Inkathi Yenguquko—YamaNgisi Isikhathi Soshintsho
“Leli kwakuyizwe elaliphakathi koshintsho olukhulu nokuhlaziya kabusha izinto ezibalulekile.”
YILEYO ndlela uJ. J. Scarisbrick alichaza ngayo izwe laseNgilandi lekhulu le-16 leminyaka encwadini yomlando walo i-Henry VIII. Iziyaluyalu ezingokwenkolo eYurophu zanezela enkolelweni abanye ababenayo yokuthi izinkolelo ezivamile zazidinga inguquko.
Izimfundiso zikaMartin Luther ezazibangela izimpikiswano zathola abazisekelayo eNgilandi. Futhi kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-14 leminyaka, amaLollard, abashumayeli abashisekayo namaqhawe eBhayibheli, babekhuthazelile futhi basakaza izimfundiso zabo kwelaseNgilandi.
Ngo-1526, amakhophi enguqulo yesiNgisi yemiBhalo YesiGreki kaWilliam Tyndale ayesefinyelele eNgilandi, naphezu kwemizamo yezitha ezinamandla yokuvimbela ukusakazwa kwawo. Izimfundiso zamaKatolika ezindala njengesihlanzo, ukuguquka kwesinkwa sibe umzimba kaJesu nobumpohlo babapristi zadalulwa njengezingasekelwe eBhayibhelini.
Kodwa kwakuyizinkinga zomuzi wenkosi ezabhebhezela umlilo weNkathi YeNguquko YamaNgisi. UHenry VIII wayefuna ukuhlukanisa nomkakhe ongumKatolika uCatherine wase-Aragon ngoba efuna kube inkosana eyayiyothatha isihlalo sobukhosi. Zonke izingane eziyisithupha uCatherine ayezizalele uHenry zazizalwa sezifile noma zife ziseyizinsana, ngaphandle kweyodwa, indodakazi egama layo linguMary. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uHenry wayesekhangwé usukasihambe wentombi engu-Anne Boleyn futhi efuna ukuyishada.
Ngokungazi, umbusi onekhono nonamandla owayesiza uHenry, ukhadinali uThomas Wolsey, wafaka umfutho owengeziwe eNkathini YeNguquko. Kusukela ekuqaleni kokubusa kukaHenry ngo-1509, kancane kancane uWolsey wazizuzela amandla nengcebo. Ekugcineni wayesenezwi elilandela elenkosi. Kodwa uWolsey wayengadumile ngoba wayebusa ngobushiqela futhi ekhuphule izintela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayebonakala enomuzwa wokuthi wayengekho ngaphansi kwemithetho yesonto lakhe, njengoba ayenezingane ezimbili ezingamavezandlebe.
Izikhulu zenza uzungu lokuwisa uWolsey, olwaqiniswa lapho ehluleka ukutholela uHenry isehlukaniso ayesifuna ngabomvu. Ephucwe isikhundla sakhe, uWolsey wafa ngo-1530, ngaphambi nje kokuba avele enkosini ngamacala okwambuka.
Umoya wokumelana nabefundisi waqina eNgilandi. Isazi-mlando uScarisbrick sabhala ukuthi “kwakuphikiswana ngokuthi iSonto kwakudingeka lihlunge ngokuphelele, nokuthi umphakathi wawungeke usakwazi ukuthwala lo mthwalo osaphazayo, le nhlangano enkulu eyayisebenzisa abantu abaningi kangaka, yenza ingcebo eningi yaba yize, yathatha okuningi futhi yabuyisela okuncane kakhulu . . . , futhi ukugelezela kwemali yamaNgisi eRoma . . . kwalimaza umnotho [waseNgilandi].”
Inkathi KaCromwell
Ekugcineni, izinkinga zomshado kaHenry “zaxazululwa” ngosizo lomeluleki wakhe omkhulu uThomas Cromwell noMbhishobhi Omkhulu omusha waseCanterbury, uThomas Cranmer. Isonto laseSheshi labuqeda ubuhlobo balo nesonto lamaRoma, futhi inkosi yaba inhloko yesonto laseSheshi. UCranmer wasula umshado kaHenry noCatherine ngo-1533. Ngalesi sikhathi uHenry wayeseshadile kakade no-Anne Boleyn, owayesekhulelwe. Lokhu kukhululwa egunyeni lobupapa kwaba nemiphumela emikhulu.
