Izihluthulelo Zokusinda

UMA ubuzwe umbiko wokuthi kunombulali ohlasele indawo yangakini, ubungazithatha yini izinyathelo zokuzivikela wena nomkhaya wakho? Cishe ubuyohluthulela futhi ufake imigoqo eminyango ukuze kungangeneki kalula. Ubuyoqaphela nabafokazi abasolekayo futhi ubabike ngokushesha.

Ingabe akufanele abesifazane benze okufanayo ngokuqondene nesifo esibulalayo, umdlavuza wamabele? Yiziphi izinyathelo abangazithatha ukuze bazivikele futhi bandise amathuba abo okusinda?

Ukuwuvimbela Nokudla

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi umdlavuza owodwa kwemithathu e-United States ubangelwa izici zokudla. Ukudla okufanele okuyokusiza ukuba ulondoloze isimiso somzimba wakho sokuzivikela kungaba isivikelo esibaluleke kakhulu. Nakuba kungekho ukudla okwaziwayo okungelapha umdlavuza, ukudla ukudla okuthile nokunciphisa okuthile kungaba izinyathelo eziphephile. “Ukudla ukudla okufanele kunganciphisa ingozi yokungenwa umdlavuza wamabele ngamaphesenti angafinyelela emashumini amahlanu,” kusho uDkt. Leonard Cohen we-American Health Foundation eValhalla, eNew York.

Ukudla okunothe nge-fiber, njengezinkwa zikakolweni nokusanhlamvu, kungasiza ekunciphiseni izinga le-prolactin ne-estrogen, ngokunokwenzeka ngokunamathela kulama-hormone futhi kuwakhiphe emzimbeni. Ngokwephephabhuku i-Nutrition and Cancer, “lemiphumela inganciphisa ukwanda kokwakheka komdlavuza.”

Ukunciphisa amafutha kunganciphisa ingozi. Umagazini i-Prevention wasikisela ukuthi ukuyeka ubisi olunamafutha uphendukele kolungenawo amafutha, ukunciphisa ukudla ibhotela, ukudla inyama engenawo amafutha amaningi, nokususa isikhumba enyameni yenkukhu kunganciphisa amafutha abe sezingeni elilondekile.

Imifino enothe ngovithamini A, njengezaqathe, ithanga, ubhatata, nohlaza, njengesipinashi ne-collard namahlamvu esinaphi, kungaba usizo. Kucatshangwa ukuthi uvithamini A uvimbela ukwakheka kwezinguquko ezibangela umdlavuza. Futhi imifino enjenge-broccoli, amahlumela emifino yesinaphi, ukholifulawa, iklabishi, no-anyanisi oluhlaza iqukethe amakhemikhali akhiqiza ama-enzyme ayisivikelo.

Encwadini ethi Breast Cancer—What Every Woman Should Know, uDkt. Paul Rodriguez uthi isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela, esiphawula futhi sibhubhise amangqamuzana angavamile, singaqiniswa ngokudla. Usikisela ukudla ukudla okunothe ngokusansimbi, njengenyama engenawo amafutha amaningi, imifino enamacembe aluhlaza, izimbaza, nezithelo nemifino enothe ngovithamini C. I-Journal of the National Cancer Institute ibika ukuthi izithelo nemifino okunothe ngovithamini C kunciphisa ingozi yokungenwa umdlavuza wamabele. Ubhontshisi nemikhiqizo yawo engabilisiwe kuqukethe i-genistein, eyaziwa ngokuqeda ukukhula kwesimila ekuhloleni kwezesayensi, kodwa kusazoqinisekwa ngomphumela wayo kubantu.

Ukuwubona Usaqala

“Ukuwubona usaqala umdlavuza wamabele kuseyisinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ekuwunqandeni,” kusho incwadi ethi Radiologic Clinics of North America. Kulesisimo izinyathelo ezintathu eziyisihluthulelo ziwukuzihlola amabele njalo, ukuhlolwa udokotela minyaka yonke, ne-mammography.

