Itọk Oro Mme Huguenot Ẹkefehede Ẹyom Ubọhọ

Ke uyo Edidem ye Ọbọn̄ An̄wan, . . . Nnyịn ke ntem Idọhọ, Ite ke kpukpru mbon Protestant France oro ẹdiyomde Ubọhọ mmọ ke, ẹdinyụn̄ Ẹtode ẹdi Obio Ukara Nnyịn emi, idinyeneke Ukpeme otode Edidem Nnyịn kpọt . . . Edi Nnyịn Iyodomo Ukeme Nnyịn n̄ko ke kpukpru Usụn̄ ye Idaha oro ẹwụtde eti ibuot ndinọ Ibetedem, Un̄wam inyụn̄ Inyan̄a mmọ . . . man mmọ ndidụn̄ nnyụn̄ ndu ke Ikpehe emi ekpenem onyụn̄ efere mmọ ke idem.”

NTEM ke ediomi 1689 eke William ye Mary, edidem ye ọbọn̄ an̄wan England ọdọhọ. Edi ntak emi mbon Protestant France, m̀mê mme Huguenot, nte ẹkedide ẹdidiọn̄ọ mmọ, ẹkeyomde ubọhọ ye ukpeme ke ọwọrọde ọkpọn̄ France? Ntak emi itọk mmọ ndiwọrọ n̄kpọn̄ France ke n̄kpọ nte isua 300 ẹmi ẹkebede edide n̄kpọ udọn̄ ọnọ nnyịn mfịn?

Ekọn̄ ye mme eneni ido ukpono ẹma ẹnọmọ Europe eke ọyọhọ isua ikie 16. France, ye mme Ekọn̄ Ido Ukpono esie (1562-1598) ke ufọt mbon Catholic ye mbon Protestant, ikọbọhọke ndutịme emi. Nte ededi, ke 1598, Edidem Henry IV eke France ama esịn ubọk ke ibet ediyọ, kpa Ibet eke Nantes, ọnọde mme Huguenot Protestant ndusụk ifụre ido ukpono. Unyịme oro ibet ọkọnọde ido ukpono iba ẹmi ekedi n̄wọrọnda n̄kpọ ke Europe. Enye ke esisịt ini ama ada utịt ọsọk ndutịme ido ukpono oro ọkọnọmọde France eke ọyọhọ isua ikie 16 ke se ibede isua 30.

Okposụkedi ẹkeyomde enye edi “nsinsi n̄kpọ ye se owo mîkemeke ndikpụhọde,” ke 1685 ẹma ẹda Ibet eke Fontainebleau ẹkpụhọ Ibet eke Nantes. Owo akwaifiọk France oro Voltaire ama anam ukpụhọde emi an̄wan̄a ke ukperedem nte “kiet ke otu ndiọkn̄kan n̄kpọ mmọn̄eyet ke France.” Ke esisịt ini, emi ama edemede itọk oro n̄kpọ nte mme Huguenot 200,000 ẹkefen̄ede ẹka mme idụt efen. Nte ededi, mme utịp esie ẹma ẹka anyan ẹkan oro. Edi ntak ẹkekpụhọde akpa ibet oro akaban̄ade ediyọ ido ukpono?

Ẹma Ẹbiọn̄ọ Toto ke Ntọn̄ọ

Idem okposụkedi Ibet eke Nantes okodude ke edinam ke se ikperede ndisịm isua 90, ewetmbụk kiet ọdọhọ ete ke enye “ama akpakpa ke ini ẹkekpụhọde enye ke 1685.” Ke akpanikọ, owo ikọbọpke ibet oro idori ke nti itiat idakisọn̄. Toto ke ntọn̄ọ, enye ama etịp esịn ke se ẹtịn̄de ẹban̄a nte “usua” ke ufọt mme ọkwọrọ ederi Catholic ye se mmọ ẹkekotde “R.P.R.” (Inua-okot Ido Ukpono Unam Ukpụhọde) Toto ke ini ẹkesiode enye ẹdi ke 1598 tutu esịm n̄kpọ nte 1630, ubiọn̄ọ oro ẹkebiọn̄ọde Ibet eke Nantes ama owụt idem ke mme an̄wan̄wa eneni ẹmi ẹkedude ke ufọt mbon Protestant ye mbon Catholic ye ke mme n̄wed n̄ka ido ukpono. Nte ededi, unana ediyọ ama enyene ediwak ikpehe.

