INGABE BEWAZI?
Ukuba kukamphostoli uPawulu isakhamuzi saseRoma kwakumzuzisa kanjani?
UPawulu wathi: “Ngidlulisela icala kuKhesari!”
Ukuba isakhamuzi saseRoma kwakunikeza umuntu amalungelo athile nomaphi lapho ayeya khona embusweni. Isakhamuzi saseRoma sasingaphansi komthetho waseRoma, hhayi ngaphansi kwemithetho yezinye izifundazwe. Lapho umuntu ebekwa icala, wayengavuma ukuba lelo cala liqulwe ngokomthetho wendawo, kodwa wayenalo nelungelo lokudlulisela icala enkantolo yaseRoma. Uma isigwebo sasiwukufa, wayenelungelo lokudlulisela icala kumbusi.
Sikhuluma ngala malungelo, uCicero, isikhulu sombuso waseRoma sangekhulu lokuqala B.C.E sathi: “Kuyicala ukubopha isakhamuzi saseRoma; ukusishaya kuyinto embi; ukusibulala kufana nokubulala umzali noma isihlobo.”
Umphostoli uPawulu washumayela kakhulu kuwo wonke umbuso wezwe laseRoma. Amalungelo akhe njengesakhamuzi saseRoma wawasebenzisa kulezi zimo ezintathu: (1) Watshela izimantshi zaseFilipi ukuthi zaziphule amalungelo akhe ngokumshaya. (2) Waziveza ukuthi uyisakhamuzi saseRoma ukuze angashaywa eJerusalema. (3) Wadlulisela icala lakhe kuKhesari, umbusi waseRoma, ukuze liqulwe nguye ngokuqondile.—IzEnzo 16:37-39; 22:25-28; 25:10-12.
Abelusi babekhokhelwa kanjani ngezikhathi zeBhayibheli?
Isivumelwano Semibhalo ye-Cuneiform Sokuthengwa Kwezimvu Nezimbuzi, Ngawo-2050 B.C.E.
Inzalamazi uJakobe yelusa umhlambi kamalume wayo uLabani iminyaka engu-20. UJakobe wasebenza iminyaka engu-14 yokuqala ukuze ashade amadodakazi kaLabani amabili, kwathi lena eminye iminyaka eyisithupha wakhokhelwa ngemfuyo. (Genesise 30:25-33) I-Biblical Archaeology Review, ithi: “Izivumelwano zokwalusa njengalezo ezaziphakathi kukaLabani noJakobe, zazijwayelekile kubabhali basendulo nakubafundi bemiBhalo yeBhayibheli.”
Izincwadi zasendulo zezivumelwano ezatholakala eNuzi, eLarsa nakwezinye izindawo e-Iraq yanamuhla zikhuluma ngazo lezi zivumelwano. Ngokuvamile isivumelwano sasithatha unyaka. Abelusi babenomthwalo wokunakekela inani elithile lezilwane elibhalwe phansi ngokweminyaka yazo yobudala nobulili. Ngemva konyaka, umnikazi wemfuyo wayethola ukotini, ubisi, amawundlu nokunye ngokwenani okwakuvunyelenwe ngalo. Noma yini eyayisala kulokho okukhiqiziwe yayiba ekamalusi.
Ukwanda kwenani lomhlambi kwakuxhomeke enanini lezimvukazi ezazinakekelwa umalusi. Izimvukazi eziyikhulu ngokuvamile kwakulindeleke ukuba zizale amawundlu angu-80. Umalusi kwakufanele akhokhe noma ikuphi okwakulahlekile. Yingakho kwakufanele aqikelele ukuthi uzinakekela kahle izilwane aphathiswe zona.