Ukuzihlola amabele kufanele kwenziwe njalo inyanga ngayinye, njengoba owesifazane kumelwe akuqaphele ukuphawula noma yini esolekayo esimweni samabele akhe nalokho akuzwayo kuwo, njengokuqina noma isigaxa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi akutholayo kubonakala kukuncane kangakanani, kudingeka athintane nodokotela wakhe ngokushesha. Lapho isigaxa sixilongwa ngokushesha, yilapho eyokwazi khona ukulawula ikusasa lakhe. Umbiko ovela eSweden wabonisa ukuthi uma umdlavuza wamabele ongasakazeki ungaphezudlwana kwamamilimitha angu-15 noma ngaphansana futhi ususwa ngokuhlinzwa, angase abe namathuba angamaphesenti angu-94 okuphila iminyaka engu-12.

UDkt. Patricia Kelly uyaphawula: “Uma umdlavuza wamabele ungaphindanga wavela eminyakeni engu-12 1/2, cishe ngeke uphinde uvele. . . . Futhi abesifazane bangafundiswa ukuthola umdlavuza omncane kunesentimitha [i-intshi elingu-1/3] ngokusebenzisa nje iminwe yabo.”

Kutuswa ukuba kwenziwe ukuhlolwa komzimba udokotela walesisifo noma omunye udokotela njalo unyaka ngamunye, ikakhulukazi lapho owesifazane esedlulile eminyakeni engu-40 ubudala. Uma kutholakala isigaxa, kungaba kuhle ukuthola umbono wesibili ovela kuchwepheshe wezifo zamabele noma udokotela ohlinzayo.

I-National Cancer Institute e-United States ithi isikhali esihle sokulwa nomdlavuza wamabele ukuhlolwa njalo nge-mammogram. Loluhlobo lwe-X ray lungabona isimila cishe eminyakeni engaba mibili ngaphambi kokuba sizwakale. Lenqubo kutuswa ukuba isetshenziswe kwabesifazane abaneminyaka engaphezu kuka-40 ubudala. Nokho, uDkt. Daniel Kopans uyasitshela: “Ayiphelele.” Ayinakuwubona wonke umdlavuza wamabele.

UDkt. Wende Logan-Young wasemtholampilo wezifo zamabele eNew York State utshela i-Phaphama! ukuthi uma owesifazane noma udokotela wakhe ethola okuthile okungahambi kahle kodwa i-mammogram ingakuvezi, ukuthambekela kungase kube ukukushaya indiva lokho okuvezwa umzimba bese kukholelwa i-X ray. Uthi lokhu ‘kuyiphutha elikhulu kunawo wonke esiwabona ezinsukwini zanamuhla.’ Ululeka abesifazane ukuba banganciki ngokuphelele ekhonweni le-mammography lokubona umdlavuza kodwa bathembele kakhulu nasekuhlolweni kwamabele.

Nakuba i-mammography ingazibona izimila, ayikwazi ngempela ukubonisa ukuthi azinangozi (azinawo umdlavuza) noma zinengozi (zinomdlavuza). Lokho kungenziwa kuphela ngokuhlinzwa futhi kuhlolwe izicubu. Cabangela indaba ka-Irene, owahlolwa nge-mammogram. Ethathela kulokho akubona emiphumeleni ye-X ray, udokotela wabonisa ukuthi isigaxa esasisebeleni lakhe sasiyisifo samabele esingenangozi wayesethi: “Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi awunawo umdlavuza.” Umhlengikazi owamhlola nge-mammogram wayekhathazekile, kodwa u-Irene wathi: “Ngaba nomuzwa wokuthi uma udokotela ayeqiniseka, mhlawumbe nganginovalo ngokweqile.” Ngokushesha lesisigaxa sakhula, ngakho u-Irene waya komunye udokotela. Wahlinzwa kwahlolwa izicubu futhi kwatholakala ukuthi wayene-carcinoma egugudayo, umdlavuza okhula ngokushesha. Ukuze kutholakale ukuthi isimila asinangozi (njengoba ezingaba ngu-8 kweziyishumi zinjalo) noma siyingozi, kumelwe kuhlinzwe futhi kuhlolwe izicubu. Uma lesosigaxa sibukeka noma sinezimpawu ezisolekayo noma sikhula, kufanele sihlolwe.

