IBrasília—Iseyintsha, Ihlukile Futhi Ikhula Ngokushesha

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! EBRAZIL

KUKUPHI emhlabeni lapho ubungashayela khona umklami owadweba amapulani okuqala enhloko-dolobha yezwe lakini ucingo? Ubungamtholaphi umklami wezakhiwo owaklama futhi waqondisa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokuqala zikahulumeni ezisenhloko-dolobha? Futhi kukuyiphi inhloko-dolobha lapho ungathi uma uhlangana nomuntu oneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40 ubudala, wazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi akazalelwanga lapho? KuseBrasília, inhloko-dolobha yaseBrazil—idolobha elisha neliyingqayizivele okudingeka silihlolisise.a

Isenzakalo Esahlehliswa

Kuthatha cishe ihora nesigamu ukuhamba ngendiza usuka eSão Paulo uya eBrasília. Amabhasi antofontofo athatha amahora angaba ngu-12 ukuhlanganisa lolu hambo. Ngakhetha ukuhamba ngebhasi. Kwanginikeza isikhathi esanele sokufunda umlando waleli dolobha.

Kusukela ngesikhathi sokuvukela kokuqala okuhleliwe, kuvukelwa umbuso wamaPutukezi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 leminyaka, kwakunesifiso sokwakha inhloko-dolobha entsha eBrazil. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuzimela kweBrazil ngo-1822, ilungu lesigele saseBrazil uJosé Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva lasikisela ukuba le nhloko-dolobha eyayizokwakhiwa ibizwe ngokuthi iBrasília, okuyigama abadwebi bamabalazwe bekhulu le-17 kakade abase belibiza ngalo leli lizwe.

Ngo-1891, umthetho-sisekelo wezwe omusha wanquma ukuba kufakwe izimpawu zokubekisa ezinkangala ezingamakhilomitha-skwele angu-14 000 eCentral Highland Plain. Kuleyo ndawo, engamakhilomitha angu-1000 ukusuka ogwini, kwakuzokwakhiwa inhloko-dolobha entsha. Izazi zezombangazwe zazinomuzwa wokuthi ukuthutha inhloko-dolobha eRio de Janeiro iyiswe ngaphakathi ezweni kwakuyothuthukisa izindawo ezinkulu ezingaphakathi ezweni. Kodwa-ke, kwadlula eminye iminyaka engu-50 kungenziwa lutho. Ekugcineni, ngo-1955, ukwakhiwa kweBrasília okwakuhlehlisiwe kwaphela, futhi kwase kuzoqala isenzakalo esibabazekayo.

Umncintiswano Nepulani

Ngalowo nyaka, owayekhankasela ukuba umongameli uJuscelino Kubitschek wathi uma ekhethwa, inhloko-dolobha entsha yayizokwakhiwa ngaphambi kokuba kuphele isikhathi sakhe seminyaka emihlanu engumongameli. Ngo-April 1956, uKubitschek wakhethwa.

Ezinyangeni ezithile ngaphambi kwalokho, uhulumeni wayememezele umncintiswano: Abaklami bezakhiwo, onjiniyela, nabadwebi bamadolobha eBrazil bacelwa ukuba baklame ipulani yenhloko-dolobha entsha. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, abantu abangu-26 bathumela amapulani abo enhloko-dolobha. Ngo-March 1957, iqembu labahluleli bomhlaba wonke lamemezela owayewinile: umdwebi wezakhiwo zamadolobha uLúcio Costa.

Ngokungefani namapulani abanye abangenela umncintiswano, ipulani kaCosta yayinemidwebo embalwa namakhasi ambalwa abhalwe ngesandla—wayedwebe lonke idolobha emvilophini yephepha elinsundu! Waxolisa kubahluleli ngomdwebo ongeyona inkimbinkimbi kodwa wanezela: “Uma lo mdwebo ungaphumeleli, khona-ke kuyoba lula ukuwulahla, futhi ngiyobe ngingachithanga isikhathi sami noma esomunye umuntu.” Nokho, abahluleli bawuthanda umdwebo wakhe futhi bathi “ucacile, uqondile futhi ulula kakhulu.” Ipulani yakhe yayinjani, futhi yaphenduka kanjani yaba yidolobha likakhonkolo?

