Ama-lahar—Umphumela Wemount Pinatubo

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! EPHILIPPINES

IZINDLU zazembozwe izikhukhula. Amabhizinisi aba incithakalo. Izimoto zakhukhuleka. Izakhiwo zambozeka. Izinkulungwane zabantu zaphoqeleka ukuba zibaleke. Ezinye zavaleleka, zangakwazi ukubaleka. Yini eyabangela lokhu? Ukuzamazama komhlaba? Ukuguguleka kwenqwaba yeqhwa? Cha. Lesi isenzakalo esiqhubekayo esabangelwa ama-lahar (läʹhärs). Ayini? Ama-lahar awukugeleza kwamanzi anodaka lwentaba-mlilo, kuhlanganise nomlotha omahhadla, i-pumice, nodaka lokuqhuma kwangaleso sikhathi nokwangaphambili.

Kungenzeka ukuthi eminyakeni eyishumi edlule wawungakaze uzwe ngeMount Pinatubo yasePhilippines. Kodwa ngemva kokuqhuma okukhulu okwenzeka ngo-June 15, 1991, “iPinatubo” yaba undabamlonyeni ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Ngemva kokungaqhumi iminyaka engaba ngu-500, iMount Pinatubo yakhafula enye yezintaba-mlilo ezinkulu kunazo zonke kuleli khulu leminyaka. Umlotha, isihlabathi, namadwala kwaphuma kulentaba-mlilo futhi kwana ezweni ngamanani abantu abangakaze bawabone.a

Lentaba-mlilo yakhiphela emkhathini umthamo omkhulu wodaka ongaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-20. Nakuba olunye lwalolu daka lwabuyela emhlabeni, uthuli oluningi lwasala esibhakabhakeni—hhayi nje uthuli kuphela kodwa inqwaba ye-sulfur dioxide, engamathani ayizigidi ezingaba ngu-20!

Mhlawumbe uyayikhumbula eminye yemiphumela embulungeni yonke: ukushona kwelanga okuhle kakhulu okwesikhashana; ukufiphala kwelanga okugqame ngokungavamile eMexico nasezindaweni eziseduze ngo-1991; ukushintsha kwezimo zezulu, kuhlanganise nokuphola kwesimo sezulu ezingxenyeni zaseNyakatho Nenkabazwe; nokubhujiswa okwandayo kongqimba lomhlaba lwe-ozone. Noma kungenzeka ukuthi uye wezwa ngendlala nangezifo ezandayo ezahlasela abantu ababexoshwe yilokhu kuqhuma.

Umphumela Ohlala Njalo

Omunye wemiphumela engathi sína kakhulu yokuqhuma kwePinatubo, futhi mhlawumbe oye wangaqashelwa kakhulu emhlabeni, isenzakalo esaziwa ngokuthi i-lahar. Njengoba kushiwo esigabeni sokuqala salesi sihloko, ama-lahar aye abangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu emashumini ezinkulungwane zabantu. Ngenxa yama-lahar, imiphumela yokuqhuma kweMount Pinatubo ayikapheli. Isezwakala kuze kube namuhla. Kungenzeka ukuthi awuzange uthinteke wena siqu, kodwa endaweni engaseMount Pinatubo, amabhizinisi, imisebenzi, amakhaya, abantu, ngisho namadolobha kucekelwa phansi ngokuqhubekayo. Izimbangela ngama-lahar ePinatubo.

Nakuba amaningi efana nemifula edungeke ngokungavamile, lapho i-lahar inodoti ongaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-60, iqala ukufana nokhonkolo ogelezayo. Lokhu kungaba okubhubhisa kakhulu. I-Technical Primer on Pinatubo Lahars ithi: “Lolu daka lushube (ngaphezu kwesisindo samanzi siphindwe kabili) kangangokuba amatshe amakhulu, amaqoma agcwele amatshe, izimoto, izakhiwo zikasimende, ngisho namabhuloho kuyakhukhuleka.”

