Rashi Biblia Mli Saji Ahe Wielɔ ni Ehe Gbɛi

MƐNI ji klɛŋklɛŋ woji ní akala yɛ Hebri wiemɔ mli lɛ ateŋ ekome? Wolo ko ni wieɔ Pentateuch (Mose woji enumɔ) lɛ he. Aŋma yɛ Reggio Calabria, yɛ Italy, yɛ afi 1475. Namɔ ŋma? Nuu ko ni ale lɛ akɛ Rashi.

Mɛni hewɔ abaaha saji amlitsɔɔmɔ wolo ko woo krɛdɛɛ ni tamɔ nɛkɛ? Esra Shereshevsky wie yɛ ewolo ní gbɛi ji Rashi—The Man and His World lɛ mli akɛ, Rashi wolo ni tsɔɔ saji amli lɛ “batsɔ wolo ni he hiaa titri yɛ Yudafoi ashĩai amli kɛ nikasemɔhei. Yudafoi awoji ní akɛ mɔdɛŋbɔɔ ŋmala lɛ eko kwraa bɛ ni ajie hiɛsɔɔ kpo yɛ he tamɔ nɛkɛ dã . . . Ale saji ashishitsɔɔmɔ woji krokomɛi fe 200 ní wieɔ Rashi saji amlitsɔɔmɔ wolo ní kɔɔ Mose Woji Enumɔ lɛ he lɛ ahe tɛ̃ɛ.”

Ani Yudafoi pɛ ji mɛi ni Rashi saji amlitsɔɔmɔ wolo lɛ ná amɛnɔ hewalɛ? Eyɛ mli akɛ mɛi pii yooo sɛɛ moŋ, shi Rashi saji amlitsɔɔmɔ ni kɔɔ Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ ahe lɛ ená Biblia shishitsɔɔmɔi anɔ hewalɛ afii ohai abɔ. Shi namɔ ji Rashi, ni te fee tɛŋŋ ní ebahe gbɛi waa nakai?

Namɔ Ji Rashi?

Afɔ́ Rashi yɛ Troyes, yɛ France, yɛ afi 1040.a Beni eji oblanyo lɛ, etee Yudafoi ajamɔ mli nikasemɔhei wuji ni yɔɔ Worms kɛ Mainz yɛ Rhine kpokpaa lɛ nɔ. Ekase nii yɛ jɛmɛ, kɛjɛ Yudafoi woloŋlelɔi ni yɔɔ Europa ni ehe gbɛi fe fɛɛ lɛ ateŋ mɛi komɛi aŋɔɔ. Beni eye aaafee afii 25 lɛ, lɛ diɛŋtsɛ eshihilɛ mli saji komɛi ha ehe bahia ní eku esɛɛ kɛya Troyes. Akɛni ale lɛ akɛ woloŋlelɔ ni abuɔ lɛ waa momo hewɔ lɛ, Rashi batsɔ Yudafoi akuu ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ ahiɛnyiɛlɔ oya nɔŋŋ, ni eto lɛ diɛŋtsɛ ejamɔ mli nikasemɔhe wulu shishi. Yɛ be ko sɛɛ lɛ, nɛkɛ Yudafoi anilee shikwɛ̃ɛhe hee nɛɛ baná mɛi anɔ hewalɛ kwraa fe Rashi tsɔɔlɔi ni yɔɔ Germany lɛ anɔ̃ lɛ po.

No mli lɛ, toiŋjɔlɛ kɛ gbeekpãmɔ fioo yɛ Yudafoi ni yɔɔ France lɛ kɛ amɛkutsoŋbii ni tsɛɔ amɛhe Kristofoi lɛ ateŋ, ni enɛ hã Rashi ná heyeli babaoo kɛha ewoloŋlee mli nikasemɔi lɛ asɛɛtiumɔ. Shi kɛlɛ, ejeee woloŋlelɔ ní etse ehe banee kɛjɛ mɛi krokomɛi ahe. Yɛ bulɛ ni ayɔɔ kɛha lɛ akɛ tsɔɔlɔ kɛ nikasemɔhe wulu lɛ nɔkwɛlɔ lɛ fɛɛ sɛɛ lɛ, Rashi tsuɔ nii ákɛ weinfeelɔ ni ekɛnáa edaaŋ ŋmãa. Nɛkɛ ninenaa nitsumɔi ní afɔɔ tsumɔ, ni ele jogbaŋŋ nɛɛ ha enyɛ ebɛŋkɛ Yudafoi ni ji maŋbii foji lɛ kpaakpa, ni enɛ ye ebua lɛ ni enu shihilɛi ni amɛyɔɔ mli lɛ shishi ni ena mli hu eha amɛ. He ni Troyes maŋ lɛ yɔɔ lɛ hu fata he ni eha Rashi ná sɛɛyoomɔ lɛ. Akɛni jarayeli gbɛjegbɛi wuji tsɔɔ maŋtiase lɛ mli hewɔ lɛ, ebatsɔ jarayelihe wulu, ni enɛ ha Rashi bale jeŋmaji srɔtoi anifeemɔi kɛ amɛ kusumii jogbaŋŋ diɛŋtsɛ.