Ukwelashwa

Okwamanje, ukuhlinzwa, ukushiswa kwesimila ngemisebe, nokwelashwa ngezidakamizwa kuyizindlela ezivamile zokwelapha umdlavuza wamabele. Ukwaziswa okuphathelene nohlobo lwesimila, ubukhulu baso, ukusakazeka kwaso, ukuthi sesisakazekele yini kumangqamuzana athwala amanzi emzimbeni, nesimo sakho sokuya esikhathini kungakusiza wena nodokotela wakho ninqume indlela yokwelapha.

Ukuhlinzwa. Sekungamashumi eminyaka kusetshenziswa kabanzi ukuhlinza kokususa ibele kanye nezicubu ezingaphansi namangqamuzana athwala amanzi emzimbeni. Kodwa eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwasetshenziswa indlela yokwelapha yokulondoloza ibele ehlanganisa ukususwa kwesimila kuphela namangqamuzana athwala amanzi emzimbeni, kanye nokushisa isimila ngamaza, okunemiphumela yokusinda elingana neyokususa isitho. Lokhu sekunike abanye besifazane ukuthula kwengqondo okwengeziwe lapho benquma ukuba kususwe isimila esincane, okungakushintshi ukubukeka. Kodwa i-British Journal of Surgery ithi abesifazane abasebasha, labo abanomdlavuza ezindaweni eziningana ebeleni elilodwa noma abanezimila ezingaphezu kwamasentimitha amathathu ubukhulu, basengozini enkulu ngokwengeziwe yokuphinde babe nomdlavuza uma belashwa ngendlela yokulondoloza isitho.

Isici esibalulekile ekusindeni kokubuya komdlavuza siphawulwa i-Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine: “Ukumpontshelwa igazi kunethonya elibi ezingeni lokusinda nokuvela futhi kwesifo . . . njengoba isithuthukisiwe indlela yokwelapha ngokususa isitho.” Lombiko wabonisa ukuthi ithuba lokusinda iminyaka emihlanu lalingamaphesenti angu-53 kwelinye iqembu elampontshelwa igazi, ngokuphambene namaphesenti angu-93 eqembu elingazange limpontshelwe.

Olunye usizo lokusinda lubikwe kuyi-Lancet, lapho uDkt. R. A. Badwe athi: “Ukubekwa kwesikhathi sokuhlinzwa ngokuqondene nokuya esikhathini kunethonya elikhulu emphumeleni ohlala isikhathi eside ezigulini ezingakayeki ukuya esikhathini ezinomdlavuza wamabele.” Lombiko wathi abesifazane abasuswa isimila phakathi nesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwe-estrogen babeba sesimweni esibi kunalabo abahlinzwa phakathi nezinye izikhathi zomjikelezo wokuya esikhathini—abangamaphesenti angu-54 basinda iminyaka eyishumi uma kuqhathaniswa nabangamaphesenti angu-84 beqembu lamuva. Kwathiwa isikhathi esifanele sokuhlinzwa kwabesifazane abangakayeki ukuya esikhathini abanomdlavuza wamabele kwakuyizinsuku okungenani ezingu-12 ngemva kokuya kwabo esikhathini kokugcina.

Ukwelapha Ngokushisa Isimila Ngemisebe. Ukwelashwa ngokushisa isimila ngemisebe kubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Endabeni yokwelapha okulondoloza ibele, amangqamuzana amancane kakhulu omdlavuza angase asinde emmeseni kadokotela ohlinzayo njengoba ezama ukulondoloza ibele. Ukwelapha ngokushisa isimila ngemisebe kungabulala amangqamuzana ayizinsalela. Kodwa ukwelapha ngokushisa isimila ngemisebe kuphakamisa ingozi encane yokudlulisela umdlavuza kwelinye ibele. UDkt. Benedick Fraass utusa ukulinganisela lamaza ebeleni elilodwa. Uyaphawula: “Ngezindlela ezimbalwa ezilula kungenzeka ukusinciphisa ngokuphawulekayo isilinganiso esitholwa elinye ibele phakathi nokushiswa kwebele ngemisebe okokuqala.” Usikisela ukuba kubekwe phezu kwelinye ibele ucwecwe lomthofu olungamasentimitha amabili nengxenye ubukhulu.

