Ukuhlolisisa Uhulumeni
Ingxenye 3—Ingabe ‘Uhulumeni Wabangcono Kakhulu’ Ngempela Ungcono Kakhulu?
I“aristocracy”: uhulumeni wezikhulu, idlanzana elinamalungelo noma isigaba sekhethelo esicatshangelwa njengesikufanelekela kangcono ukubusa; i“oligarchy”: uhulumeni wabambalwa, kungaba abantu ngabanye noma imindeni, ngokuvamile ngezinjongo ezonakele nobugovu.
KUBONAKALA kunengqondo ukuthi uhlobo lukahulumeni olungcono kakhulu lungaba khona uma lwakhiwe abantu abangcono kakhulu. Abantu abangcono kakhulu bafunde kangcono, bafaneleka ngokwengeziwe, futhi banamakhono ngokwengeziwe—ngokucabanga okuvamile—ngakho bakwazi kangcono ukuhola abanye. Uhulumeni wezikhulu owenganyelwe yiqembu elinjalo labakhethiwe ungaba owezinhlobo eziningana; ngokwesibonelo, ukubusa kwabanothile, iplutocracy; ukubusa kwabefundisi, itheocracy; noma ukubusa kweziphathimandla, ibureaucracy.
Imiphakathi eminingi yasendulo, eyayingaphansi kokubusa kwamadoda amadala esizwe noma amakhosi, yayiyimibuso yezikhulu. Ngesinye isikhathi, iRoma, iNgilandi, neJapane, ukusho amazwe amathathu nje, wonke ayenohulumeni bezikhulu. EGrisi yasendulo, elithi aristocracy lalisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela emadolobhakazini ayimibuso, noma poleis, lapho kwakubusa khona iqembu elincane. Ngokuvamile idlanzana lemindeni evelele lalihlanganyela amandla okubusa. Nokho, kwezinye izimo, imindeni engayodwa yayithatha ukubusa ngokungemthetho bese imisa uhlobo lokubusa olucindezela ngokwengeziwe.
Njengamanye amadolobhakazi aseGrisi ayimibuso, iAthene ekuqaleni yayiwuhulumeni wezikhulu. Kamuva, njengoba izinguquko zempucuko ziba buthaka ukuhlukaniswa ngokwamaqembu futhi zihlukanisa ubunye bawo, lelodolobhakazi lathatha isimo sombuso wentando yeningi. ISparta, ngakolunye uhlangothi, okuthiwa yakhiwa ngekhulu lesishiyagalolunye B.C.E., yayibuswa iqembu labayingcosana lezempi. Ngokushesha lomuzikazi waphikisana neAthene eyayisindadlana, futhi yomibili lemizikazi yalwela ubukhulu ezweni lamaGreki langesikhathi sayo. Ngaleyondlela, ukubusa kwabaningi, njengaseAthene, kwangqubuzana nokubusa kwabambalwa, njengaseSparta. Njengoba ungalindela, umbango wayo wawuyinkimbinkimbi, uhlanganisa okungaphezu nje kokungezwani mayelana nohulumeni.
Umbono Omuhle Uyaphendukezelwa
Ukungezwani okungokombangazwe kwakuvame ukuba yindaba yempikiswano engokwefilosofi ezazini zefilosofi zamaGreki. Owayewumfundi kaPlato uAristotle wenza umehluko phakathi kokubusa kwezikhulu nokubusa kwabambalwa. Wabheka ukubusa kwezikhulu njengohlobo oluhle lukahulumeni, umbono omuhle owawuvumela abantu abanamakhono akhethekile nendlela ephakeme yokuziphatha ukuba bazinikelele inkonzo yomphakathi ngokwenzuzo yabanye. Kodwa uma kwenganyelwe abambalwa iqembu elikhethekile labacindezelayo nabanobugovu, ukubusa kwezikhulu okumsulwa kwawohloka kwaba ukubusa kwabambalwa abangathembekile. Lokhu wakubheka njengohlobo oluphendukezelwe lukahulumeni.