Mɛni Hewɔ Saji Amlitsɔɔmɔ Wolo he Bahia Lɛ?

Ale Yudafoi lɛ akɛ gbɔmɛi ní kaneɔ wolo. Shi “wolo”—Biblia lɛ—yɛ Hebri wiemɔ mli, ni amrɔ nɛɛ “gbɔmɛi” lɛ wieɔ Arabic, French, German, Spanish, kɛ wiemɔi krokomɛi babaoo. Eyɛ mli akɛ atsɔɔ Yudafoi lɛ ateŋ mɛi babaoo Hebri wiemɔ lɛ kɛjɛ amɛgbekɛbiiashi moŋ, shi amɛnuuu Biblia mli wiemɔi babaoo ashishi jogbaŋŋ. Kɛfata he lɛ, nifeemɔ gbɛ ni mli wa, ní etee nɔ yɛ rabifoi lɛ a-Yuda jamɔ mli aahu afii ohai abɔ lɛ ha gbɔmɛi anijiaŋ je wui kwraa akɛ amɛaatao nɔ ni Biblia mli saji lɛ ashishinumɔ diɛŋtsɛ ji. Okadifeemɔ wiemɔi kɛ blema adesãi ní kɔɔ Biblia mli wiemɔi ahe lɛ bafa babaoo diɛŋtsɛ. Aŋmala saji amlitsɔɔmɔi kɛ adesãi nɛɛ pii awo woji babaoo amli kɛshwie shi, ni abatsɛ woji nɛɛ fɛɛ kutuu akɛ Midrash.b

Rashi nabi, Rabbi Samuel ben Meir (Rashbam), hu ji Biblia he woloŋlelɔ. Ewie yɛ esaji amlitsɔɔmɔi ni kɔɔ 1 Mose 37:2 lɛ he lɛ mli akɛ “blema saji amlitsɔɔlɔi [ni tsɔ̃ Rashi hiɛ lɛ] . . . sumɔɔ ní amɛshiɛ shiɛmɔ wiemɔi (derashot), ní amɛbuɔ akɛ no ji yiŋtoo ni he hiaa fe fɛɛ lɛ amɛtsɔɔ, [shi] ejeee amɛsu akɛ amɛaagbɛlɛ shi kɛbote bɔ ni Biblia mli wiemɔi ni aŋmala lɛ ashishinumɔ ji diɛŋtsɛ lɛ mli vii.” Beni ewieɔ bɔ ni nibii tee nɔ eha nɛɛ he lɛ, Dr. A. Cohen (niŋmalɔ nukpa fe fɛɛ kɛha Soncino Books of the Bible lɛ) ŋma akɛ: “Eji anɔkwale akɛ Rabifoi lɛ wo mla akɛ esaaa akɛ akpɛlɛɔ saji ashishitsɔɔmɔ ko ni kɛ peshat loo bɔ ni ŋmalɛ lɛ shishinumɔ ji ŋmiiŋmi lɛ kpãaa gbee lɛ nɔ; shi amɛnifeemɔ diɛŋtsɛ tsɔɔ akɛ amɛbɛ bulɛ ko kwraa kɛha mla nɛɛ.” Akɛni amɛhi jamɔ mli shihilɛ ni tamɔ nɛkɛ mli hewɔ lɛ, Yudafoi ni ji maŋbii foji lɛ náaa hekɛnɔfɔɔ yɛ amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛmli kɛ́ amɛmiiwie Biblia mli saji ahe, ni amɛnu he akɛ ehe miihia ní amɛná eshishitsɔɔmɔ wolo ko.