“Indiza” Enhlabathini

Indlela enhle yokuthola ukuthi le pulani yayinjani, iwukuba uvakashele iMuseu Vivo da Memória Candanga (UMnyuziyamu Wesikhumbuzo SamaCandango). Njengoba lo mnyuziyamu usendaweni eyayiyisibhedlela sokuqala kuleli dolobha, lesi sakhiwo sazala iBrasília. Abantwana bokuqala abazalelwa eBrasília eminyakeni engu-40 edlule bazalelwa lapha. Nokho, namuhla le ndawo eyayiyisibhedlela ilandisa umlando womsuka nokuthuthuka kweBrasília. Omunye umbukiso wasemnyuziyamu uthi ilandisa umlando “weBhuqu, Useyili Nokhonkolo.”

ULaureti Machado, oyisisebenzi sasemnyuziyamu, uqala ngokungiyisa enkathini “yebhuqu.” Uma phambi kwesithombe esathwetshulwa ngo-1957, esinemigwaqo emibili yebhuqu enqamula enkangala, ehlangana phakathi nogwadule. Uthi: “Lesi sithombe siveza isinyathelo sokuqala sokwakhiwa kwaleli dolobha.” Khona-ke, lapho sibheka imidwebo kaCosta, sibona indlela lo mdwebi wemiklamo yasedolobheni enza ngayo ukuba omunye wale migwaqo ube nejika ukuze kamuva lapho izisebenzi, ezazibizwa ngokuthi ama-candango,b zakha lo mgwaqo enkangala, kube nomfanekiso wendiza enhlabathini.

IBrasília isemi ngaleyo ndlela engavamile: Indiza enekhanda elibheke ngasempumalanga kanye namaphiko ayo agobile abheke enyakatho naseningizimu. Izakhiwo ezineminyango kahulumeni emithathu zitholakala ekhanda, indawo yamabhizinisi yakha umzimba, kanti izindawo zokuhlala zakha amaphiko.

Ukusuka Kuseyili Kuya Kukhonkolo

Izingxenye “zikaseyili” kanye “nokhonkolo” zalo mnyuziyamu zilandisa indlela izisebenzi ezazivela kulo lonke elaseBrazil ezathengisa ngayo izimpahla zazo ukuze zithuthele endaweni yokwakha. Esinye isisebenzi esafika ngo-August 1957 siyakhumbula: ‘Ubaba wathenga iloli, wathwala wonke umkhaya wakithi—abantu abangaphezu kuka-20—washayela izinsuku ezingu-19 weza lapha.’ Abanye bahamba ngamabhasi noma ngezinqola ezidonswa izilwane noma bacela ukugitsheliswa. Sekukonke, kwafika izisebenzi ezingu-60 000.

Leli qembu labakhi, elalihlala ematendeni, lalidingeka ngokuphuthumayo ngoba usuku lokuvulwa kwedolobha lwalumiselwe u-April 21, 1960. Lokho kwakusho ukuthi onjiniyela, ochwepheshe, nezisebenzi zokwakha kwakufanele ziqede inhloko-dolobha ngezinsuku ezingu-1000—umsebenzi omkhulu ngempela! Nokho, lapho kufika usuku lokuvula idolobha, izisebenzi zase ziwuphothulile umsebenzi. Inhloko-dolobha entsha kunazo zonke emhlabeni yayakhiwe enkangala.

Elokuqala Neliwukuphela Kwalo

Ihhovisi le-United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) eBrasília lisalithanda leli dolobha nabakhi balo. Isekela lomphathi wezempucuko we-UNESCO, uDkt. Briane E. Bicca, langitshela: “Asikho esinye isibonelo sepulani yedolobha eyalandelwa ngokwethembeka njengepulani kaCosta. Leso esinye sezizathu ezenza ukuba iBrasília ibe yidolobha lokuqala neliwukuphela kwalo lekhulu lama-20 elitholakala kuyi-World Heritage List ye-UNESCO.”c

IBrasília futhi iwukuphela kwedolobha elisakhiwa kulolo luhlu. UDkt. Bicca uthi lokhu kuphakamisa inselele. “Singayilondoloza kanjani ipulani yokuqala yedolobha kanti lona liyashintsha?” Lapho esaphila, umklami wezakhiwo uLúcio Costa, nakuba ayesevile eminyakeni engu-90 ubudala, wayesabhekene naleyo nselele. Wayenakekela ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezintsha, eqikelela ukuthi aziphazamisi ipulani yakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho uCosta ezwa ngamacebo okwakhiwa komzila wesitimela wesimanje eBrasília, wama kwelokuthi lezo zitimela azihambe ngaphansi komhlaba.

