Ukubuka Okwezwe
Ikathekizimu Entsha YamaKatolika
IVatican iye yamemezela ukuthi ngemva kweminyaka eyisithupha yokulungiselela, ngokushesha izokhipha ikathekizimu entsha yomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kusengokwesibili kuphela emlandweni weSonto LamaKatolika ukuba kwenziwe enye. Ikathekizimu yokuqala yomhlaba wonke yenziwa ngo-1566, ngemva koMkhandlu waseTrent, futhi yayiyingxenye yemizamo yesonto yokulwisana nemiphumela yoGuquko. Iphephandaba laseFrance i-Monde lithi lekathekizimu entsha imelela “ukuvunyelwa kweqembu lesonto elifuna ukuba kudliwe ngoludala, kusukela kuVatican II ebelilokhu likhankasela ikathekizimu eyodwa evelele equkethe izindinganiso ezindala, ezazisetshenziswa kuqala.” Enikeza imvume yakhe engokomthetho ngalombhalo, uPapa John Paul II wathi ikathekizimu entsha “yayiyonikeza into eqinisekile okungabhekiselwa kuyo lapho kulungiselelwa amakathekizimu esizwe nawesifunda sombhishobhi.”
Ingabe Isikhathi Sokuphila Eside Siyisibusiso?
Nakuba isayensi yezokwelapha eminyakeni yamuva iye yasandisa ngandlelathile isilinganiso sesikhathi sokuphila komuntu, uDkt. Hiroshi Nakajima, umqondisi-jikelele we-WHO (World Health Organization [iNhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo]), uyavuma ukuthi “impilo kanye nezinga lokuphila labantu bomhlaba kukude kakhulu nokuthuthuka.” Engxoxweni nabephephandaba laseParis i-Figaro, uDkt. Nakajima wathi: “Ngokokwaziswa esinakho, inani lalabo abagulayo noma abakhubazekile, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwasebegugile, kungenzeka nokuthi selandile.” Emhlabeni wonke, isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila manje siyiminyaka engu-65. Emazweni ezemisebenzi siyiminyaka engu-76, kuyilapho emazweni asathuthuka siyisilinganiso seminyaka engu-62, futhi siyiminyaka engu-50 kuphela ezifundeni zomhlaba ezingakathuthuki. Eminyakeni eyisihlanu ezayo, iWHO inethemba lokwandisa isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila ngezinyanga ezine. Kodwa uDkt. Nakajima waphawula: “Kusobala ukuthi ukuphila isikhathi eside akusho ngempela ukuphila okungenakho ukukhubazeka noma isifo esingamahlalakhona.”
Ukusindisa IColosseum
“Uma nje iColosseum isekhona, neRoma liyobakhona,” sisho kanjalo isisho sakudala sesiLatin. Nokho, ukuvuza kwamanzi emvula, isenzo esiwohlozayo sokungcola okusemkhathini, kanye nokundindizela okubangelwa izimoto zasedolobheni kuye kwabeka lesisakhiwo esiyigugu esimweni esibucayi. Kukhona ingozi engaphela yokuthi izingcezu zizowa kuso, futhi izindawo eziningi zidinga ukuqiniswa. Ukuze kusindiswe lendawo yokuzijabulisa ekuqhubekeni iwohloka, i-Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage nebhange laseRoma kuye kwenza isivumelwano. Ingxenye yokuqala yomsebenzi ihlanganisa ukuvimbela amanzi kanye nokuvuselela amakhothamo nokwakha kabusha indawo yaphansi yenkundla eyenziwe ngokhuni, lapho izilwi zazilwela khona. Libhekisela emalini okuhlelwe ukuba isetshenziswe eyizigidi zezigidi ezingu-40 zawopondo (izigidi ezingu-88 zamaRandi), iphephandaba i-Repubblica libiza lesivumelwano ngokuthi “ubumbano olukhulu kunalo lonke olwake lwaba khona eItaly phakathi komphakathi nezinhlangano zangasese ukuze kusindiswe umsebenzi wobuciko.”
‘Uma Engekho Umpristi—Alikho Nesonto’
Abefundisi bamaKatolika eFrance babhekene nenkinga engathi sína—ukuguga. Njengoba kunabapristi abasha abambalwa kakhulu ukuba bangavala izikhala zabefundisi abagugile abazishiya ngokufa noma ngokuthatha umhlala-phansi, inani labapristi eFrance liyaqhubeka lincipha. Iphephandaba i-Ouest- France libika ukuthi eBrittany, oseku- kudala iyinqaba yobuKatolika entshonalanga yeFrance, inani labapristi liye lehla laba u-2 207. Abapristi abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-50 ubudala bangu-180 kuphela, abangu-900 baphakathi kweminyaka engu-50 nengu-70 ubudala, futhi abangaphezu kwengxenye bevile eminyakeni engu-70 ubudala. Ebikezela ukuthi lesimo singasho inhlekelele ngesonto, umbhishobhi omkhulu waseRennes, uJacques Jullien, wadabuka: “Ukuntuleka kwabapristi inkinga yethu yokuqala. . . . Ukungabibikho kwabapristi kusho ukungabibikho kwesonto.”