Ke ama akan̄wana ye mbon Protestant ọtọn̄ọde ke 1621 esịm 1629, ukara France ama odomo ndinyịk mmọ nsịn ke otu mbon Catholic ebe ke udịm udịm ubiọn̄ọ. Mfịna emi ama ọsọn̄ ubọk ke idak Louis XIV, kpa “Edidem Utịn.” Usụn̄ ukọbọ esie akada ekesịm edikpụhọde Ibet eke Nantes.

Ọkpọsọn̄ Ukpan

Nte ubak ọkpọsọn̄ ukpan, ẹma ẹbọ mbon Protestant mme unen mmọ sụn̄sụn̄. Ọtọn̄ọde ke 1657 esịm 1685, ẹma ẹbọp n̄kpọ nte ibet 300, ẹmi mme ọkwọrọ ederi ẹkesiwakde ndinọ ekikere, ndida mbiọn̄ọ mme Huguenot. Mme ibet oro ẹma ẹbiọn̄ọ kpukpru ikpehe uwem mmọ. Ke uwụtn̄kpọ, ẹma ẹkpan mme Huguenot ndinam ata ediwak ubọkọkọ, utọ nte ifiọk ibọkusọbọ, ukpep ibet, ye idem edimụm uman. Kaban̄a edimụm uman, ewetmbụk kiet ọdọhọ ete: “Ọfọn didie owo ndiyak uwem esie nsịn ke ubọk ekpep isio ukpepn̄kpọ emi uduak esie ekedide ndibiat ndutịm oro ama okododu?”

Ẹma ẹtetịm ẹsọn̄ọ ubiọn̄ọ emi ke 1677. Owo Huguenot ekededi emi ẹkemụmde nte odomode ndikabade owo Catholic esịt ekenyene ndidi se ẹdiade enye isop ediwak tọsịn okụk mbon France. Ẹma ẹda okụk ukara emi ẹkenyenede ẹto akwa ekọmurua tax ndinyịk mme Huguenot ẹkabade esịt. Ke 1675 mme ọkwọrọ ederi Catholic ẹma ẹnọ Edidem Louis XIV, pound miliọn 4.5 eke mbon France, ẹdọhọde ẹte: “Ke ndiwụt esịtekọm fo, ana afo ada odudu fo ọsọhi isio ukpepn̄kpọ oro efep ofụri ofụri.” N̄kari “edidedep” mbon oro ẹkabarede esịt ẹmi ama osụn̄ọ ke n̄kpọ nte owo 10,000 ndikabade esịt ndụk Ido Ukpono Catholic ke ufan̄ isua ita.

Ke 1663 ẹma ẹkpan edikabade esịt ndụk Ido Ukpono Protestant. Mme ukpan efen ẹma ẹdu n̄ko kaban̄a m̀mê mme Huguenot ẹkpedụn̄ ke m̀mọ̀n̄. Uwụtn̄kpọ kiet ke ebeubọk edinam emi ekedi nte ke nditọwọn̄ isua itiaba ẹkeme ndikabade ndi mbon Catholic ọkpọkọm ete ye eka mmọ inyịmeke. Ẹma ẹnyịk mme ete ye eka ẹdide mbon Protestant ndikpe okụk ukpep oro nditọ mmọ ẹkebọde ẹto mme Jesuit m̀mê mme andikpep efen ẹdide mbon Catholic.

