumu Solomo ndi chimenechi kuti amange nyumba ya Yehova ndi . . . linga la Yerusalemu ndi Hazori ndi Megido ndi Gezeri.” (1 Mafumu 9:15) Chinawoneka chanzeru kuti omanga a Solomo akatsatira makonzedwe a akulu kaamba ka kulimbitsa kofanako m’mizinda ina imene anaimanganso. Kodi, zipata za Solomo zoterozo zinaliko pa Hazori?

Pamene antchito a Yadin anapitiriza m’kufukula kwawo, iwo anapeza chipupa cholimba chokhala ndi ziboo zoponyera zida, chipupa chowirikiza kaŵiri chokhala ndi zipinda pakati pake. Kenaka chomangidwa chachikulu cholumikizidwa ku zipupazo chinayamba kuwonekera. Yadin akunena kuti: “Ife mwamsanga tinazindikira kuti tinapeza chipatacho . . . M’kuwonjezerapo, chinawonekeratu mwamsanga kuti makonzedwe a chipatacho​—okhala ndi zipinda zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi nsanja ziŵiri​—limodzinso ndi milingo yake inali yofanana ndi ija ya chipata chopezedwa [zaka zambiri] kumayambiriro pa Megido . . . Chikondwerero mu msasa wathu chinakula . . . Tinatsatira makonzedwe a chipata cha Megido pansipo, tikumaika chizindikiro pa icho ndi zikhomo kusonyeza ngodya ndi zipupa, ndipo kenaka tinalangiza antchito athu kukumba mogwirizana ndi zizindikirozo, tikumalonjeza kuti: ‘pano mudzapeza chipupa,’ kapena ‘apo mudzapeza chipinda.’ Pamene ‘maulosi’ athu anatsimikizira kukhala olondola, kunyada kwathu kunakwera mokulira . . . Pamene tinaŵerenga [kwa iwo] versi la m’baibulo lonena za machitachita a Solomo mu Hazori, Megido ndi Gezeri, kunyada kwathu kunatsika pansi, koma kuja kwa Baibulo kunakwera pamwamba!”​—Hazor: The Rediscovery of a Great Citadel of the Bible.

Chinawoneka kuti chinsisi cha zipatazo chinali kuthesedwa ndendende monga mmene chinayembekezeredwera molingana ndi mfungulo za m’Baibulo. Komabe, bwanji ponena za Gezeri, kum’mwera? Yadin anadziŵa kuti katswiri wodziŵa zinthu zofotseredwa pansi wa chiIrish R.A.S. Macalister, yemwe anafukula kumeneko pakati pa 1902 ndi 1909, sanapeze chirichonse chomwe chinagawiridwa kwa Solomo. Kodi mfungulo zofunikira zingakhale zinanyalanyazidwa mu chimene ngakhale Yadin anachitcha “Chinsinsi cha Gezeri”?

Iye akusimba kuti: “Zopezedwa pa Hazori ndi ndime yotchuka mu 1 Mafumu zinanditsogoza ine ku kusanthulanso kwatsopano kwa ripoti la Macalister m’chiyembekezo cha kupeza malo a chipata. Wina angalingalire bwino lomwe kudabwitsidwa kwanga ndi chikondwerero chopanda malire pamene . . . ndinapeza ndandanda . . . yokhala ndi mutu wakuti ‘Makonzedwe a Nyumba Yachifumu ya Maccabaeus ya ku Gezeri.’” Macalister anaika tsiku la zotsalira za “nyumba yachifumu” imeneyo ku kuwukira kwa otsatira Achiyuda a Maccebaeus (zana lachiŵiri B.C.E.). Koma Yadin analingalira kuti iye anakhoza kuwona m’chithunzi chojambulidwa chakale chimenechi ‘chipupa cholimba chokhala ndi ziboo zoponyera zida, nyumba ya chipata yakunja, ndipo chofunika koposa chomwe chinawoneka ngati theka la chipata cha mzinda, chofanana ndendende ndi zija zopezedwa mu Megido ndi Hazori.’ Yadin anafalitsa nkhani pa mfungulo zimenezo. Pambuyo pake, Dr. William G. Dever anafukula pa Gezeri. Chotulukapo chake? Dever mosangalatsidwa analemba kuti: “Solomo ndithudi anamanganso Gezeri!” Kapena monga mmene Yadin anachiikira icho: “Motsimikizirika mokwanira, si kuti kokha gulu la Dever linapeza theka lina la chipatacho, koma zojambulidwa za chifuno ndi zowumba zinachitira chitsanzo momaliza kotheratu kuti nyumba yokhala ndi zipinda zambiriyo inamangidwadi m’nthaŵi za Solomo.”

Chotero chinsinsicho chinayankhidwa. Yadin anawona mu The Biblical Archaeologist (Volyumu XXXIII, 1970, 3): “Ndi thandizo la ndime yachidule ya baibulo yochokera ku Mafumu, zolimbitsa za Solomo, kufanana m’makonzedwe m’mizinda itatuyo, zinapezedwa ndi kuikidwa masiku.” Ndithudi, chikuwoneka kuti palibe chitsanzo mu mbiri yakale ya sayansi yodziŵa za zinthu zofotseredwa kale pamene ndime inathandiza mokulira chotero m’kuzindikiritsa ndi kuika masiku ku zinthu zomangidwa m’nkhani zofunika koposa . . . monga mmene yachitira 1 Mafumu 9:15.”

[Zithunzi patsamba 25]

Mozikidwa pa 1 Mafumu 9:15, akatswiri odziŵa za zinthu zofotseredwa pansi anapeza pa Hazori chipata cha msinkhu ndi mpangidwe wofanana ndi chija cha mu Megido

[Zithunzi patsamba 26]

Kawonedwe kapamwamba ka malo a chipata pa Gezeri. Chithunzicho chikusonyeza chomwe sichinadziwidwe poyamba (chodera) ndi chomwe chinapezedwa zaka zina 60 pambuyo pake (m’madontho)

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 24]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.