Njengoba ekhuthaza ukubusa ‘kwabangcono kakhulu,’ uAristotle wavuma ukuthi ukuhlanganisa ukubusa kwezikhulu nokubusa kwentando yeningi cishe kwakuyoveza imiphumela efiselekayo, okuwumbono osakhanga kwezinye izazi zezombangazwe. Empeleni, amaRoma asendulo azihlanganisa ngempela lezinhlobo ezimbili zohulumeni kwaba nesilinganiso esithile sempumelelo. “Ezombangazwe [eRoma] zaziyindaba kanoma ubani,” kusho iCollins Atlas of World History. Noma kunjalo, ngesikhathi esifanayo, “izakhamuzi ezicebe kakhulu nalabo ababenenhlanhla ngokwanele ukuba bazalelwe emindenini edumile bakha iqembu labayingcosana elabelana izikhundla zobumantshi, izikhulu zempi kanye nobupristi.
Ngisho nasekupheleni kwezikhathi zasendulo nasekuqaleni kwezikhathi zanamuhla, izikhungo zamadolobha zaseYurophu zazihlanganisa izikhundla zombuso wentando yeningi nombuso wezikhulu kohulumeni bazo. ICollier’s Encyclopedia ithi: “IRepublic yaseVenice engahambisani nhlobo nezinguquko, eyagcina iketulwe uNapoleon, inikeza isibonelo esivelele sombuso onjalo wabambalwa; kodwa amaDolobha Akhululekile OMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma, amadolobha eNhlangano yeHansa, namadolobhana azimele aseNgilandi nasentshonalanga Yurophu embula ukuthambekela okufanayo okuvamile ngasekuqondiseni okuqinile kwabambalwa ngezikhulu abambalwa ngokuqhathaniswa abaqhoshayo futhi abaphucuzeke kakhulu [aristocracy].”
Kuye kwaphikiswana, futhi ngesizathu esihle, ngokuthi bonke ohulumeni bangabohlobo lwezikhulu, njengoba bonke belwela ukuba nabantu abafaneleka kangcono kakhulu abaphethe. Umqondo wesigaba esibusayo uye wasebenza ekuqiniseni lombono. Ngakho-ke esinye isikhombo siyaphetha: “Iqembu elibusayo nabakhethiwe kuba amagama asho into eyodwa ukuchaza ngokoqobo lokho uPlato noAristotle abakubeka njengokuwumbono.”
Ukufuna ‘Ongcono Kakhulu’
Emakhulwini eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba lezizazi zefilosofi ezingamaGreki zivele, umphakathi wesimiso sefeudal (owawusekelwe ezikhulwini nezikhonzi) wawuletha isilinganiso sokuhleleka nokuthula eShayina yasendulo ngaphansi kwendlu yasebukhosini kaChou. Kodwa ngemva kuka-722 B.C.E., phakathi nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yinkathi yeCh’un Ch’iu, lesimiso sezikhulu nezikhonzi saya ngokuya siba ntekenteke. Engxenyeni yokugcina yalenkathi, kwavela iqembu labakhethiweyo elisha, lakhiwe “abanumzane” bokuqala, ababekhonza emindenini enamapulazi, futhi liyisizukulwane sezicebi ezindala. Amalungu aleliqembu labakhethiweyo elisha angena ezikhundleni zikahulumeni ezisemqoka. UConfucius, oyisazi esingumShayina esaziwayo, njengoba iNew Encyclopædia Britannica ikuveza, wagcizelela ukuthi “ikhono nezinga eliphezulu lokuziphatha, hhayi uzalo, yikona okwakwenza indoda ifanelekele ubuholi.”
Kodwa eYurophu eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili kamuva, indlela yokukhetha iqembu labakhethiweyo, labo abakufanelekela kangcono kakhulu ukubusa, yayingalicabangeli nakancane “ikhono nezinga eliphezulu lokuziphatha.” Uprofesa waseHarvard uCarl J. Friedrich uphawula ukuthi “iqembu labakhethiweyo eNgilandi yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili laliyiqembu labakhethiweyo elisekelwe ngokuyinhloko ozalweni lwegazi nengcebo. Kwakuyinto efanayo eVenice.” Uyanezela: “Kwamanye amazwe njengasePrussia yekhulu lesishiyagalombili, iqembu labakhethiweyo lalikhethwa ngokusekelwe ozalweni lwegazi namandla ezempi.”
Umbono wokuthi izimfanelo ezinhle ‘zabantu abangcono’ zazidluliselwa enzalweni yabo uyisizathu senqubo yemishado yamakhosi ezinsukwini zasendulo. Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi umbono wobukhulu obungokwemvelo wawubusa. Ukushada nomuntu ovamile kwakulingana nokuxubanisa ukuhlonipheka kozalo, ukwephula umthetho waphezulu. Amakhosi kwakulindeleke ukuba ashade kuphela nalabo bozalo lwezikhulu. Lombono wobukhulu bemvelo kamuva wavumela ukuzithethelela okukhudlwana—lokho kobukhulu obusekelwe emathubeni angcono, imfundo, amakhono, noma okufeziwe.