N̄kpọekọn̄ efen ndida mfịk mme Huguenot ekedi ndedịbe n̄ka Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement (N̄ka Edisana En̄wọn̄ọ). Emi ekedi n̄ka Catholic emi ewetmbụk oro Janine Garrisson ọdọhọde ke eketie nte “akwa ndutịm usuanetop” emi akatarade ke ofụri France. Ke odụkde ekesịm n̄kon̄n̄kan ikpehe n̄kaowo, enye ikananake okụk m̀mê ntọt aban̄ade mme asua. Garrisson anam an̄wan̄a ete ke usụn̄ edinam esie akawawak: “Ọtọn̄ọde ke ufịk esịm ubiọn̄ọ, edinam n̄kpọ ke n̄kari esịm ubiomikpe, Compagnie ama ada kpukpru usụn̄ ndinam idem emem mbon Protestant.” Kpa ye oro, ediwak mme Huguenot ẹma ẹka iso ẹdu ke France ke ini ukọbọ emi. Ewetmbụk oro Garrisson ọdọhọ ete: “Ọsọsọn̄ ndidiọn̄ọ ntak emi mbon Protestant mîkọkpọn̄ke France ọkwọk udịm nte usua oro ọkọsọn̄de ubọk sụn̄sụn̄.” Nte ededi, edifehe nyom ubọhọ ama akabade edi se ẹyomde ke akpatre.

Ndifiak N̄ka Ntọn̄ọ

Emem eke Nymegen (1678) ye Ediomi Emem eke Ratisbon (1684) ama afak Edidem Louis XIV osio ke ekọn̄ ye idụt efen. Ke ebede Afua ke England, owo Catholic ama akabade edi edidem ke February 1685. Louis XIV ama ekeme ndida obufa idaha emi nnam n̄kpọ. Isua ifan̄ mbemiso, mme ọkwọrọ ederi Catholic ke France ẹma ẹsio Uwetn̄kpọ Inan̄ eke Gallican, emi okosụhọrede odudu oro pope enyenede. Pope Innocent XI ini oro “ekese Ufọkabasi France nte ọtọ ubahade.” Mmọdo, ebede ke ndikpụhọde Ibet eke Nantes, Louis XIV ama ekeme ndinam enyịn̄ esie asana onyụn̄ afiak enyene eti itie ebuana ye pope.

Edinam edidem ye mbon Protestant ama akabade ana ata in̄wan̄în̄wan̄. Nte an̄wan̄ade mmemmem usụn̄ (mbukpek ye edibọp mbet) ikenyeneke ufọn. Ke n̄kan̄ eken, ukọbọa eke ndondo oro ẹma ẹkụt unen. Ntre ke 1685, Louis XIV ama esịn ubọk ke Ibet eke Fontainebleau, okpụhọrede Ibet eke Nantes. Afai afai ukọbọ emi asan̄ade ye ukpụhọde mi ama anam mme Huguenot ẹdu ke idaha oro akam ọdiọkde akan nte ekedide mbemiso Ibet eke Nantes. Nso ke mmọ ẹdinam idahaemi?

Ẹdịbe, Ẹn̄wana, m̀mê Ẹfen̄e?

Ndusụk mme Huguenot ẹma ẹmek ndituak ibuot ke ndịbe. Ke ẹma ẹkebiat mme itie usopidem ẹnyụn̄ ẹdori ukpan ke an̄wan̄wa utuakibuot mmọ, mmọ ẹma ẹwọn̄ọde ẹbịne ‘Ufọkabasi Desat,’ m̀mê utuakibuot ke ndịbe. Ẹkenam emi kpa ye akpanikọ oro nte ke mme owo oro ẹmụmde nte ẹnịmde mme utọ mbono oro ẹdu ke itiendịk ndidi se ẹbierede ikpe n̄kpa ẹnọ, nte ekemde ye ibet oro ẹkebọpde ke July 1686. Ndusụk mme Huguenot ẹma ẹkan̄ mbuọtidem mmọ, ẹkerede ke iyekeme ndifiak n̄kabade esịt ke ukperedem. Utọ mme akabade esịt oro ẹkenam enyọn̄ enyọn̄ Ido Ukpono Catholic oro mme emana ini iso ẹkekpebede.