Oti ni Ma Rashi Hiɛ kɛ Gbɛ̀i ní Etsɔ Nɔ

Oti ni ma Rashi hiɛ yɛ ewala be fɛɛ mli ji ni eha Yudafoi fɛɛ anu Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ amli wiemɔi lɛ ashishi. Kɛha enɛ he nitsumɔ lɛ, ebɔi woji bibii ní eŋmala wiemɔi kɛ wiemɔi kukuji pɔtɛɛ komɛi ahe saji, ní enuɔ he akɛ amɛ shishinumɔ baawa kɛha nikanelɔi lɛ ewo mli lɛ anaabuamɔ. Rashi wiemɔi kukuji ní eŋmala lɛ tsĩɔ etsɔɔlɔi lɛ asaji amlitsɔɔmɔi atã, ni ekɛ rabifoi lɛ awoji srɔtoi lɛ fɛɛ ahe nilee kɛ shishinumɔ ní lɛ diɛŋtsɛ eyɔɔ lɛ tsu nii waa. Rashi kɛ woji fɛɛ ni yɔɔ lɛ tsu nii jogbaŋŋ, yɛ maji anɔ wiemɔi ahe saji amlitaomɔ mli. Egbala ejwɛŋmɔ kɛtee bɔ ni gbee nɔwomɔ kadimɔ nii ní Masoretebii lɛ kɛŋmaa nii lɛ saa nibii ni aŋmala lɛ ashishinumɔ he ehaa lɛ nɔ. Kɛ́ eetsɔɔ wiemɔ ko shishinumɔ mli jogbaŋŋ lɛ, bei pii lɛ esaji ashishitsɔɔmɔ ni kɔɔ Mose Woji Enumɔ lɛ he lɛ tsɛɔ wiemɔi asɛɛ kɛjɛɔ Aramaik shishitsɔɔmɔ (Targum of Onkelos) lɛ mli. Rashi kɛ tswãafeemɔ kɛ sanesɛɛkɔmɔ tsu nii beni etaoɔ gbɛ̀i ni asusuko he dã, ni abaanyɛ atsɔ nɔ atsɔɔ wiemɔi ni tsɔɔ gbɛi hiɛ, wiemɔi ni tsáa wiemɔi kukuji, feemɔ-wiemɔ shishinumɔi, kɛ wiemɔ he mlai kɛ gbɛjianɔtoo fãi krokomɛi ashishi lɛ. Saji ni eŋmala nɛɛ kɛ yelikɛbuamɔ ni he yɔɔ sɛɛnamɔ ha kɛha bɔ ni Hebri wiemɔ lɛ he gbɛjianɔtoo kɛ mlai ji lɛ shishinumɔ.

Ákɛ nɔ ni tamɔɔɔ nifeemɔ gbɛ ni ehe shi waa yɛ rabifoi a-Yuda jamɔ mli lɛ, Rashi bɔɔ mɔdɛŋ be fɛɛ be akɛ ebaama wiemɔ ní aŋma lɛ shishinumɔ kuku ni yɔɔ mlɛo nɔ mi. Shi enyɛɛɛ ekũ ehiɛ efɔ̃ Midrash woji lɛ ateŋ babaoo, ní Yudafoi lɛ le jogbaŋŋ lɛ anɔ. Rashi saji amlitsɔɔmɔ lɛ mli nifeemɔ ko ni sa kadimɔ waa ji bɔ ni ehaa ekɛ Midrash niŋmaai ní bei pii lɛ, etsimɔɔ Biblia mli saji ashishinumɔ diɛŋtsɛ nɔ lɛ yɔɔ tsakpaa lɛ.

Rashi tsɔɔ mli yɛ esaji amlitsɔɔmɔi ni kɔɔ 1 Mose 3:8 lɛ he lɛ mli akɛ: “Aggadahc midrashim babaoo yɛ ní wɔ Nilelɔi lɛ eto he gbɛjianɔ momo yɛ gbɛ ni sa nɔ yɛ Bereshit Rabbah kɛ midrash blema woji krokomɛi ni abua naa lɛ amli. Shi, mi lɛ, nɔ ni misusuɔ he titri ji ŋmalɛ kuku lɛ shishinumɔ ni yɔɔ tɛ̃ɛ (peshat), kɛ aggadot ni tsɔɔ Ŋmalɛ mli sane lɛ mli yɛ shishinumɔ ni yɔɔ mli lɛ naa.” Kɛtsɔ midrashim ní yɛ esusumɔ naa lɛ, ebaaye ebua ní ŋmalɛ kuku ko shishinumɔ loo emli sane afee faŋŋ lɛ pɛ halamɔ kɛ eŋmaa ekoŋŋ nɔ lɛ, Rashi sáa eŋmala woji lɛ ekoŋŋ ni ejie midrashim ní kɛ saji ni teɔ shi woɔ amɛhe loo ekɛ yiŋfutumɔ baa lɛ kwraa kɛjɛ mli. Yɛ woji aŋmalamɔ ekoŋŋ nɛɛ hewɔ lɛ, Yudafoi ayinɔi ni ba yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ bale Midrash lɛ mli woji kpakpai ni Rashi hala lɛ jogbaŋŋ titri.

