Moul Tokin Mise—Mea Lalalfongi Lun Metu Ka?
“Ya sie met fwin mise, el fwa sifwil moul?”—JOB 14:14.
KE SIE loom lun met mise pangpang funeral parlor fwin an New York City, kamwuk puspis a sou elos raunila pok in mise se lun tulik mokul se yiu 17 matwe su fwusr na mise ke cancer. Nine kiel el arulanu asor el tung a kalweni pal nu kemwa kas inge: “Tommy el insemwomwo ke pal inge. God el lungse Tommy lan muta yurol in kosrao.” Pa inge me luti su lutiyuk nu sel in lalalfongi.
2 Fwin an Jamnagar, India, 7,000 mail kutu ke an inge, tulik se su matu emeet inmaslon tulik tulo el akosek itong ke cremation pyre in isukak papa tumalos su mise. Ke e inge furur, Brahman el kaskas ke pusra lulap ke Sanskrit mantras: “Lela ngun su tia ku in mise in tafwela na ku lal in ekla ma siefwunnu nu ke fwinsrak inge.”
3 Paye la mise oasr in an nu kemwa. (Rom 5:12) Paenang e fwal kut fwin siyuk la mise pa saflaiyen ma nu kemwa. Ke pal se tuniyuk akmwuk in kapek lun sak, Job, sie met kulansap oaru lun Jeova God in pal meeta, el liye: “Tu oasr fwinsrak ke soko sak. Tu fwin pakpukla, a fwa sifwil srunak, a laa fusasr ka fwa tia tui.” Ke ma inge, e fuka met? “Ya sie met fwin mise, el fwa sifwil moul?” Job el siyuk. (Job 14:7, 14) Ke lusen yiu puspis, kais sie u lun met elos siyuk: Ya oasr moul tokin sie met ke el mise? Fwin oasr, kain in moul fuka? In fwal nu ke ma inge, mea met puspis elos lalalfongi? A efu?
Met Puspis Elos Topuk, ke Inkanek Siefwunnu
4 Met puspis su ekin Kristian elos lalalfongi la tokin mise, sie met el ku in som nu in kosrao ku nu ke isis. Tusruktu, met Hindu elos lalalfongi ke reincarnation. Fwal nu ke lalalfongi lun met Islam, oasr sie len in nununku tokin mise, ke pal se ma Allah el tuni inkanek in moul lun kais sie met a pakiye kais sie met nu ke paredais ku nu ke isis. In an puspis, lalalfongi puspis ke met mise pa toeni lun fasin ke an a alu su ekin Kristian. Ke sie me pupulyuk, in an Sri Lanka, met Buddhists a Catholic elos tia kaliye srungal ku windo fwin oasr met mise ke sou, a nien met mise su oasr ke pok wekunang pok in mise elos filiyuki sumwos nu ke srungal. Elos lalalfongi la ma inge ku in akfwusesrye pal in som lun ngun ke met mise. Inmaslon Catholic puspis a Protestant fwin an West Africa, sie fasin lalos pa in afwunye silngun fwin sie met el mise in wangin kutena met ku in liye ngun lun sie met mise. Na, tokin len 40, sou lun met mise a kamwuk nu kemwa elos orek kofwo in akfulatye somwak lun ngun nu in kosrao.
5 Oasr kain in lalalfongi puspis, tusruktu alu nu kemwa insese ke ma siefwunnu. Elos nu kemwa lalalfongi la oasr ma se in monin sie met—elos pangpang soul, ngun, ku inut—ma inge tia ku in mise a el tafwela na in moul tokin mano mise. Apkurun alu nu kemwa lun Kristendom su piselos sun fokofoko ke u srisrik a u lulap elos akkeye lalalfongi ke ngun su tia ku in mise. Kain in lalalfongi se inge oasr pa ke me luti yok lun Judaism. Pa inge foundeson lun me luti lun Hindu ke reincarnation. Muslim elos lalalfongi la ngun el tafwela na in moul tokin mano el mise. Met Aborigine lun an Australia, met animist lun an Africa, alu lun Shintoist, a alu lun Buddhist, elos nu kemwa lalalfongi siefwunnu ke sifwe se inge tusruk luti lalos tia oanu sie.