Ukara ama odomo ndisọn̄ọ edikabade esịt. Man ẹnyene utom, mbufa mme akabade esịt ẹkenyene ndiwụt n̄weditoro Catholic mmọ emi oku ufọkabasi esịnde ubọk, emi okowụtde ibat ini emi owo akade ufọkabasi. Edieke owo mînịmke nditọwọn̄ baptism inyụn̄ ibọk mmọ nte mbon Catholic, ẹkeme ndimen mmọ n̄kpọn̄ mme ete ye eka mmọ. Mme ufọkn̄wed ẹkenyene ndikpep ukpepn̄kpọ Catholic. Ẹma ẹsịn ukeme ndifiak mmịn̄ n̄kani n̄wed ido ukpono Catholic nnọ “mbon N̄wed [Bible],” nte ẹkesikotde mbon Protestant. Ukara ama emịn̄ se ibede n̄wed miliọn kiet onyụn̄ ọnọ mmọ ẹka mme ikpehe ẹmi ediwak ibat owo ẹkekabarede esịt. Se ẹkesinamde ẹma ẹnen̄ede ẹdiọk tutu edieke owo oro ọkọdọn̄ọde esịnde ndinyịme akpatre edinam Catholic edi ekem idem ọsọn̄ enye, ẹma ẹsibiere n̄kpọkọbi ẹnọ m̀mê ẹnọ okodu ke nsụn̄ikan̄ ke nsinsi. Ndien ke ini enye ke ukperedem akpade, ẹma ẹsitop okpo esie ẹduọk nte mbio, ẹnyụn̄ ẹtan̄ inyene esie.

Ndusụk mme Huguenot ẹma ẹbiere ndida en̄wan mbiọn̄ọ. Ke ikpehe Cévennes, emi ọkọwọrọde etop kaban̄a ọkpọsọn̄ ifịk esie ke ido ukpono, mme Huguenot ẹdide mbon en̄wan ẹmi ẹkekotde mme Camisard ẹma ẹsọn̄ ibuot ke 1702. Ke ndinam n̄kpọ mban̄a en̄wan oro mme Camisard ẹkesidịbede ẹn̄wana ke okoneyo, udịmekọn̄ ukara ama ọfọp mme obio-in̄wan̄ do. Okposụkedi en̄wan mme Huguenot akakade iso ke ndusụk ini, etisịm 1710 odudu udịmekọn̄ Edidem Louis ama osobo mme Comisard efep.

N̄kpọ efen oro mme Huguenot ẹkenamde ekedi ndifehe n̄kpọn̄ France. Ẹkekot uwọrọidụn̄ emi nnennen uwọrọidụn̄. Ediwak mme Huguenot ẹkedu ke unana ke ini ẹkewọrọde koro ukara ama ọbọ mme inyene mmọ, Ufọkabasi Catholic enyenede ubak inyene oro. Ntre ikedịghe mmemmem n̄kpọ ndifehe. Ukara France ama anam n̄kpọ usọp usọp aban̄a se iketịbede oro, ekpemede kpukpru usụn̄ ndisan̄a n̄wọrọ onyụn̄ anamde ndụn̄ọde ke mme nsụn̄ikan̄. Mme inọ ẹma ẹsiyịp mme n̄kpọ ke nsụn̄ikan̄ oro ẹkpọn̄de France, koro akpakịp utịp ama esidu ke ndimụm owo oro efehede. Mme Huguenot ẹmi ẹkemụmde nte ẹfen̄ede ẹma ẹsibọ ọkpọsọn̄ ufen. Ke anamde n̄kpọ etetịm ọsọn̄, mbon uyep oro ẹnamde utom ke mme obio ẹma ẹsidomo ndiyom mme enyịn̄ mbon oro ẹnamde ndutịm ndifehe ye usụn̄ oro mmọ ẹdisan̄ade. Mme leta ndidori ukpan, abian̄a, ye uyịp inọ ẹma ẹkabade ẹdi ọsọ n̄kpọ.

Ebiet Ubọhọ Oro Ẹkedarade

Ẹkediọn̄ọ itọk oro mme Huguenot ẹkefen̄ede ẹkpọn̄ France ye edidara oro ẹkedarade mmọ ke mme idụt oro mmọ ẹkedụn̄de nte Ubọhọ. Mme Huguenot ẹma ẹfen̄e ẹka Holland, Switzerland, Germany, ye England. Ke ukperedem ndusụk mmọ ẹma ẹka Scandinavia, America, Ireland, West Indies, South Africa, ye Russia.