Eyɛ mli akɛ ejieɔ etsɔɔlɔi lɛ ayi babaoo moŋ, shi Rashi shashaooo shi akɛ eeeha ale akɛ, ekɛ amɛ kpãaa gbee kɛji enuɔ he akɛ amɛ shishitsɔɔmɔi lɛ teɔ shi ewoɔ ŋmalɛ he susumɔ ni yɔɔ faŋŋ lɛ. Kɛ́ enuuu ŋmalɛ kuku ko shishi loo enu he akɛ bɔ ni etsɔɔ shishi be ko ni eho lɛ ejaaa lɛ, esumɔɔ ni ekpɛlɛ enɛ nɔ, ni bei komɛi lɛ, etsĩɔ hei ni enikaselɔi lɛ ye amɛbua kɛjaje eshishinumɔ lɛ po tã.

Ebe Mli Shihilɛ Ná Enɔ Hewalɛ

Rashi ji mɔ ko ni enifeemɔi kɛ be ni eyɔɔ mli lɛ nyiɛɔ pɛpɛɛpɛ. Niŋmalɔ ko mu saji anaa yɛ nɛkɛ gbɛ nɔ akɛ: “Yelikɛbuamɔ kpele ní [Rashi] kɛha Yudafoi ashihilɛ ji bɔ ni esaa etsɔɔ niŋmaai kukuji fɛɛ ni kɔɔ amɛhe lɛ ashishi ekoŋŋ kɛtee wiemɔ ní amɛwieɔ yɛ nakai beaŋ lɛ mli, yɛ wiemɔ ni yɔɔ faŋŋ ní shishinumɔ waaa mli, yɛ miishɛɛ kɛ mlihilɛ diɛŋtsɛ mli, yɛ hesaa kɛ woloŋlee ni ekaaa mli lɛ, aahu akɛ esaji amlitsɔɔmɔi lɛ bafee nɔ ni abuɔ waa akɛ ŋmalɛi lɛ, ni asumɔɔ hu akɛ nikasemɔ wolo. Rashi ŋma Hebri wiemɔ lɛ, yɛ woloŋlee mli kɛ gbɛ ni yɔɔ fɛo nɔ, oookɛɛ etamɔ French. Be fɛɛ be kɛ́ enaaa Hebri wiemɔ diɛŋtsɛ ní baatsɔɔ saji amli jogbaŋŋ lɛ, ekɛ French wiemɔ yeɔ najiaŋ, ni ekɛ Hebri niŋmaa okadii ŋmaa.” Nɛkɛ French wiemɔi ní akɛ wiemɔ okadii krokomɛi eŋmala—ní Rashi kɛ nɔ ni fa fe 3,500 tsu nii—nɛɛ ebatsɔ jɛɛhe ni he yɔɔ sɛɛnamɔ kɛha mɛi ni kaseɔ Blema French wiemɔ lɛ kɛ bɔ ni atsɛɔ wiemɔi ahaa lɛ.