Abangelwa yini ama-lahar? Uzokhumbula ukuthi iMount Pinatubo yakhipha inqwaba yodaka lapho iqhuma. Olunye lwaya emkhathini, kodwa oluningi lwasala entabeni nasezindaweni eziseduze njengokugeleza (okubangelwa ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo). Kwakuwudaka olungakanani? Ngokombiko we-Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, kwakungama-cubic meter ayizigidi ezingu-6650. Isazi sezintaba-mlilo sase-United States uC. G. Newhall sithi kwaphuma imfucumfucu eyanele “ukugandaya umgwaqo omkhulu onemizila emine ukuya nokubuya e-United States okungenani izikhathi eziyishumi.” Kulolu daka, ama-cubic meter ayizigidi zezigidi ezingu-3450 ayekhukhuleka—elindele nje ukufika kwezimvula ziwakhukhulele ezindaweni eziphansi, kubangele ama-lahar. EPhilippines, izimvula ezinamandla nezivunguvungu zasolwandle zingabangela inkathazo eyengeziwe. Kungana imvula enkulu ngesikhathi esifushane, okubangela ama-lahar amakhulu.

Yilokho kanye obekulokhu kwenzeka iminyaka eminingana. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, izimvula ziye zamanzisa imfucumfucu yentaba-mlilo, zayikhukhula. Ama-lahar aye enza amasimu avundile aba incithakalo futhi amadolobha aye ambozeka kwavela uphahla kuphela. Kwezinye izimo, lokhu kuye kwenzeka ngokuphazima kweso. Izinkulungwane zamakhaya ziye zacekelwa phansi, futhi abantu baye basuka ezindaweni zabo zendabuko, baphoqeleka ukuba baqale ukuphila okusha kwenye indawo. Kuze kube sekuqaleni kuka-1995, ama-lahar ayesekhukhulele ezindaweni eziphansi amaphesenti angu-63 kadoti wentaba-mlilo, kodwa kwakusasele amaphesenti angu-37 entabeni, alindele nje ukudala inhlekelele esikhathini esizayo. Futhi ingxenye enkulu yamaphesenti angu-63 asehlile kakade isewusongo. Amanzi ezimvula ezinkulu agubha imisele odakeni olwachitheka enhla nomfula. Lokhu kubangela ukuba ama-lahar aphinde akhukhuleke, aba usongo kubantu nasempahleni esezansi nomfula. Ngo-July 1995 i-Manila Bulletin yabika: “Ama-barangay (amadolobhana) angu-91 . . . aye acekelwa phansi eNkabeni yeLuzon, ambozwa inqwaba yodaka lwentaba-mlilo.”

Inhlekelele Futhi

Kusihlwa ngoMgqibelo, ngo-September 30, 1995, isivunguvungu semvula esinamandla iMameng (esaziwa emhlabeni wonke ngokuthi iSybil) sahlasela iLuzon. Kwana imvula enkulu eMount Pinatubo. Lokhu kwabangela inhlekelele. Ama-lahar akhukhuleka futhi. Kwambozeka yonke into eyayisendleleni yawo. Kwenye indawo kwadilika udonga oluyisivikelo, lwachaya izindawo ezazingaphazamisekile kuma-lahar ayengaphazamisekile ajule ngamamitha angaba yisithupha. Izindlu ezingenazo izitezi zambozeka ngokuphelele. Abantu bagibela phezu kwezindlu ukuze basindise ukuphila kwabo. Lapho i-lahar yayishube kakhulu khona, yayikhukhula amatshe, izimoto, ngisho nezindlu.

Izikhukhula zingomunye wemiphumela yama-lahar, njengoba zishintsha imizila yemifula nesimiso sokudonswa kwamanzi. Izinkulungwane zezindlu zambozwa amanzi, kuhlanganise neziningi zemikhaya yoFakazi BakaJehova, kanye namaHholo OMbuso amaningana.