Ukubuka Indawo Ukwelenyoni

Sekuyisikhathi sokubuka idolobha. Ngisho noma uyisivakashi esiqalayo ukufika lapha, ngeke uduke. Kunemigwaqo emibili emikhulu, kanti isiteshi samabhasi sedolobha sisendaweni lapho le migwaqo iphambana khona. Omunye umgwaqo usuka entshonalanga uye empumalanga (usuka emsileni “wendiza” uye ekhanda layo) futhi udlula emahhotela, ezindaweni zamabhayisikobho, emabhange nasezitolo. Omunye-ke wona usuka enyakatho uye eningizimu (usuka kuleli phiko uye kwelinye) futhi udlula ezindaweni zokuhlala.

Indawo engcono kakhulu yokubona ukuthi iBrasília injani ikuyi-Television Tower, umbhoshongo ongamamitha angu-224 ukuphakama osemzimbeni wale ndiza ngemva nje kwamaphiko. Ikheshi yamahhala ikuyisa phezulu emamitheni angu-75 lapho ungabona khona inkaba yedolobha, okuthiwa iPlano Piloto, uphezulu kwelenyoni. Njengoba ubuka odedangendlale bezingadi zedolobha abaze bayosithela ngalé, ubukhulu beBrasília bukushiya ukhexile. Eqinisweni, umklami wezingadi uRoberto Burle-Marx uklame amapaki nezingadi zaseBrasília zaba zinkulu kangangokuba kuthiwa leli dolobha linamapaki amaningi kunazo zonke izinhloko-dolobha emhlabeni uma kuqhathaniswa nenani lezakhamuzi.

Ngasempumalanga kunendawo ebanzi, enotshani, ephahlwe imigwaqo nhlangothi zombili. Eceleni kwemigwaqo kunezakhiwo ezingu-17 ezifanayo. Ngasinye salezi zakhiwo ezinjengamabhokisi sinomnyango othile kahulumeni. Ekupheleni kwale ndawo evulekile kunezakhiwo iBrasília eyaziwa ngazo: izakhiwo ezimbili eziyindilinga ezifanayo, esinye sibheke phansi kanti esinye sibheke phezulu, ezingaphansi kwezakhiwo ezimbili ezinezitezi ezingu-28 lapho kuzinze khona uMkhandlu Kazwelonke, isishaya-mthetho saseBrazil.

Ukuma kwezakhiwo zoMkhandlu Kazwelonke kungase kukukhumbuze indlunkulu yeZizwe Ezihlangene eNew York—futhi lokhu kuyezwakala. Omunye wabaklami bezakhiwo owaba nesandla ekuklameni izakhiwo ze-UN kwakungu-Oscar Niemeyer—yena kanye umklami wezakhiwo waseBrazil owaklama lezi zakhiwo zoMkhandlu Kazwelonke cishe nazo zonke ezinye izakhiwo eziyinhloko zaseBrasília. Eminye yemiklamo yakhe ephambili, njengoMnyango Wezangaphandle (Palacio Itamaraty) kanye noMnyango Wezobulungisa (Palacio da Justiça), iseduze kwezakhiwo ezimbili ezifanayo zoMkhandlu Kazwelonke.

Isizathu Sokuthi Kungani Ungeke Uduke

Nokho, iBrasília ayilona nje ipaki lezakhiwo eziklanywe kahle. Ibuye ibe yikhaya elihlelekile lezinkulungwane zabantu. Njengoba sinqamula ngemoto engxenyeni yedolobha okuhlalwa kuyo, uPaulo, ummeli ohlala eBrasília, uthi: “Abantu abaningi abathuthela eBrasília bathola lokhu kuhleleka kuyimpumuzo esiyaluyalwini sasemadolobheni ababevame ukusibona kwamanye amadolobha.”

Izakhamuzi zaseBrasília zihlala ezakhiweni ezingamabhilidi. Iqoqo lezakhiwo ezinjalo ezizungeze igceke lakha isigceme. Uhlu lwezigceme lugcwalisa amaphiko edolobha enyakatho naseningizimu. Kulula ukuthola amakheli ezindlu. Ngokwesibonelo, ikheli elithi “N-102-L” litholakala ophikweni lwedolobha olusenyakatho, esigcemeni 102, isakhiwo L. Futhi uma ukhumbula ukuthi izinombolo zezigceme ziyakhula (kusuka ku-102 kuya ku-116) njengoba uya ngasemaphethelweni amaphiko, awusoze waduka.