Ediwak idụt Europe ẹma ẹbọp ibet ẹsịnde udọn̄ ẹnọ mme Huguenot ndiwọrọ idụn̄ ndi do. Ke otu mme n̄kpọ oro ẹketịn̄de ndisịn udọn̄ nnọ mmọ ekedi edikabade ndi nditọ isọn̄ ke mfọn, edisio mfep ke ukpe tax, ye editiene mbuana ke n̄ka unyamurua. Nte ewetmbụk oro Elisabeth Labrousse etịn̄de, mme Huguenot ẹkenen̄ede ẹdi “n̄kparawa iren . . . ẹkemede ndinam n̄kpọ, ẹnyịmede ndidu n̄kokon̄ idaha ido uwem.” Ntem France, ke esịmde akpatre idaha odudu esie, ama ataba mbon utom oro ẹnyenede usọ ke ediwak ubọkọkọ. Ih, “mme inyene, mfọniso ye usụn̄ unam n̄kpọ” ẹma ẹnyọn̄ esenidụt. Mme edinam ido ukpono ye eke ukaraidem ẹma ẹnyene udeme n̄ko ke ndinọ mme Huguenot ubọhọ. Edi uwọrọidụn̄ emi ekenyene nso utịp anyan ini?

Edikpụhọde Ibet eke Nantes ye ukọbọ oro eketienede ẹma ẹdemede usua ofụri ererimbot. William eke Orange ama ekeme ndida usua oro ẹkesuade mbon France nnam n̄kpọ ndikabade ndi andikara Netherlands. Ye un̄wam ikpọ owo Huguenot, enye n̄ko ama akabade edi edidem Great Britain, adade itie James II ekedide owo Catholic. Ewetmbụk oro Philippe Joutard anam an̄wan̄a ete ke “Se Louis XIV akanamde ye mbon Protestant ekedi ata akpan ntak kiet oro akanamde ẹbọ James II ukara [ẹnyụn̄] ẹtọn̄ọ Ediomi Augsburg. . . . Mme n̄kpọntịbe [ẹmi] ẹma ẹnịm ini ukpụhọde ke mbụk Europe idiọn̄ọ, adade ekesịm edida Ukara England n̄kpụhọ ukara France.”

Mme Huguenot ẹma ẹnyene akpan udeme ke n̄kan̄ eke ido edinam ke Europe. Mmọ ẹma ẹda obufa ifụre mmọ ndision̄o mme n̄wed oro ẹken̄wamde ndinen̄ede ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Ntatenyịn ye mme ekikere ẹban̄ade ediyọ n̄kpọ ndi. Ke uwụtn̄kpọ, owo Protestant France ama akabade mme n̄wed owo akwaifiọk England oro John Locke, asuande ekikere aban̄ade ndammana unen. Mme ewetn̄wed eken ẹdide mbon Protestant ẹma ẹsọn̄ọ ẹtịn̄ nte ifụre ubieresịt edide akpan n̄kpọ. Ekikere ama ọwọrọ edi nte ke nsụkibuot nnọ andikara enyene adan̄a ye nte ke ẹkeme ndifụmi mme andikara edieke mmọ ẹbiatde ediomi oro okodude ke ufọt mmọ ye mme owo. Ntem, nte ewetmbụk oro Charles Read anamde an̄wan̄a, edikpụhọde Ibet eke Nantes ekedi “kiet ke otu in̄wan̄în̄wan̄ ntak oro eketịpde esịn ke Akwa Ukpụhọde ke France.”

Ẹma Ẹkpep N̄kpọ Ẹto?

Ke ntak idiọk utịp otode ukọbọ ye ukara nditaba ata ediwak nti owo, Marquis de Vauban, emi edide andinọ Edidem Louis XIV item mban̄a ekọn̄, ama esịn udọn̄ ọnọ edidem ndifiak nsọn̄ọ Ibet eke Nantes, ọdọhọde ete: “Edikabade owo esịt enyene Abasi kpọt.” Ntre ntak emi Ukara France mîkekpepke n̄kpọ inyụn̄ ikpụhọde ubiere esie? Ke akpanikọ ntak kiet ekedi nte ke edidem okokop ndịk nte ke oro ayanam ukara emem. N̄ko-n̄ko, ekedi n̄kpọ oro ọnọde ufọn ndin̄wam edifiak nnam ukpụhọde ke Catholic ye ediyọ eke ido ukpono ke ọyọhọ isua ikie 17 ke France.