Ukwelapha Ngezidakamizwa. Naphezu kwemizamo yokuqeda umdlavuza wamabele ngokuhlinza, abesifazane abangamaphesenti angu-25 kuya kwangu-30 abasanda kuxilongwa umdlavuza wamabele bayoba nomdlavuza osakazekayo ofihlekile omncane kakhulu ukuba ungaveza izimpawu ekuqaleni. Ukwelapha ngamakhemikhali kuyindlela yokwelapha kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali ekuzameni ukubulala lawomangqamuzana ahlasela ezinye izitho zomzimba.

Ukuphumelela kokwelapha ngamakhemikhali kulinganiselwe ngenxa yokuthi izimila ezinomdlavuza zinamangqamuzana anhlobonhlobo ngalinye elisabela ngendlela ehlukile ekusetshenzisweni kwezidakamizwa. Lawomangqamuzana angelapheki angase aveze izimila ezintsha ezimelana nemithi. Kodwa i-Lancet ka-January 1992 yanikeza ubufakazi bokuthi ukwelapha ngamakhemikhali kwandisa ithuba lowesifazane lokusinda eminye iminyaka eyishumi ngamaphesenti amahlanu kuya kwayishumi, kuxhomeke ebudaleni bakhe.

Imiphumela yokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali ingahlanganisa isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ukuqothuka kwezinwele, ukopha, ukungasebenzi kahle kwenhliziyo, ukucindezeleka kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela, ukuvaleka kwenzalo, ne-leukemia. UJohn Cairns, ebhala kuyi-Scientific American, waphawula: “Uma kuqhathaniswa lezi zingabonakala njengezingozi ezincane esigulini esinomdlavuza osumubi nokhula ngokushesha, kodwa zingaba izinto ezingathi sína kowesifazane onomdlavuza wamabele omncane [i-intshi elingu-1/3 (1 cm)] nobonakala usendaweni eyodwa. Ithuba lokuba abulawe umdlavuza phakathi neminyaka emihlanu lingamaphesenti angu-10 kuphela ngisho noma engakutholi okunye ukwelashwa ngemva kokuhlinzwa.”

Ukwelapha Ngama-hormone. Ukwelapha okunciphisa i-estrogen kuqeda imiphumela ethuthukisa ukukhula ebangelwa i-estrogen. Lokhu kufinyelelwa ngokunciphisa amazinga e-estrogen kwabesifazane abangakayeki ukuya esikhathini ngokususa izindlala ezikhiqiza amaqanda ngokuhlinzwa noma ngemithi. I-Lancet yabika ngezinga lokusinda leminyaka eyishumi kwabesifazane abangu-8 kuya kwabangu-12 kwabayikhulu abelashwa nganoma iyiphi yalezizindlela.

Ukunakekela noma yimuphi owesifazane onomdlavuza wamabele kuwumzamo wokuphila konke. Kudingeka ukuba kubekwe iso njalo, ngoba uma enye indlela yokwelapha ihluleka bese lesisifo sibuya, ezinye izinhlobo zokwelapha zinganikeza ikhambi elidingekayo.

Olunye uhlobo lwendlela yokwelapha umdlavuza olusebenza ngendlela ehlukile luhlobene nesifo esibizwa ngokuthi i-cachexia. Iphephabhuku i-Cancer Research lichaza ukuthi izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zakho konke ukufa okubangelwa umdlavuza zibangelwa i-cachexia, igama elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukuwohloka kwemisipha nezinye izicubu. UDkt. Joseph Gold, we-Syracuse Cancer Research Institute e-United States, utshela i-Phaphama!: “Sinomuzwa wokuthi ukukhula kwesimila akunakusakazeka ngokwakho emzimbeni wonke ngaphandle uma imigudu yamakhemikhali abangela i-cachexia ivulekile.” Okunye ukucwaninga kwezokwelapha, kusetshenziswa isidakamizwa esingenabuthi i-hydrazine sulfate, kwabonisa ukuthi eminye yalemigudu ingavaleka. Ukusimama kwafinyelelwa ezigulini zokugcina ezinomdlavuza ezingamaphesenti angu-50 ezazihilelekile.

Abanye besifazane baye baphendukela kwezinye izindlela ezingasetshenziswa odokotela ukuze bathole ukwelashwa okungahileli ukuhlinzwa noma okungenashevu komdlavuza wamabele. Izindlela zokwelapha ziyahlukahluka, ezinye zisebenzisa ukudla nemithi, njengasekwelapheni kukaHoxsey. Kodwa kumbalwa ukuhlola okunyathelisiwe okusiza umuntu ukuba ahlaziye ukuphumelela kwalezizindlela zokwelapha.