Ukuze kube nokuhleleka nokuhlalisana okuhle, izakhiwo zokuhlala azinazo izitezi ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha. UMnumzan’uCosta wathi ngaleyo ndlela umntwana odlala egcekeni uyamuzwa unina lapho embiza ngefasitela ethi: “Manoel, vem cá!” (Manuel, awuthi gqi ngapha!)

Izinkinga Zokukhula

Nakuba iBrasília iziqhayisa ngokuba yidolobha elakhiwe ngokuvumelana namapulani, ipulani yaleli dolobha ayizicabangelanga izisebenzi ezakha iBrasília. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ngemva kokuvulwa kwale nhloko-dolobha, izisebenzi zazizothatha okungokwazo zibuyele emakhaya. Kodwa izisebenzi ngokusobala zazingakuthandi ukubuyela endaweni engenazo izibhedlela, izikole noma imisebenzi. Zakhetha ukuhlala eBrasília—kodwa zazizohlala kuphi?

Zazingenayo imali yokukhokha intela ephakeme yezakhiwo ezazizakhile, ngakho zahlala ezindaweni ezizungeze iBrasília. Ngokushesha, kwase kuqhibuke amadolobha amaningi amakhudlwana kuneBrasília. Namuhla, abantu abangu-400 000 kuphela abahlala edolobheni elakhiwa ngokwepulani, kanti kunezakhiwo eziningi ezingenamuntu; kodwa izakhamuzi ezingaba izigidi ezimbili zizinze emadolobhaneni angaphandle angekho epulanini yedolobha. Nakuba ukuhlelwa kwaleli dolobha kwakuhloselwe ukuphatha abantu ngokulinganayo, ukungalingani kweholo kuye kwenza umphakathi waba amadolobha ahlukene ngokuphelele.

Ngenxa yalokho, ukwanda kwabantu okukhulu okungalindelekile nokuhlukana ngezigaba kukhuthaza ubugebengu nezinye izinkinga zezenhlalo nezomnotho ezikunoma yiliphi idolobha. Inhloko-dolobha yaseBrazil entsha inezinkinga ngenxa yokukhula. Imigwaqo ehlelwe kahle nezakhiwo ezinhle ngokusobala akwanele ukushintsha izinhliziyo nokuziphatha kwabantu.

“Inkaba YeBrazil”?

Amabhodi amakhulu ezikhangiso asemgwaqweni omkhulu ongena eBrasília akhumbuza izivakashi ukuthi sezizongena “eNkabeni YeBrazil.” Lesi siqubulo siqinisile: Nakuba ingekho ngempela enkabeni yezwe, iBrasília isebangeni elicishe lilingane ukuya kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu ezweni. Nokho, kuthiwani ngencazelo ejulile yaleso siqubulo? Ingabe iBrasília iveza ubunjalo beBrazil ngempela? Kunemibono ehlukahlukene. Ukuvakashela kuleli dolobha eliyingqayizivele kuphela okungakuphendulela lowo mbuzo. Nokho, khumbula ukuthi akufanele wahlulele iBrasília ngokuxhamazela. Zinike isikhathi sokulibona kahle leli dolobha, ngoba njengoba kwasho isakhamuzi esithile, “Brasília seduz gradualmente.” (IBrasília ikukhanga kancane kancane.)

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Isithombe ekhasini 15]

Umlando “weBhuqu, Useyili Nokhonkolo”

[Umthombo]

Arquivo Público do Distrito Federal

[Isithombe ekhasini 15]

Umbukiso wama-“candango”

[Umthombo]

Arquivo Público do Distrito Federal

[Isithombe ekhasini 17]

Isithombe seBrasília esithathelwe endaweni ephakeme

1. Izakhiwo zeminyango kahulumeni

2. Izakhiwo zamahhovisi oMkhandlu

3. INkantolo Ephakeme

4. Inxanxathela yezitolo yaseThree Powers

5. Amahhovisi esishaya-mthetho

[Umthombo]

Secretaria de Turismo, Brasília

[Isithombe ekhasini 18]

Amapaki ahamba phambili ezinhloko-dolobha zomhlaba