6 Sayen ma inge, oasr kutu met su lalalfongi mu moul el safla ke pal in mise. Nu sin kain in met inge elos tuni ke met su ekla nu ke ngun a tafwela na nu ke sie luma, ke ngun su illa liki mano tia nunuk sumwos se. Sie scholar Spanish ke century ak20 pangpang Miguel de Unamuno el simusla: “In lalalfongi ke ngun su tia ku in mise akkalemye la kut lungse ngun su tia ku in mise, tusruktu in kaifweung na paye nu ke ku in oru sulela inge oru sie met in pilesru nunuk sumwos a ekla sie met lalfon.” Kutu sin met su wi kain in lalalfongi ou inge pa met lalmetmet in pal meeta Aristotle a Epicurus, taktu Hippocrates, met Scottish lalmetmet se David Hume, scholar se fwin an Arabia pangpang Averroës, a prime minister se meet lun an India, Jawaharlal Nehru.
7 Meyen kut sun kain in lalmetmet a lalafongi inge su tia oanu sie, paenang kut enenu in siyuk: “Ya oasr ngun lasr su tia ku in mise? Fwin paye ngun el ku in mise na fuka tu me luti sito se inge ekla ip yok se lun alu puspis misinge? Ma ye kain in lalalfongi inge? Arulanu yok sripe nu sesr in suk me top nu ke kusensiyuk inge meyen pal fwasru lasru akmwuki ka. (1 Korint 15:19) Tusruktu, ma se meet, lela kut in tuni fuka me luti ke ngun su tia ku in mise el mutamwauk.
Mutamwauk lun Me Luti Se Inge
8 Met luti se Greek ke century aklimekosr B.C.E. pangpang Socrates a Plato pa eteyuk wi inmaslon met meet su akyokye lalalfongi ke ngun su tia ku in mise. Tusruktu, tia elos pa srupon me luti se inge. A, elos akmwoye na me luti se inge, a elos ekulla ke sie me luti pengpeng su akmwuki nu sin kain in met puspis in len lalos a fwasru nu inge. Oasr eteye la met Zoroastrians lun an Persia meet a met Ijipt meet lukelos lalalfongi pa ke ngun su tia ku in mise. Ke ma inge, kusensiyuk pa, Ma ye me luti se inge?
9 “Fwalu in pal meeta,” buk inge The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria el fwak, “an Ijipt, Persia, a Greece elos pulakin ke akmwuk lun alu lun Babulon.” Nu ke lalalfongi ke alu lun met Ijipt, buk inge el tafwela in fwak: “In tuni ke akupasri in pal meeta lun an Ijipt a an Babulon ke me rid inge El-Amarna el akkalemye, la oasr pal mwo puspis in oakiye me luti a fasin puspis lun an Babulon nu ke alu srisrik puspis lun an Ijipt.”a Kain in oiye inge ku in fwak pa nu ke an Persia in pal meeta a ke fasin pa lun Greek.
10 Tusruktu, ya Babulon in pal meeta el lalalfongi ke ngun su tia ku in mise? Nu ke ma se inge, Professor Morris Jastrow Jr., ke University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A., el simusla: “Met kol lun alu a met srisrik [lun Babulon] elos tia nunku ke kutena mise lun sie ma moul. Mise [ke nunuk lalos] el oanu sie inkanek su som nu ke siepa kain in moul, a meyen [moul ke len inge] el tia ku in tafwela na paenang ma inge akpayeye la mise el kol nu ke siepa na kain in moul.” Aok, met Babulon elos lalalfongi ke kain in moul tokin mise, nu ke sie luma. Elos akkalemye ou inge ke pal elos pukunye met mise lalos wikin ma puspis su elos fwa ku in orekmakin in an saye.
11 Arulanu kalem la, me luti ke ngun su tia ku in mise tuku sin an Babulon in pal meeta. Ya ma inge yok sripe? Aok, Meyen fwal nu ke Baibel, siti lun Babel, ku Babulon, el musaiyukyuk sel Nimrod, tulik nutin tulik nutul Noa. Tokin Sronot se nu fwin fwalu nu fon in len lal Noa, met nu kemwa orekmakin kas siefwunnu a oasr alu siefwunnu. Nimrod el tia “met lain Jeova” mukena, a el a met nu kemwa su fwasr tokol elos lungse in “akpengpengye elos.” Ke ma inge, in pal se elos musaiyuk siti sa a orala sie tauer ka, Nimrod el mutamwauk in orala sie kain in alu.—Genesis 10:1, 6, 8-10; 11:1-4.