Ukwehla Kwamandla Emali Kukhukhula Izimiso Zokuziphatha
Inani eliphakeme lokwehla kwamandla emali okwenzeka isikhathi eside kunaliphi ithonya ebantwini? Siphendula lombuzo ngomagazini i-Veja, isazi sezomnotho uEduardo Giannetti da Fonseca saseYunivesithi yaseSão Paulo saphendula: “Ukwehla kwamandla emali kuyazithinta izindinganiso zokuziphatha zomphakathi. Ezweni lapho abantu bengazi khona ukuthi imali abanayo emakhukhwini abo izobe inamandla angakanani enyangeni ezayo bagcina sebedele imithetho eyisisekelo yokuhle nokubi yobuhlobo babantu. Ukuthembana, iqiniso, ukugcina isikhathi, ukuthembeka, kanye nobuqotho akunakwa ngenxa yokuntengantenga kwezomnotho.” Ukuze bazivikele ezindlekweni eziphakeme zokuphila, kokubili uhulumeni kanye nabantu abavamile bangase babe nomuzwa wokuthi indlela abenza ngayo iyamukeleka uma iletha imiphumela efiselekayo. UFonseca uthi: “Ukwehla kwamandla emali kufundisa abantu ukuphanga amathuba, ukufuna ukuthola izinto ngokushesha, kanye nokonakala.”
Indlela Ama-steroid Abukeka Ngayo
Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi abadlali abanethemba lokuthuthukisa ikhono labo lokudlala basebenzisa ama-steroid okwenziwa. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwama-steroid kuye kwasakazekela kubantu abangesibo abadlali abawasebenzisa njengezimonyo. INhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo yabika ngokuhlola okwenziwa okwathola ukuthi phakathi kwabafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme eUnited States, amaphesenti angu-6,6 abo bonke abangabesilisa ayesebenzisa ama-steroid. Kuleliqembu amaphesenti angu-26 athi isizathu sawo esiyinhloko sokusebenzisa ama-steroid sasiwukuthuthukisa ukubukeka kwawo. Ukusabela kabi komzimba kulama-steroid okwenziwa kuhlanganisa i-cholesterol ephakeme, ukuba namanzi emzimbeni, ingozi enkulu yokuba nesifo semithambo yegazi esenhliziyweni, ukuvuvukala kwendlala yesinye, izimila esibindini, ukuncipha kwesitho sobulili sowesilisa, nokungabi nawo amandla. Ama-steroid futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi abangela ukuba nobudlova, nokuba isilwi.
Izimo Zengqondo Ngengculaza
“Abantu abaningi baseNingizimu Afrika abakuboni ukungathi sína [kwengculaza] noma bayenqaba ukukholelwa ukuthi lesifo sikhona ngempela,” kubika i-Saturday Star yaseGoli, eNingizimu Afrika. “Ingxube enamandla yokucwasana kwezinhlanga, ubumpofu kanye nokungabi nalwazi kusheshisa ukusakazeka kwalesifo esingelapheki.” Abanye banomuzwa wokuthi umqondo wengculaza uyicebo lamazwe aseNtshonalanga lokwenza buthakathaka iAfrika noma ukuthi lesifo siyinto nje esungulwe abelungu ukuze bakhubaze izinga lokuzala kwabantu abamnyama baseAfrika. Esinye isici esithonya isimo sengqondo sabantu ngengculaza ubudlova obuye baba insakavukela ebantwini abaningi. Indoda yaseNingizimu Afrika ekwenye yezindawo ezikhungethwe udlame yatshela iqembu labeluleki abeluleka ngengculaza: “Ningitshela ukuthi ingculaza ingangigulisa eminyakeni eyishumi. Kodwa abantu abangu-25 bafile khona lapha . . . ngempelasonto edlule [ebudloveni bezombangazwe]. Ingabe ingculaza ngempela ingakwenza ukuphila kube kubi ngaphezu kwalokho okuyikho manje?” Ngaphandle kokuba imibono ishintshe, kulinganiselwa ukuthi lesifo sizobhebhetheka kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika phakathi neminyaka engu-10 kuya kwengu-15 ezayo.
Amandla Enyanga
Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi ukwehla nokuphakama kwamagagasi olwandle lomhlaba kubangelwa inyanga. Nokho, umagazini waseFrance i-Terre Sauvage ubika ukuthi izazi zesayensi zaseCNRS (French National Center of Scientific Research) manje ziqinisekisa ukuthi inyanga inethonya elifanayo ezindaweni ezisemhlabeni. Ngosungulo lokuhlola olwalufakwe emanzini olwandle ayesemgedeni ovaliwe ongamamitha ayinkulungwane ngaphansi komhlaba, abacwaningi bakwazi ukubona ukuphakama nokwehla kwalokho okwakusemgedeni njalo emahoreni angu-12. Lokhu kunyakaza, okwakubangelwa ukwanda nokuncipha okuncane kwezindonga zomgede, kuhambisana nokujikeleza kwenyanga emhlabeni futhi kufakazela ukuthi inyanga ngempela iwumthombo walokho i-Terre Sauvage ekubiza ngokuthi “ukuphefumula okumangalisayo okwenzeka ngaphansi komhlaba.”