Isimiso esaziwa ngokuthi yinoblesse oblige sasenzelwe ukuqinisekisa impumelelo yokubusa kwamakhosi. Ngokwezwi nezwi okusho ukuthi “ubukhulu buyabophelela,” kwakubonisa “isibopho sokuziphatha okuhloniphekile, okunomusa nokokuzinikela esihlobene nesikhundla esiphezulu noma uzalo.” Ngenxa “yobukhulu” babo, abozalo oluphakeme babebophelekile ukuba bakhonze izidingo zabanye ngokwethembeka. Lesimiso sasitholakala ezikhulwini njenglezo zaseSparta, amaqhawe awo okwakulindeleke ukuba abeke izithakazelo zabanye ngaphambi kwezawo, kanti eJapane kwakuphakathi kwezigaba zamaqhawe, amasamurai.
Ukubusa Kwamakhosi Kutholakala Kuntula
Ukungapheleli kokubusa kwamakhosi kufanekiseka kalula. ERoma yasendulo, abozalo lwezikhulu kuphela, ababaziwa ngokuthi izikhulu, ababefanelekela ukuba amalungu eMkhandlwini waseRoma. Abantu abavamile, ababaziwa ngokuthi abantu nje, babengavunyelwe. Kodwa kunokuba abe amadoda ‘anekhono nezinga eliphezulu lokuziphatha,’ njengoba uConfucius ayefunile ngababusi, amalungu oMkhandlu aya ngokuya onakala futhi ecindezela. Umphumela kwaba izimpi zombango.
Naphezu kwezinkathi zenguquko eziphindelelayo, umkhandlu wabambalwa wawulokhu ukhona, okungenani kwaze kwaba yilapho uJulius Caesar esungula ubushiqela eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kokubulawa kwakhe ngo-44 B.C.E. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, ukubusa kwezikhulu kwavuselelwa, kodwa ngo-29 B.C.E. kwase kuphinde kwathathelwa isikhundla futhi. ICollier’s Encyclopedia iyachaza: “Ngokukhula kwamandla, umnotho nobukhulu bezwe laseRoma, ukubusa kwezikhulu kwase kuphenduke ukubusa kwabambalwa okonakele, nokulahleka komoya wobuzwe balo kwabonakala ekulahlekeni kwenhlonipho yomphakathi. Ukuwa kwalo kwangenisa ububusi obungaphikiswa.”
Eminyakeni engu-1 200 noma ngaphezulu eyalandela, ohulumeni bamakhosi, ngisho noma bengabobukhosi ngegama, babevamile eYurophu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izinguquko eziningi ezingokombangazwe, ezomnotho, nezempucuko zasiguqula kancane kancane lesimiso. Kodwa phakathi nayo yonke leyonkathi, ukubusa kwezikhulu eYurophu kwakulokhu kunamandla, kukwazi ukugcina amazwe awo kanye nokubambelela ezikhundleni zempi, kube kuphila ngegazi labanye ngokwengeziwe, kusaphaza, kuzigabisa, futhi kuthanda izinto eziyize.
Ngawo-1780 ukubusa kwezikhulu kwathola igalelo elinzima. ULouis XVI waseFrance, ezithola esebunzimeni obungokwezimali, wancenga amalungu ombuso wezikhulu aseFrance ukuba adele amanye amalungelo awo angokwezimali. Kunokuba amsekele asebenzisa ubunzima ayekubo ngokwenzuzo yawo, ethemba ukululaza ukubusa kobushiqela abuyisele amanye amandla awo ayewalahlekele. “Benganelisiwe uhulumeni wabantu, owenganyelwe yinkosi, ngezikhulu, [izikhulu] zafuna uhulumeni wabantu, onganyelwe yizikhulu, ngezikhulu,” kuchaza uHerman Ausubel, uprofesa wezomlando eyunivesithi yaseColumbia. Lesimo sengqondo sasiza ekuphehleni ukuvukela kwaseFrance kuka-1789.