UCromwell wanikwa igunya eliphelele esontweni futhi inkosi kuphela eyayingaphezu kwakhe. Ngokuqhubekayo, izigodlo zezindela zabhidlizwa futhi impahla yazo yadluliselwa eNkosini, kwatholakala imali eyayidingeka kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uCromwell wafeza indima ebalulekile ekunyathelisweni nasekusakazweni kweBhayibheli ngesiNgisi, njengoba u-A. G. Dickens ephawula encwadini yakhe i-English Reformation: “Amandla angokwezombangazwe, ukuhlela ukunyatheliswa kwalo, ukuxhaswa kwako ngemali, ukucindezela iSonto LaseSheshi ukuba lamukele iBhayibheli Elisemqoka, lokhu kwavela koyiphini lenkosi uThomas Cromwell.”
Njengoba iBhayibheli lase litholakala kakhudlwana emphakathini, lalinethonya elikhulu embonweni wabantu ngenkolo evamile. UDickens uyaphawula: “Ukuphila okulula kukaJesu Kristu nabaPhostoli kwakuphambene ngokuxakayo nesimiso sikahulumeni sokubusa ngegunya elikhulu nengcindezelo, ingcebo enkulu nokuxhashazwa kwezakhiwo ezinhle zeSonto lakamuva lenkathi ephakathi neNkathi Yempucuko.”
UHenry wabonisa isithakazelo ezinguqukweni ezithile ezingokwenkolo, kodwa izindlela zakhe zazibuswa ukukhathazeka ngezombangazwe kunokuqiniseka okujulile okungokwenkolo. Wayewazi kahle amaqembu amabili ayephikisana, labo ababefuna inguquko nalabo ababefuna ukuqhubeka nenkolo endala, ababedla ngoludala. Ukuze aqhubeke nokuphatha, ngobuhlakani wayeqhatha la maqembu.
Ngo-1540 inkathi yokuchuma kwenguquko yaphazamiseka okwesikhashana ngenxa yokuwa kukaCromwell. Izitha zakhe ezazisadla ngoludala zakholisa uHenry ukuthi wayeyikho kokubili imbuka nesihlubuki, futhi wagwetshwa ngaphandle kokuthethwa kwecala.
Isikhathi esithile, labo ababesadla ngoludala babebonakala sengathi yibo ababusayo. Kodwa abakwazanga ukumisa inguquko eyayisiqalile kakade. Noma kunjalo, iNkathi YeNguquko ayizange isigcwalise isithembiso sayo. AbaShisekeli BeNguquko abangamaProthestani behluleka ukukhipha eziningi zezimfundiso zamanga zabantu nezamasiko ezazingcolisa ukholo lwamaRoma Katolika.
Lapho uHenry ethatha inkosikazi yesithupha neyokugcina, uCatherine Parr, ngo-1543, labo ababefuna inguquko bakhuthazeka. Yabonisa isithakazelo esikhulu ezimfundisweni ezingokwenkolo ezintsha. Kodwa labo ababesadla ngoludala babengazimisele ukuyeka bengalwanga. Amaqhinga abo namacebo ayenziwa ngasese ayezofaka indlovukazi entsha empini enzima yokulwela ukuphila kwayo. Lokhu kuzocatshangelwa kumagazini olandelayo we-Phaphama!
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Henry VIII No-Anne Boleyn
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Catherine of Aragon
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William Tyndale
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Thomas Cromwell
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Thomas Cranmer
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Thomas Wolsey
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Thomas Wolsey: From the book The Story of Liberty, 1878; crest, background design, and King Henry VIII with Anne Boleyn: From the book The Library of Historic Characters and Famous Events, Vol. VII, 1895; Catherine of Aragon, Thomas Cranmer, and Thomas Cromwell: From the book Heroes of the Reformation, 1904