Mme n̄kpọntịbe ẹkedade ẹkesịm ukpụhọde oro ama anam ndusụk owo ẹbụp ẹte, “N̄kaowo ẹdinyịme ẹdinyụn̄ ẹyọ mbuaha otu adan̄a didie?” Ke akpanikọ, nte mme ewetmbụk ẹkewụtde, idịghe mmemmem n̄kpọ nditịn̄ mban̄a mbụk mme Huguenot ye unana edikere mban̄a “mme usụn̄ edinam ukara ye obukpo edinam mmọ.” Ke mme n̄kaowo mfịn oro ẹdiọn̄de-diọn̄ ẹwak ke orụk ye ke ido ukpono, itọk oro mme Huguenot ẹkefehede ẹyom ubọhọ edi ubiak ubiak editi se iketịbede ke ini mbre ukara emi ufọkabasi ekedide ntak ekedide akpan n̄kpọ akan ke udọn̄ mme owo.

[Mme Ikọ idakisọn̄]

[Ekebe ke page 28]

Edinam Ẹkabade Esịt ebe ke Ukọbọ

Ndusụk owo ẹkeda mbonekọn̄ nte “ata nti isụn̄utom.” Nte ededi, mmọ ẹma ẹsịn mme Huguenot ndịk ke idem, ndien ke ndusụk idaha ofụri obio ẹma ẹsikabade esịt ẹdụk Ido Ukpono Catholic ke ẹkopde ẹte ke mmọ ẹdisịm. Edi mme anie ẹkedi mbonekọn̄ ẹmi?

Mmọ ẹkedi mbonekọn̄ oro ẹkekamade ekese n̄kpọekọn̄ ẹmi ẹkedude ke ufọk mme Huguenot ye uduak ndisịn mme andidụn̄ ndịk ke idem. Ẹkediọn̄ọ edida mbonekọn̄ nnam n̄kpọ ke usụn̄ emi nte ukọbọ. Man ẹnam mbiomo oro ẹkenọde ubon etetịm ọsọn̄ ubọk, mbonekọn̄ oro ẹkesinọde ẹka ufọk kiet kiet ẹma ẹsiwak ẹkan se ubon ẹkenyenede. Ẹma ẹsinọ mbonekọn̄ odudu ndifiomo mme ubon, nnam mmọ ẹkûde idap, nnyụn̄ ntahade mme inyene mmọ. Edieke mbon oro ẹdude ke ubon ẹkan̄de mbuọtidem Protestant mmọ, mbonekọn̄ ẹyekpọn̄ do.

Ẹkeda ukọbọ ndinam mme owo ẹkabade esịt ke 1681 ke Poitou, Edem Usoputịn France, kpa ikpehe emi mme Huguenot ẹkedude ẹwak. Ke ufan̄ ọfiọn̄ ifan̄, owo 30,000 esịm 35,000 ẹma ẹkabade esịt. Ukem usụn̄ oro ke ẹkeda ke 1685 ke ikpehe efen emi mme Huguenot ẹkedụn̄de. Ke ufan̄ ọfiọn̄ ifan̄, ẹma ẹnyene owo 300,000 esịm 400,000 ẹmi ẹkekan̄de mbuọtidem. Nte ekemde ye ewetmbụk oro Jean Quéniart, unen oro ukọbọ emi okokụtde “ama anam Edikpụhọde [Ibet eke Nantes aban̄ade ediyọ] edi se owo mîkemeke ndifep, koro eketie nte okụt unen ke emi.”

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Ediomi eke 1689 emi ama anam ubọhọ odu ọnọ mbon Protestant France ẹmi ẹkeyomde ndibọhọ ufịk ido ukpono

[Ebiet Ẹdade N̄kpọ Ẹto]

Ẹbọ unyịme ẹto The Huguenot Library, Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London

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Edikpụhọde Ibet eke Nantes, 1685 (Ẹwụt akpa page edikpụhọde oro)

[Ebiet Ẹdade N̄kpọ Ẹto]

Documents conservés au Centre Historique des Archives nationales à Paris

[Ndise ke page 26]

Ẹma ẹsobo ediwak temple mbon Protestant

[Ebiet Ẹdade N̄kpọ Ẹto]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris

[Ebiet Ẹdade Ndise Ẹto ke page 28]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris