Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kuyavivinywa
Manje izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezizinikele zilwela ukuba imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo iphinde ihlolwe ngokugcwele
AKE uzicabange ungumahluleli ecaleni lobugebengu. Ummangalelwa umelela ubumsulwa bakhe, futhi ofakazi bayeza ukuze bamfakazele. Nokho, lapho ulalela ubufakazi babo uphawula ukuthi ufakazi ngamunye uphikisa abanye. Khona-ke, lapho labofakazi abammelele becelwa ukuba baphindele ebhokisini, ukulandisa kwabo kuyashintsha. Njengomahluleli, ingabe ubuyobubheka njengobuzwakalayo ubufakazi babo? Ingabe ubuyothambekela ekukhululeni ummangalelwa? Ngokuqinisekile ubungeke, ngoba noma yikuphi ukungavumelani kwabo ekummeleleni kushabalalisa ukuthenjelwa kommangalelwa.
Isimo singesifanayo ngenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ofakazi abaningi baye bafika banikeza izincazelo ezihlukahlukene ngemvelaphi yokuphila, belwela inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kodwa ingabe ubufakazi babo buyoyigculisa inkantolo? Ingabe labo abasekela lenkolelo-mbono bakhuluma zwilinye?
Ubufakazi Obungavumelani
Ukuphila kwaqala kanjani? Mhlawumbe awukho omunye umbuzo oye washukumisa ukucabangela okuningi futhi wavusa izinkulumo-mpikiswano eziningi ukwedlula lona. Nokho, ukungavumelani akuphathelene nje nokuziphendukela kwemvelo nendalo; ukungavumelani okuningi kwenzeka phakathi kwezazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokwazo. Cishe yonke imininingwane yokuziphendukela kwemvelo—indlela okwenzeka ngayo, lapho kwaqala khona, lokho noma lowo owakuqala, nokuthi lenqubo yathatha isikhathi esingakanani—kuphikiswana ngayo ngokushubile.
Eminyakeni eminingi izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zazithi ukuphila kwaqala echibini elifudumele ‘lobishi’ lwezinto eziphilayo. Abanye manje bakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka idlambi lolwandle laveza ukuphila. Izindawo ezikhipha amanzi afudumele ezingaphansi kolwandle zicatshangelwa njengenye indawo ewumsuka wokuphila. Abanye bathi izinto eziphilayo zafika ngama-meteor ehlela emhlabeni. Abanye bathi, noma mhlawumbe ama-asteroid awela emhlabeni futhi ashintsha umoya ozungezile, eshukumisa ukuphila phakathi nalenqubo. “Uma i-asteroid enkulu yensimbi ingawela emhlabeni,” kusho omunye umcwaningi, “kungenzeka izinto ezithakazelisayo.”
Isimo sesiqalo sokuphila naso siyacatshangelwa futhi. “Ukuphila akuzange kube khona ngaphansi kwezimo ezizothile, ezinhle njengoba kwake kwacatshangwa kanjalo,” kusikisela umagazini i-Time, “kodwa ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka esinjengesihogo seplanethi eshintshwe ukuqhuma kwezintabamlilo futhi yalinyazwa ama-comet nama-asteroid.” Ukuze ukuphila kube khona ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo phakathi nesiyaluyalu esinjalo, manje ezinye izazi zesayensi zithi yonke lenqubo kumelwe ukuba yenzeka phakathi nesikhathi esincane kakhulu kunokuba kwakucatshangwa ngaphambili.
Izazi zesayensi futhi zinemibono ehlukene ngokuthi uNkulunkulu—“uma ekhona”—ungenaphi kulendaba. Ezinye zithi ukuphila kwaba khona ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngaphandle kokungenela koMdali, kuyilapho ezinye zisikisela ukuthi uNkulunkulu waqalisa lenqubo futhi wavumela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuba kuqhubeke.