Lezizenzakalo eFrance zaletha izinguquko ezisheshayo ezazwiwa nangaphandle kwemingcele. Ukubusa kwabakhethiwe kwezikhulu kwalahlekelwa amalungelo ako akhethekile, isimiso sokukhonza saqedwa, kwamukelwa neSimemezelo Samalungelo Omuntu Nesakhamuzi, ngokufanayo nomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokungaphezulu amandla abefundisi ancishiswa ngokomthetho.
Uhulumeni wabambalwa—ngisho noma labo abambalwa becatshangelwa njengabangcono kakhulu—wawulinganiswe esilinganisweni ngabaningi futhi watholakala untula.
Ukuthola ‘Abangcono Kakhulu’ Ekugcineni
Iphuzu elisobala lokuthi ‘abangcono kakhulu’ abahambisani negama labo ngaso sonke isikhathi libonisa obunye bobuthakathaka obuyinhloko ‘bukahulumeni wabangcono kakhulu,’ okungukuthi, ubunzima bokuthola ukuthi ‘abangcono kakhulu’ bangobani ngempela. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezimfuneko zokukufanelekela kangcono kakhulu ukubusa, kudingeka okungaphezu nje kokuba ngocebile, owozalo lwezikhulu, noma onamandla ezempi.
Akunzima ukuthola ukuthi odokotela abangcono kakhulu, abapheki noma abakhanda izicathulo, bangobani. Simane sibheke umsebenzi wabo noma imikhiqizo yabo. “Nokho, ngohulumeni isimo asilula kangako,” kuphawula uProfesa Friedrich. Ubunzima buwukuthi abantu abavumelani mayelana nokuthi uhulumeni umelwe ube yini nokuthi yini okumelwe uyenze. Futhi, imigomo kahulumeni ihlala iguquka. Ngakho, njengoba uFriedrich esho: “Kuhlala kungenasiqiniseko ngempela ukuthi iqembu elikhethiweyo lingobani ngempela.”
Ukuze ‘uhulumeni wabangcono kakhulu’ ube ngongcono ngempela, iqembu labakhethiweyo kwakumelwe likhethwe othile onokuhlakanipha okungaphezu kokomuntu nongenzi-phutha ekwahluleleni. Abakhethiwe kumelwe kube abantu abanobuqotho bokuziphatha obungephulwa, bezinikele ngokuphelele emigomweni engenakuguqulwa kahulumeni wabo. Ukuzimisela kwabo ukubeka inhlala-kahle yabanye ngaphambi kweyabo kungadingeka kungangabazisi.
IBhayibheli libonisa ukuthi uJehova uNkulunkulu uye wasikhetha isigaba esinjalo—iNdodana yakhe uJesu Kristu nabambalwa babalandeli bakhe abathembekile—futhi uye wabamisela ukubusa phezu komhlaba iminyaka eyinkulungwane. (Luka 9:35; 2 Thesalonika 2:13, 14; IsAmbulo 20:6) Ngokungefani nabantu abahlulekayo, kodwa njengezidalwa zomoya ezingehluleki ezingenakufa, uJesu nababusi abakanye naye bayothululela emhlabeni izibusiso zokuthula okuhlala njalo, ukulondeka, nokujabula, bebuyisela isintu ekupheleleni. Ukhona uhulumeni wabantu—ngisho ‘nohulumeni wabangcono kakhulu’—othembisa ukuletha okungako?
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Ukubusa Kwabambalwa Kosuku Lwanamuhla
“Ukuthambekela ngasekubuseni kwabambalwa . . . kuye kwatholakala kuzo zonke izinhlelo ezinkulu zababusi abayiziphathimandla zezimiso zezombangazwe ezithuthukile. Ubunkimbinkimbi obukhulayo bomphakathi wanamuhla nohulumeni wawo bugidlabeza amandla amakhulu ngokwengeziwe ezandleni zabaphathi bombuso namakomiti ochwepheshe. Ngisho nasezikhungweni zomthetho, ayikatholakali impendulo egculisayo embuzweni wokuthi labenzi bezinqumo abayiziphathimandla bangathenjelwa kanjani futhi namandla abo ancishiswe ngokuphumelelayo, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngaphandle kokubeka engozini ukusebenza kahle nokuba nengqondo kwenqubo yokwenza izinqumo.”—The New Encyclopædia Britannica.
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UAristotle wayekholelwa ukuthi ukubusa kwezikhulu nokubusa kwentando yeningi kuhlangene kwakungaveza uhlobo olungcono kakhulu lukahulumeni
[Umthombo]
National Archaelogical Museum, Athens