Abanye baba nokuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu kakhulu. Umuntu wayecwila kuyi-lahar ekhukhulekayo noma odakeni olwalusanda kuchitheka, okwakwenza kube nzima ukuphunyuka. Kwakuthatha amahora noma izinsuku eziningana ukuba lolu daka lome ngokwanele ukuba kuhanjwe kulo. Abantu babesinda kanjani? Abanye babehlala phezu kwezindlu noma ezihlahleni ngaphezu kwe-lahar kuze kube yilapho sekungahambeka kuyo. Abanye babebambelela noma bahambe ezintanjeni zocingo, njengoba i-lahar yayisiphakeme kangako. Abanye babekhasa odakeni olwase lome kancane olwalubangelwe i-lahar. Abanye bafa. Uhulumeni wathumela izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezindaweni ezazihlaselwe kakhulu, zithatha abantu phezu kwezindlu.—Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, bheka isihloko esihambisana nalesi esithi “Satakulwa Kuyi-lahar!”

Uthando Lushukumisela Abanye Ukuba Basize

OFakazi BakaJehova bakujabulela ukuzwa ukuthi nakuba izindlu eziningi namanye amaHholo OMbuso alimala noma acekelwa phansi, abekho kubafowabo nodadewabo abangamaKristu abalahlekelwa ukuphila kwabo. Nokho, ngokusobala, kwakunesidingo esikhulu kwababehlaselwe ama-lahar noma izikhukhula. Abanye oFakazi baphunyuka kuphela nezingubo ababezigqokile, ezazinodaka lwama-lahar. Asabela kanjani amaKristu abakanye nawo kulesi sidingo?

Abadala bebandla lasendaweni engumakhelwane benza imizamo yokuthola ukuthi abafowabo abangamaKristu babephephile yini noma babedinga usizo ukuze basuke kuleyo ndawo. Lokhu kwenziwa ngobunzima obukhulu, njengoba ama-lahar ayesathambile ezindaweni eziningi. UGuillermo Tungol, umdala weBandla laseBacolor, wathi: “Saya ukuyosiza. Sahamba ezintanjeni zocingo ukuze sifinyelele kubafowethu.” UWilson Uy, isikhonzi sesikhathi esigcwele ebandleni elifanayo, wanezela: “Sacishe sangakwazi ukufika lapho ngoba kwakudingeka sihambe emanzini afinyelela esifubeni ayegijima kakhulu.” Kodwa, ngokucophelela bafinyelela lapho futhi bakwazi ukuthola isimo samalungu ebandla nokusiza lapho babengasiza khona.

NgoMsombuluko ekuseni, ngo-October 2, ihhovisi legatsha le-Watch Tower Society lase lazi ngalendingeko. Ingabe izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezingu-345 zakuleli gatsha zaziyokwazi ukusiza? Yebo! Zasabela ngokushesha. Ngehora leshumi ekuseni, lezi zisebenzi kuphela zanikela ngezambatho ezingaba ithani kubafowabo abangamaKristu ababehluphekile. Lokhu kwathunyelwa nokudla okuthile nezimali ngeloli eladiliva lezi zimpahla ngalolo suku.

Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, amabandla aseMetro-Manila aziswa ngalendingeko. Ngokushesha kwathunyelwa amathani angaphezu kwamahlanu ezingubo zokugqoka ezengeziwe, kanye nezinye izinto ezazidingeka. UFakazi othile waseJapane wayevakashele ePhilippines ngesikhathi salenhlekelele. Wayesanda kufika evela eHong Kong, lapho ayezithengele khona izingubo eziningana zokugqoka. Lapho ezwa ngokuhlupheka kwamaKristu akanye nawo eduze neMount Pinatubo, wawanikeza zonke izingubo ayezithengile wabuyela eJapane engasenalutho. Yeka indlela okuqabula ngayo ukubona amaKristu eqiniso ebonisa uthando kulabo abasweleyo—hhayi nje ngokubafisela okuhle kodwa ‘ngokubanikeza izidingo zomzimba wabo.’—Jakobe 2:16.

Okutusekayo futhi iqiniso lokuthi oFakazi BakaJehova abazange bavumele izenzakalo ezinjalo zidambise ukushisekela kwabo izinto ezingokomoya. Imihlangano yobuKristu yaqhubeka—kwesinye isimo ngisho nalapho amanzi ayefika emaqakaleni eHholo LoMbuso. Eqaphela ukubaluleka kokudlulisela isigijimi seBhayibheli kwabanye, lamaKristu aqhubeka eshumayela endlini ngendlu. Amanye kwakudingeka ahambe emanzini ukuze afinyelele endaweni ayezofakaza kuyo—lapho kwakungenazikhukhula ezinkulu khona. Ayephatha izingubo futhi ashintshe lapho efika endaweni eyomile. Ngakho ngisho noma lamaKristu ayehluphekile, awazange akuvumele lokhu ukuba kuwavimbele ekuboniseni ukukhathalela abanye.