Nakuba lesisihloko siklanyelwe ukuveza izihluthulelo zokusinda, akuyona inkambiso ye-Phaphama! ukusekela ukwelapha okuthile. Sikhuthaza bonke ukuba bazibhekisise lezizindlela ezihlukene zokwelapha lesisifo.—IzAga 14:15.

Ukucindezeleka Nomdlavuza Wamabele

Ephephabhukwini i-Acta neurologica, uDkt. H. Baltrusch uchaza ukuthi ukucindezeleka okukhulu noma okuhlala isikhathi eside kunganciphisa ikhono lomzimba lokuzivikela ezimileni esimisweni sokuzivikela. Abesifazane abakhathele, abacindezelekile, noma abantula ukusekelwa ngokomzwelo isimiso sabo sokuzivikela ezifweni singase sibe sengozini engamaphesenti angaba ngu-50.

Ngakho, uDkt. Basil Stoll, ebhala kwethi Mind and Cancer Prognosis, wagcizelela: “Kufanele kwenziwe wonke umzamo wokunciphisa ukulimala okungenakugwenywa okungokomzimba nokungokwengqondo iziguli ezinomdlavuza ezibhekana nakho phakathi nangemva kokwelashwa kwesifo esiziphethe.” Kodwa hlobo luni lokusekelwa oludingekayo?

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 7]

Nakuba kungekho ukudla okwaziwayo okungelapha umdlavuza, ukudla ukudla okuthile nokunciphisa okunye kungaba yizinyathelo zokuphepha. ‘Ukudla ukudla okufanele kunganciphisa ingozi obhekene nayo yokungenwa umdlavuza ngamaphesenti angafinyelela emashumini amahlanu,’ kusho uDkt. Leonard Cohen

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 8]

“Ukuwubona usaqala umdlavuza wamabele kuseyisinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ekunqandeni umdlavuza wamabele,” kusho incwadi ethi “Radiologic Clinics of North America.” Kulesisimo izinyathelo ezintathu ezibalulekile yilezi: ukuzihlola amabele njalo, ukuhlolwa udokotela minyaka yonke, ne-“mammography”

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 10]

Abesifazane abakhathele, abacindezelekile, noma abantula ukusekelwa ngokomzwelo isimiso sabo sokuzivikela ezifweni singase sibe sengozini

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 9]

Ukuzihlola—Ukulandelela Kwanyanga Zonke

UKUZIHLOLA amabele kufanele kwenziwe ezinsukwini ezine kuya kweziyisikhombisa ngemva kokuya esikhathini. Abesifazane abangasayi esikhathini nabo kufanele bazihlole nyanga zonke ngosuku olufanayo.

Izimpawu Ongazibheka Nyanga Zonke Ngosuku Olufanayo

• Isigaxa kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu baso (esincane noma esikhulu) noma ukuvuvukala ebeleni.

• Ukushwabana, ukufacaka, noma ukushintsha kwebala lesikhumba sebele.

• Ukushona noma ukusontekela phakathi kwengono.

• Ukuqubuka noma ukuxebuka kwengono noma ukuphuma koketshezi.

• Ukuvuvukala kwezindlala ekhwapheni.

• Ukushintsha kwemikhangu noma ukusikeka ebeleni.

• Ukungafani okuphawulekayo kwamabele okuyisimo esingavamile.

Ukuzihlola

Lapho umile, phakamisa ingalo yesobunxele. Usebenzisa isandla sokudla futhi uqala ohlangothini olungaphandle lwebele, cindezela ngeminwe wenze iziyingi ezincane, uzungeze ebeleni kancane kancane nangasengonweni. Nakekela futhi indawo ephakathi kwekhwapha nebele.

Ulele phansi, beka umcamelo ngaphansi kwehlombe lesobunxele, bese ubeka ingalo yesobunxele ngaphezulu noma ngemva kwekhanda. Sebenzisa indlela efanayo yokwenza iziyingi njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla. Yenza okufanayo ngohlangothi lwesokudla.

Cindezela ingono kancane uhlole ukuthi akukho lutho yini oluphumayo. Yenza okufanayo ebeleni lesokudla.