Imbangela Yokuguliswa Izinto Zokuhamba
Abantu abaningi esikhathini esithile ekuphileni kwabo baye bahlushwa ukugula okubangelwa izinto zokuhamba. Izigidi zabantu ziba nakho njalo lapho zihamba. Izazi zesayensi manje sezicabanga ukuthi ziyaqonda ukuthi yini ebangela isicanucanu esiphawula lokhu kugula. Inkinga kubonakala sengathi isengqondweni, lapho umbiko odluliswa amehlo ungefani nombiko ozwiwa indlebe yangaphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ingaphakathi lendlebe lizwa ukunyakaza komzimba phakathi kwesikebhe esinyakazayo kuyilapho amehlo ebona isimo esinganyakazi njengoba umzimba uhamba nesikebhe. Imibiko engefani etholwa ubuchopho ibangela ukukhishwa kwama-hormone ahlobene nokucindezeleka kanye nokwanda kwezinga lokushaya kwemithambo yegazi esiswini, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lokhu kuphumela ekubeni nesicanucanu nasekuhlanzeni. Izindlela zokugwema ukugula okubangelwa izinto zokuhamba zihlanganisa ukudla ukudla okune-starch okuncane, nokunamafutha amancane ngaphambi kokuba uhambe; ukubheka emajikeni omgwaqo onamajika lapho usemotweni noma emkhathizwe lapho usesikebheni ukuze amehlo abone lokho okuzwiwa ingaphakathi lendlebe; ukunciphisa ukunyakaza kwekhanda nomzimba; nokugcina ingqondo imatasa ngeminye imicabango.
Asebekhulile Balahlekelwa Imisebenzi
“Uma usungaphezu kuka-40 ubudala, ungalokothi ucabange ngokushintsha umsebenzi wakho,” kusho i-Star, iphephandaba laseGoli, eNingizimu Afrika. Izisebenzi eziningi eNingizimu Afrika ziyadilizwa ngenxa yokuncipha komnotho. Ngokuvamile abalahlekelwa umsebenzi kuqala abantu abadala asebeseduze nokuthatha umhlalaphansi. Ngokwezibalo ezivela ku-Department of Manpower, abantu abangu-37 500 abangaphezu kweminyaka engu-50 ubudala balahlekelwa imisebenzi yabo inyanga ngayinye eNingizimu Afrika. I-Star sithi, “isimo saseNingizimu Afrika asihlukile ezimweni zaphesheya lapho amadoda nabesifazane abaneminyaka yobudala engaphezu kuka-55 ngokushesha beba uhlobo olusengozini endaweni yomsebenzi. I-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ithi ukuqashwa okungokomthetho kwamadoda nabesifazane abaneminyaka yobudala engu-55 nangaphezulu akusathandwa. . . . Abangathinteki kulokhu amadoda agugile aseJapane, amaphesenti angu-60 awo asebenzayo.”
Umzamo Wokufuna Ukuthandwa Uwukuzigwaza Ngowabo
Imizamo yamuva yabashisekeli bezombangazwe baseU.S. yokufuna ukuzuza ukuthandwa ngokunezela izici ezingokwenkolo emikhankasweni yabo ngokuvamile iye yaba nomphumela ophambene. Kwesinye isehlakalo, umlaleli wabhalela i-Daily News yaseNew York: “UJesse Jackson kudingeka afunde iBhayibheli lakhe. Enkulumweni yakhe emhlanganweni Wokubusa Kwentando yeningi ngo-July 15, wakhuluma ngoMariya noJosefa ngokuthi babewumbhangqwana ongenakhaya nokuthi uMariya wayewumama ongashadile. UMariya noJosefa babengewona ‘umbhangqwana ongenakhaya.’ Baya eBethlehema ukuze bagcwalise umthetho, babalekela eGibithe ukuze bagweme ukuboshwa uHerode, kodwa bona babehlala eNazaretha. Futhi uMariya wayengeyena ‘umama ongashadile.’ KuMathewu, iSahl. 1, amavesi 18-23, nakuLuka, iSahl. 1, amavesi 26-35 uJosefa kubhekiselwa kuye ngokuthi indoda kaMariya futhi uMariya ngokuthi umkaJosefa. Ngakho, nakuba elithi ‘ukungabi nakhaya’ nelithi ‘ukungashadi’ kuyiziphawulo ezithandekayo, kulokhu azisebenzi. Jesse, qiniseka ukuthi ukhuluma izinto eziyiqiniso.”