12 Fwal nu ke sramsram matu Nimrod el mise ke sie inkanek upa. Tokin mise lal, met Babulon nunku mu arulanu fwal elos in akfulatyel oanu sie met musa, met oakiye, a togusra se meet lun siti lalos. Meyen god se inge Marduk (Merodach) akfulatyeyuk oanu met musa lun an Babulon a togusra puspis lun an Babulon orekmakin in el, paenang scholar puspis fwak mu Marduk el aoliyen Nimrod su mise tari a ekla god se. (2 Togusra 25:27; Isaia 39:1; Jeremaia 50:2) Fwin ou inge, na lalalfongi ke ngun lun sie met su tia ku in mise mutamwauk ke pal in mise lal Nimrod. Ke kutena luma, me sramsram lun fwalu akkalemye la tokin Sronot, an in mutamwauk lun lalalfongi ke ngun su tia ku in mise pa Babel, ku Babulon.
13 Baibel tafwela in aketeye la God el kutongye orekma in musa ke tauer lun an Babel ke pal se el ekulla kas lalos. Meyen elos tia ku in kalem sie sin sie, elos tui ke orekma in musa lalos a elos fwasrelik nu “fwin mutun fwalu nu fon.” (Genesis 11:5-9) Kut enenu in esam la kas lun met musa ke tauer God el ekulelik, tusruktu nunuk a inkanek in oru ma se tianu. Tokin ma inge, an nu kemwa elos som nu we, nunuk lalos ke alu oasr yurolos. Ke inkanek inge, me luti lun Babulon ke alu—wekunang me luti ke ngun su tia ku in mise—el fwasrelik ke mutunfwalu nu fon a ma inge el ekla foundeson lun alu puspis fwin fwalu. Ke ma inge alu kikiap nu kemwa fwin fwalu, akkalemyeyuk, fwal nu ke Baibel oanu “Babulon Lulap, nine kiel mutan kosro a me srunga lun fwalu.”—Fwakyuk 17:5.
Un Alu Kikiap Fwin Fwalu Nu Fon El Fwasrelik nu An Kutulap
14 Kutu met su tuni sramsram matu lun fwalu elos fwak la 3,500 yia somla, oasr sie u lun met fwafwasyesr su tun fwasrfwasr, pangpang met Aryan tuku ke an northwest nu ke an inge su pangpang Indus Valley, su ke pal inge an se inge oasr fwin an Pakistan a India. Mutamwauk ke an inge elos fwasrelik nu ke an tupasrpasr lun infwal Ganges River a elos sasla nu India. Oasr kutu met lalmetmet fwak la etauk ke alu lun met fwasrelik inge tuku ke me luti lun alu ke an Iran a an Babulon in pal meeta. Ke ma inge, me luti ke alu inge pa srupon Hinduism.
15 Lalalfongi ke ngun su tia ku in mise fwin an India ku in liyeyuk ke sie luma lun me luti ke reincarnation. Met lalmetmet puspis lun Hindu, su meun ke ma upa a ma koluk fwin fwalu nu fon a in kosrao a ke me keok inmaslon metu, su orala sie ma sap lun Karma, ma sap kurungin sripen lun ma se ku fwako lun ma se. Elos orani ma sap se inge nu ke lalalfongi lun ngun su tia ku in mise, in sang orala me luti lun reincarnation, me luti inge aketeye la, orekma sumwos a orekma sesumwos ku in eis me insemwomwo ku kai nu ke moul lom in pal fwasru. Nien sun lun met sumwosmwos a pa moksha, ku sukosokla liki sifwilpa isusla a som nu ke safla lun ma paye, ku Nirvana. Ke lusen century puspis, alu lun Hindu fwasrelik, na me luti lun reincarnation el ouyepa fwasrelik. A me luti se inge arulanu yok ke me luti lun Hindu in len inge.
16 Mutamwauk ke alu lun Hindu kutupa lalalfongi sikyuk, oanu alu lun Buddhism, Jainism, a Sikhism. Alu inge nu kemwa lalalfongi pa ke reincarnation. In wekunang ma inge, alu lun Buddhism fwasrelik sun an Kutulap in an Asia—China, Korea, Japan, a kutupa an—ma inge orekmakinyuk yok nu ke fasin a alu in an inge. Ma inge el akyokyelik alu puspis in toeni ma puspis nu ke lalalfongi, su akkeye me luti lun Buddhism, alu nu ke ngun fokfok, a alu nu ke sou su mise tari. Alu fukoko emeet inmaslon ma inge pa alu lun Taoism, Confucianism, a Shinto. Inkanek ou inge sang lalafongi ke moul tokin met se mise in yokyokelik ke nunuk a orekma lun alu puspis lun met fwin fwalu.