Yebo, umphumela wePinatubo ungaphezu kwalokho abaningi ababecabanga ukuthi uyoba yikho. Uyindaba esazoqhubeka iminyaka eminingi. Kuye kwenziwa imizamo yokulawula ama-lahar, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi lokho kungaphezu kwamandla omuntu. Yeka indlela okujabulisa ngayo ukubona ukuthi lapho kuphakama izimo ezinjalo, amaKristu eqiniso azisebenzisa njengethuba lokubonisa uthando lwawo ngoNkulunkulu nangomakhelwane!

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 21]

Indlela Imount Pinatubo Eyawuthinta Ngayo Umhlaba

LAPHO ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo iMount Pinatubo kuphela, kuba ukuphela kwendaba. Akunjalo? Lutho neze! Phawula eminye yemiphumela esasele embulungeni yonke.

◼ Kungenzeka uye wabona ukushona kwelanga okuhle kakhulu okwesikhashana ngemva kwalokhu kuqhuma.

◼ Ososayensi eMexico bamangala lapho bebona ukufiphala kwelanga okungavamile okukhazimulayo ngo-July 11, 1991. Kwakubangelwa yini? Ukuqhuma kweMount Pinatubo. Izinhlayiyana zothuli lwayo zahlakaza ukukhanya okuzungeze ilanga ngendlela engavamile.

◼ Isimo sezulu naso sathinteka. Ezinyangeni ezingaba ntathu ngemva kwalokhu kuqhuma, kwabikwa ukuthi eTokyo, eJapane, kwakufinyelela ukukhanya kwelanga okwehle ngamaphesenti ayishumi kunokukhanya okuvamile. Umlotha wentaba-mlilo wasithibeza ingxenye yokukhanya kwelanga. I-Science News yabonisa ukuthi kunokwehla okungaba ngu-1° C. kwezinga lokushisa elivamile ezingxenyeni zaseNyakatho Nenkabazwe.

◼ Omunye umphumela kwaba ukubhujiswa okwandayo kongqimba lomhlaba lwe-ozone. I-sulfuric acid eyayisemkhathini ngenxa yalokhu kuqhuma yahlangana nama-chlorine enziwe umuntu, okwaphumela ekuwohlokeni kwe-ozone. Ngokuvamile ungqimba lwe-ozone luba isivikelo somkhathi esivikela abantu ekungenweni umdlavuza. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokhu kuqhuma, amazinga e-ozone e-Antarctica ehla cishe ngokuphelele; enkabazwe, amazinga ehla ngamaphesenti angu-20.

◼ Indlala nezifo kwakungeminye yemiphumela emibi. Abantu abaxoshwa intaba-mlilo baphoqeleka ukuba bahlale ezikhungweni zabathuthi okwesikhashana, lapho ukugula kwakusakazeka khona ngokushesha. Abathinteka kakhulu kwakungama-Aeta, isizwe esaphoqelelwa ukuqhuma ukuba siphume ezweni laso siyohlala endaweni esasingayijwayele.

[Isithombe]

Abantu abathutha ezindaweni ezihlaselwe izikhukhula noma i-“lahar”

[Isithombe ekhasini 18]

Indlu ikhukhulwa i-“lahar”

[Isithombe ekhasini 18]

Izakhiwo ezinezitezi ezimbili zimbozeke kwaze kwafinyelela ophahleni

[Isithombe ekhasini 18]

Amasimu amahle amaningi aphenduka incithakalo ngenxa yama-“lahar”

[Izithombe ekhasini 19]

Phezulu: Isakhiwo sebhange eBacolor, ePampanga, simbozwe ngokuyingxenye i-“lahar,” ngo-March 1995

Ngezansi: Ibhange elifanayo limbozwe ngokuphelele i-“lahar” yamuva, ngo-September 1995