Ngemva kokuba ukuphila kuqalile, kwenzeka kanjani ukuziphendukela kwemvelo? Ngisho nalapha, ukulandisa akuvumelani. Ngo-1958, eminyakeni eyikhulu ngemva kokukhishwa kwethi The Origin of Species, isazi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo uSir Julian Huxley saphawula: “Into enkulu eyatholwa uDarwin, isimiso sendawo yonke senqubo engokwemvelo yokuphumelela kwezinto ezinamandla, kufakazelwe ngokuqinile nokokugcina njengokuwukuphela kwendlela yoshintsho olukhulu lokuziphendukela kwemvelo.” Nokho, eminyakeni engu-24 kamuva, isazi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo uMichael Ruse sabhala: “Inani elandayo lezazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo . . . liphikisa ngokuthi noma iyiphi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo esekelwe ezimisweni zikaDarwin—ikakhulukazi noma iyiphi inkolelo-mbono ebheka inqubo engokwemvelo yokuphumelela kwezinto ezinamandla njengesici esiyinhloko esibangela ushintsho lokuziphendukela kwemvelo—ayiphelele ngendlela edukisayo.”
Nakuba umagazini i-Time uthi “kunamaqiniso amaningi aphathekayo” asekela inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, nokho uyavuma ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyindaba eyinkimbinkimbi “enamaphutha amaningi nezinkolelo-mbono eziningi eziphikisanayo ngokuphathelene nendlela yokunikeza ubufakazi obuntulekayo.” Esikhundleni sokusikisela ukuba kufinyelelwe esiphethweni salendaba, ezinye izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezizinikele kakhulu manje zilwela ukuba imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo iphinde ihlolwe ngokugcwele.
Ngakho, impikiswano yokuziphendukela kwemvelo—ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nesiqalo sokuphila ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo—ayisekelwe ebufakazini obuvumelanayo. Isazi sesayensi uT. H. Janabi siphawula ukuthi labo abasekela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo “baye basungula futhi bayeka izinkolelo-mbono eziningi eziyiphutha eminyakeni eminingi edlule futhi kuze kube manje izazi zesayensi azikwazanga ukuvumelana nakweyodwa inkolelo-mbono.”
Ngokuthakazelisayo, uCharles Darwin wayekulindele ukungavumelani okunjalo. Esingenisweni sethi The Origin of Species, wabhala: “Ngazi kahle ukuthi alikho nelilodwa iphuzu okuxoxwé ngalo kulencwadi okungenakusekelwa kulo amaqiniso, ngokusobala aholela eziphethweni ngokuvamile ezihluke ngokuphelele kulezo engifinyelele kuzo.”
Ngempela, ubufakazi obunjalo obungavumelani buphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelene nokwethenjelwa kwenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Ingabe Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kuwukukhetha Okuhlakaniphile?
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, kuphawula incwadi i-Milestones of History, inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo “iye yakhanga abantu abaningi ngoba ibonakala iyiqiniso elikhulu ngokwesayensi kunenkolelo-mbono yendalo ekhethekile.”
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkulumo ezingenakuphikiswa zezinye izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zingase zethuse. Ngokwesibonelo, isazi sesayensi uH. S. Shelton sigomela ngokuthi umqondo wendalo ekhethekile “uwubuphukuphuku kakhulu ukuba ungaze ucatshangelwe ngokungathi sína.” Isazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo uRichard Dawkins silimisa ngesihloko: “Uma uhlangana nothile othi akakholelwa ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, lowomuntu akanalwazi, uyisiwula noma usangene.” Ngokufanayo, uProfesa René Dubos uthi: “Manje abantu abaningi abakhanyiselwe bakwamukela njengeqiniso ukuthi konke okusendaweni yonke—kusukela ezintweni ezibonakalayo ezisemazulwini kuya kubantu—kuye kwathuthuka futhi kuyaqhubeka kuthuthuka ngezinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.”