Fuka Alu lun Judaism, Kristendom, a Islam?
17 Mea met puspis su fwasr tokin alu lun Judaism, Kristendom, a Islam elos lalalfongi ke moul tokin mise? Inmaslon alu inge nu kemwa, alu lun Judaism pa matu emeet. Mutamwauk lun alu se inge oasr ke 4,000 yiu somla, ke pal lal Ebream—in yiu puspis somla meet liki Socrates a Plato oru akmwuk nu ke lalalfongi lun ngun su tia ku in mise. Met Ju in pal meeta elos lalalfongi ke sifwil moulyuk lun met mise a tia ke ngun lun met su tia ku in mise. (Mattu 22:31, 32; Hibru 11:19) Ke ma inge, fuka me luti ke ngun su tia ku in mise el ilyuk nu ke alu lun Judaism? Me sramsram lun fwalu fwa sang me top ka.
18 In yiu 332 B.C.E., Alexander the Great el kutangla an Middle East, wekunang Jerusalem. Tokin met se tuyuk in aolulla Alexander elos tafwela program lal ke Hellenization, oanu toeni lun fasin luo—met Greek a met Ju—sikyuk. Tia pat toko, met Ju elos ekla nu ke nunuk lun met Greek, a kutu selos ekla met lalmetmet.
19 Philo lun an Alexandria, ke century se meet C.E., pa sie sin met lalmetmet lun met Ju. El akfulatye Plato a el kaifweung in aketeye luti lun Judaism fwal nu ke lalmetmet lun Greek, su ma inge ikasla inkanek nu sin met Ju in orekmakin nunuk lalos nu ka. Talmud—me sramsram ke oral law simusyukla sin rabbi—ma inge ouyepa mokleyuk lalmetmet lun met Greek. “Met rabbi lun Talmud,” Encyclopaedia Judaica el fwak, “elos lalalfongi ke ngun su tafwela na in moul tokin sie met el mise.” Tok, kutu me rid lun met Ju, oanu Cabala, mutamwauk pa in luti ke reincarnation. Ke ma inge inkanek lalmetmet lun met Greek ke me luti lun ngun su tia ku in mise ilyuk nu ke alu lun met Judaism. Mea kut ku in fwak ke ilyuk lun me luti se inge nu ke alu lun Kristendom?
20 Met Kristian paye mutamwauk kel Jisus Kraist. Kel Jisus, Miguel de Unamuno, su kut srukak kas lal ke mutamweyen me sramsram inge, el simusla: “El lalalfongi ke sifwil moulyuk lun ikwe, fwal nu ke akmwuk lun met Ju, a tia ke ngun su tia ku in mise fwal nu ke akmwuk lun [Greek] Platonic.” El in aksafyela kas lal: “Ngun su tia ku in mise . . . sie me luti lun met Pegan.” Ke ma inge, kut ku in liye la efu ku met sap Poul el liksreni na in sang kas in sensen nu sin met Kristian ke century se meet in lain “luti in lalmetmet lal a kutusrik lusrongten, oanu sramsram matu lun met, oanu srumtauk lun fwalu, a tia oanu Kraist.”—Kolosse 2:8.
21 Ke ma inge, nge a fuka “me luti lun met Pegan” inge ilyuk nu ke Kristendom? Buk inge The New Encyclopædia Britannica el aketeye: “Infwulwen century ak2 AD met Kristian puspis su eis tari akpa nu ke lalmetmet lun met Greek elos mutamwauk in pulakin la oasr enenu nu selos in akkalemye lalalfongi lalos ke inkanek lalmetmet lun Greek, in akinsemwomwoyelos sifwanu a in ku in furokla met Pegan su yok lutlut lalos in welulos ke lalalfongi. Kain in lalmetmet su fwal nu selos pa Platonism.” Met luo sin met lalmetmet inge su orekmakin yok me luti lun Kristendom pa Origen lun an Alexandria a Augustine lun Hippo. Kemwanu arulanu moniyuk ke me luti lal Plato a elos inge eneneyuk oanu kofwen me orekma in akkalemye kain in nunuk nu kemwa wikin me luti lun met Kristian.