Eyɛ mli akɛ Rashi shihilɛ je shishi yɛ toiŋjɔlɛ shihilɛ ni hi fioo mli moŋ, shi ekɛ béi ni tee nɔ efa babaoo yɛ Yudafoi kɛ mɛi ni tsɛɔ amɛhe Kristofoi lɛ ateŋ lɛ kpe yɛ eshihilɛ naagbee gbɛ. Yɛ afi 1096 mli lɛ, Klɛŋklɛŋ Sɛŋmɔtso he Ta ní awuu lɛ kpata Yudafoi ashihilɛhei ni yɔɔ Rhine kpokpaa nɔ, he ni Rashi kase nii yɛ lɛ ahiɛ kwraa. Agbe Yudafoi akpei abɔ. Etamɔ nɔ ni mɛi ahiɛkpatamɔ babaoo nɛɛ he adafitswaa sa Rashi gbɔmɔtsoŋ hewalɛnamɔ (ni kã he eba shi aahu kɛyashi be ni egbo yɛ afi 1105 mli lɛ) he. Kɛjɛ nakai beaŋ kɛbaa lɛ, tsakemɔ ni sa kadimɔ ba yɛ e-Ŋmalɛ mli saji amlitsɔɔmɔ lɛ mli. Nɔkwɛmɔnɔ kome ni sa kadimɔ waa ji Yesaia yitso 53, ní wieɔ Yehowa tsulɔ ni naa amanehulu lɛ he lɛ. Mra mli kɛtsɔ hiɛ lɛ, Rashi kɛ ŋmalɛi nɛɛ to Mesia lɛ he, taakɛ Talmud lɛ tsɔɔ lɛ. Shi etamɔ nɔ ni yɛ Sɛŋmɔtso he Tai lɛ asɛɛ lɛ, esusu akɛ ŋmalɛi kukuji nɛɛ kɔɔ Yudafoi, ní na amanehulu yɛ gbɛ ni ejaaa nɔ lɛ ahe yɛ gbɛ ko nɔ. Enɛ bafee tsakemɔ be krɛdɛɛ ko yɛ bɔ ni Yudafoi tsɔɔ ŋmalɛi nɛɛ ashishi amɛhaa lɛ mli.d Enɛ hewɔ lɛ, Kristendom jeŋba ni jeee Kristofoi anɔ̃ lɛ, miigbala mɛi babaoo, ní Yudafoi hu fata he lɛ, kɛmiijɛ anɔkwale ni kɔɔ Yesu he lɛ he.—Mateo 7:16-20; 2 Petro 2:1, 2.

Te Fee Tɛŋŋ ni Ená Biblia Shishitsɔɔmɔi Anɔ Hewalɛ?

Etsɛɛɛ ni anu hewalɛ ni Rashi ená yɛ mɛi anɔ lɛ he yɛ Yuda jamɔ sɛɛ hu. Frenchnyo Franciscan Biblia he wielɔ Nicholas ni jɛ Lyra (1270-1349) lɛ fɔɔ “Rabbi Solomon [Rashi]” susumɔi ahe wiemɔ, aahu akɛ akɛ hefɛoyeli wo lɛ gbɛi akɛ “Mɔ ni Kaseɔ Solomon.” Nɔ ni jɛ mli ba ji akɛ, Lyra ná Biblia mli saji ahe wielɔi kɛ shishitsɔɔlɔi pii, ní mɛi ni tsɔ̃ Blɔfo King James Version shishitsɔɔlɔi lɛ ahiɛ, kɛ jamɔ tsakelɔ Martin Luther, mɔ ni tsake Biblia shishitsɔɔmɔ hiɛ kwraa yɛ Germany lɛ fata he lɛ anɔ hewalɛ. Luther kɛ ehe fɔ̃ Lyra nɔ waa, aahu akɛ, lalafoo wiemɔ ko ni ale waa lɛ kɛɔ akɛ: “Eji Lyra etswaaa kpãa saŋku lɛ kulɛ, Luther ejoŋ.”

Rabifoi asusumɔi ni kɛ Kristofoi anɔkwale lɛ kpãaa gbee lɛ ná Rashi nɔ hewalɛ waa diɛŋtsɛ. Shi kɛlɛ, sɛɛyoomɔ ni mli kwɔ ní ená yɛ Biblia mli Hebri wiemɔi, ehe gbɛjianɔtoo, kɛ ehe mlai ahe, kɛ bɔ ni ebɔɔ mɔdɛŋ be fɛɛ be ní eyoo ŋmalɛi lɛ ashishinumɔ ni yɔɔ faŋŋ kɛ ŋmiiŋmi hu hewɔ lɛ, Rashi ha Biblia mli saji amlipɛilɔi kɛ shishitsɔɔlɔi ná nɔ kpakpa ní amɛbaanyɛ amɛdamɔ nɔ amɛkɛ saji ato ekrokomɛi ahe.

[Shishigbɛ niŋmai]

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 26]

Text: Per gentile concessione del Ministero dei Beni Culturali e Ambientali