Ngokwalokhu kukhulumela kubonakala sengathi noma ubani onesilinganiso esithile sokuhlakanipha uyokwamukela kalula ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Phela, ukwenza kwakhe kanjalo bekuyosho ukuthi lowomuntu “ukhanyiselwe” kunokuthi “uyisiwula.” Nokho, kunamadoda nabesifazane abafunde kakhulu abangayisekeli inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. “Ngithole izazi zesayensi eziningi ezinokungabaza komuntu siqu,” kubhala uFrancis Hitching encwadini yakhe ethi The Neck of the Giraffe, “nezimbalwa kakhulu ezize ziphethe ngokuthi inkolelo-mbono kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ayiyona neze inkolelo-mbono yangempela engokwesayensi.”
UChandra Wickramasinghe, isazi sesayensi saseBrithani esaziwa kakhulu, uvumelana nazo. Uthi: “Akukho bufakazi banoma iziphi izimfundiso eziyisisekelo zenkolelo-mbono kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Izwe lathathwa amandla ezenhlalo ngo-1860, futhi ngicabanga ukuthi aye alethela isayensi imiphumela emibi kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.”
UT. H. Janabi wahlola izimpikiswano ezalethwa izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Uthi: “Ngithole ukuthi isimo sihluke kakhulu kulokho esiholelwa ekubeni sikukholelwe. Ubufakazi buncane futhi buyizicucu kakhulu ukuba bungasekela inkolelo-mbono enjalo eyinkimbinkimbi njengaleyo yemvelaphi yokuphila.”
Ngakho, labo abaphikisa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo akufanele nje babukelwe phansi “njengabangenalwazi, abayiziwula noma abasangene.” Ngokuphathelene nemibono ebekela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo inselele, ngisho nesazi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo esithembekile uGeorge Gaylord Simpson kwadingeka sivume: “Bekungaba iphutha ngempela ukungayinaki lemibono njengengakufanele ukucatshangelwa okungathi sína noma ukuyihleka usulu. Labo abenqaba inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo babengabafundi abavelele nabakhaliphile (futhi basenjalo).”
Indaba Yokholo
Abanye bacabanga ukuthi ukukholelwa ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kusekelwe eqinisweni, kuyilapho ukukholelwa endalweni kusekelwe okholweni. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi akekho umuntu oke wabona uNkulunkulu. (Johane 1:18; qhathanisa neyesi-2 Korinte 5:7.) Nokho, lenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ayiphumeleli kulokhu, njengoba isekelwe ezenzakalweni okungekho muntu owake wazibona noma ezaphinde zenzeka.
Ngokwesibonelo, izazi zesayensi azikaze zizibone izinguquko—ngisho nalezo ezizuzisayo—eziveza izinhlobo ezintsha zokuphila; kodwa ziyaqiniseka ukuthi lena indlela izinhlobo ezintsha zokuphila ezafika ngayo. Azizange zikubone ukuphila okususelwa ezintweni ezingaphili; kodwa ziphikelela ngokuthi lena indlela ukuphila okwaqala ngayo.
Ukuntuleka kobufakazi okunjalo kubangela ukuba uT. H. Janabi abize inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuthi “‘ukholo’ nje.” Isazi sesayensi yemvelo uFred Hoyle siyibiza ngokuthi “iVangeli ngokukaDarwin.” UDkt. Evan Shute uveza iphuzu elinamandla ngisho nangokwedlulele. Uthi: “Ngicabanga ukuthi umuntu okholelwa ekutheni zonke izinto zadalwa uNkulunkulu ezisusela ezeni unenkinga encane kakhulu yokuchaza kunokuba kunjalo ngesazi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo esizinikele ngomphefumulo wonke.”
Abanye ochwepheshe bavumelana naye. “Lapho ngihlola isimo somuntu,” kuvuma isazi sezinkanyezi uRobert Jastrow, “ukuvela komuntu ophawulekayo kumakhemikhali ancibilikiswe echibini lamanzi afudumele kubonakala kumangalisa njengokulandisa kweBhayibheli ngemvelaphi yakhe.”
Khona-ke, kungani kusenabaningi abenqaba umbono wokuthi ukuphila kwadalwa?
[Isithombe ekhasini 3]
Izinkulumo zabanye ezingenakuphikiswa zingase zethuse