22 Nunuk ke ngun su tia ku in mise ke alu lun Judaism a Kristendom tuku ke me luti lal Plato, tusruktu, ma inge tuku a akmwuki nu in Islam ke mutamwauk me. Buk mutal lun Islam, pangpang Koran, luti la oasr ngun lun met su tafwela na in moul tokin mise. El sramsram ke fwafwasryesr safla lun ngun, pa inge moul in paredais in kosrao ku kai ke sie e fururrur. Ma inge tia kalmekin la met scholar lun Arab elos tia srike in tuni me luti lun Islam a lalmetmet lun met Greek. Paye, fwal lun met Arab kurunginyuk ke me luti lal Aristotle. Tusruktu, me luti ke ngun su tia ku in mise met lun Muslim elos lalalfongi na.
23 Arulanu kalem la, alu nu kemwa fwin fwalu akkeye kain in lalalfongi puspis ke moul tokin mise, su tuku ke me luti la ngun el tia ku in mise. Kain in lalalfongi puspis inge sun tari, aok, el kufusla akosye billion puspis sin met. Meyen kut liye tari ma inge nu kemwa, paenang kut nu kemwa enenu na in siyuk: Ya kut ku in etu paye la mea sikyuk tokin kut mise? Ya oasr moul tokin mise? Mea Baibel el fwak ke ma se inge? Ma inge kemwa kut fwa akola in tuni ke me lutlut toko.
[Footnote]
a El-Amarna pa an ma musalla ke siti se inge Akhetaton lun an Ijipt, su elos fwak mu musaiyuk ke century ak14 B.C.E.
Ya Kom Ku In Aketeye?
◻ Mea sifwe pengpeng su oasr ke me luti lun alu nu kemwa ke moul tokin mise?
◻ Fuka me sramsram a Baibel el srusrngiye ke Babulon oanu an su me luti ke ngun su tia ku in mise el mutamwauk?
◻ Ke inkanek fuka alu nu kemwa fwin an Kutulap mokleyuk ke lalalfongi lun an Babulon ke ngun su tia ku in mise?
◻ Fuka me luti ke ngun su tia ku in mise el utyuk nu in alu lun Judaism, Kristendom, a Islam?
[Study Questions]
1, 2. Fuka met puspis elos suk me akengun fwin oasr met mise in sou lalos?
3. Kain in kusensiyuk fuka met puspis elos nunku ke lusen yiu puspis?
4. Mea met puspis ke kain in alu puspis elos lalalfongi ke moul tokin mise?
5. Mea sie me luti yok su alu nu kemwa elos lalalfongi?
6. Mea nunuk lun kutu scholar ke lalalfongi ke ngun su tia ku in mise?
7. Kain in kusensiyuk na saok fuka ke lalalfongi lun ngun su tia ku in mise fwal in tuniyuk?
8. Orekma fuka Socrates a Plato elos oru in akyokye me luti ke ngun su tia ku in mise?
9. Mea sropon me luti pengpeng ke fasin lun an Ijipt, Persia, a Greece in pal meeta?
10. Mea nunuk lun met Babulon ke moul tokin mise?
11, 12. Tokin sronot, piye an in mutamwauk lun met luti ke ngun su tia ku in mise?
13. Fuka me luti ke ngun su tia ku in mise el fwasrelik nu in mutun fwalu, a mea fwokin ma inge?
14. Fuka lalalfongi ke alu lun Babulon el fwasrelik nu ke an lun met India?
15. Fuka lalalfongi ke ngun su tia ku in mise el sun alu lun Hindu in len lasr?
16. Kain in lalalalfongi fuka ke moul tokin mise el purakak nunuk lun alu a orekma lun met puspis fwin an East Asia?
17. Mea lalalfongi lun met Ju in pal meeta ke moul tokin mise?
18, 19. Fuka lalalfongi ke ngun su tia ku in mise el ilyuk nu ke alu lun Judaism?
20, 21. (a) Oiye fuka met Kristian in pal meeta elos akkalemye ke lalmetmet lal Plato, a ke lalmetmet lun Greek? (b) Mea ma inge su kol nu ke toeni lun me luti lal Plato a me luti lun met Kristian?
22. Fuka me luti ke ngun su tia ku in mise el srakna pengpeng ke alu lun Islam?
23. Kain in kusensiyuk mwo fuka ke moul tokin mise kut fwa sramsramkin ka ke me lutlut toko?
[Picture on page 24, 25]
Kutangla lal Alexander the Great kol nu ke tukeni lun nunuk lun Greek a nunuk lun met Ju
Augustine el srike in orani lalmetmet lal Plato nu sin met Kristian
[Credit Lines]
Alexander: Musei Capitolini, Roma; Augustine: Tuku ke buk inge Great Men and Famous Women