Ukucwaninga Ngezilwane—Ukusabela Kobudlova

UMA inani eliqondile lezidalwa ezinezinyawo ezine ezisetshenziswa ekuhloleni okwenziwa ezindlini zokucwaninga nanjengezibonelo zokucwaninga kwezokwelapha lingatholwa, ingqikithi ephelele yonyaka emhlabeni wonke ingashaqisa. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi okungenani izilwane eziyizigidi ezingu-17—izinja, amakati, amaprimate, amaganipiki, nonogwaja—ziyasetshenziswa unyaka ngamunye eUnited States kuphela. Izimbiba namagundane kubalelwa kumaphesenti angu-85 alelinani. Njengoba ingekho imibhalo egciniwe eqondile yalapho lezilwane zisetshenziswa khona nokuthi zingaki, lamanani acatshangelwa ezinye izazi njengokulinganisela okuphansi kakhulu okutholakele. Eminye imithombo ibeka ingqikithi yezisetshenziswe eUnited States eduze kakhulu nezigidi eziyikhulu. Ingabe uthola lamanani eshaqisa?

Nakuba ukunikelwa kwalezidalwa ezinoboya kwenziwa ngenjongo, ingabe uyakwethusa umqondo wakho? Ingabe ucabangela lokubulala njengokukhohlakala? Izigidi zabantu ziyakwenyanya ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezilwane ekucwaningeni. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane kuyinzondo ngolunye uhlobo lwezidalwa. Umuntu onenzondo ngolunye uhlobo lwezidalwa umuntu “okhathalela izithakazelo zohlobo lwesidalwa ayiso kuphela futhi omelene nezithakazelo zezinye izidalwa zolunye uhlobo.” (Point/Counterpoint Responses to Typical pro-Vivisection Arguments) Ngokwabashisekeli benkululeko yezilwane, abantu abanenzondo ngolunye uhlobo lwezidalwa “bakholelwa ukuthi injongo yesenzo yenza indlela esetshenziswayo ingabi nacala, nokuthi ububi kumelwe benziwe [ezilwaneni] ukuze kufinyelelwe okuhle [ngenxa yabantu].”

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umbono ongokwesayensi ufingqwe emibuzweni elandelayo: Ingabe uyasizonda isimiso esisekela ukubulawa kwezilwane ukuze odokotela bakwazi ukufunda ubuchwepheshe obusha ekuhlinzeni abantu no-ma banqande ukusakazeka kwezifo eziwubhadane? Ingabe uzimisele ukungazisebenzisi izidakamizwa ezintsha nemithi okusindisa ukuphila ngenxa yokuba uyazi ukuthi zahlolwa ezilwaneni kuqala? Ingabe ubungavuma, yebo ukukhethe, ukuba ingane yakho noma umzali ophilayo kodwa ofelwe ingqondo asetshenziswe ekwenzeni ukuhlola kwezokuhlinza kunokuba kusetshenziswe isilwane? Futhi okokugcina kunalokhu: Uma ukucwaninga ngesilwane kungase kusindise wena noma othandekayo wakho esifweni esizwisa ubuhlungu obukhulu noma ukufa, ubungakwenqaba ngombono wokuthi ukwenza isilwane umhlatshelo ukuze kusindiswe umuntu kuwukukhohlakala? Abanye bangase bathi lenkinga akulula ukuyixazulula.

Inhlangano Elwela Inkululeko Yezilwane

Nokho, phakathi nekhulu leminyaka lawo-1980, kwakunomuzwa owandayo ngokumelene nokusetshenziswa kwezilwane ekucwaningeni. Namuhla lowomuzwa uye waguqulwa wenziwa isimiso somhlaba wonke sezinhlangano ezishisekayo eziqhubeka zikhula ngamandla nangamanani. Inkukhu ayinqunyiwe umlomo ekufuneni kwazo ukulahlwa ngokuphelele kokusetshenziswa kwezilwane ekucwaningeni ngezokwelapha noma ezindlini zokucwaninga.

Abashisekeli abalwela amalungelo ezilwane bamemeza ngokushiseka beveza imizwa yabo emakhoneni emigwaqo, bezikhalela kwabezombangazwe, komagazini nasemaphephandabeni, emsakazweni nakuyithelevishini, futhi okuphawuleka kakhulu, ngezindlela zempi nezobudlova. Omunye umshisekeli olwela amalungelo ezilwane owaziwayo waseCanada wathi ngokuphathelene nenhlangano yenkululeko yezilwane: “Isakazeka ngokushesha kuyo yonke iYurophu, iAustralia neNew Zealand. AmaZwe aba namandla kakhulu. Kunokwanda okuphawulekayo eCanada. Kuneqembu lezinhlangano elandayo emhlabeni wonke futhi ukuthambekela okukhona embulungeni yonke okokusekela izinhlangano eziwotha ubomvu ngamalungelo ezilwane.”

Ezinye ‘zalezinhlangano eziwotha ubomvu’ zizimisele ukusebenzisa ubudlova ekusekeleni injongo yazo. Phakathi neminyaka embalwa edlule, okungenani izindlu zokucwaningela ezingu-25 eUnited States ziye zacekelwa phansi amaqembu alwela amalungelo ezilwane. Izindlu zokucwaningela zasemaYunivesithi ziye zaqhunyiswa ngamabhomu. Lokhu kuceka kuye kwabangela umonakalo obiza izigidi zamarandi. Imibhalo egciniwe ebalulekile kanye nokwaziswa okuwusizo kuye kwacekelwa phansi. Izilwane zokucwaninga ziye zebiwa futhi zakhululwa. Kwesinye isenzo esinjalo, ukucwaninga okuwusizo okwakuphathelene nokungaboni kwezinsana konakaliswa. Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezibizayo ezilinganiselwa emakhulwini ezinkulungwane zamarandi zephulwa.

Encwadini eyayivulekele wonke umphakathi eyayibhalelwe izikhulu zasemayunivesithi nabasakazi bezindaba, elinye iqembu elalihlomile laqhosha ngokuthi ukubulala isibonakhulu esibiza u-R25 000 ngemizuzwana engu-12 ngensimbi ebiza u-R10 “kwakuwukuziphindiselela okufanelekile ezinjongweni zethu.” Kwezinye izindawo zokucwaninga, odokotela nezazi zesayensi zathola amafayela nezinto zokucwaninga kuthelwe ngegazi neziqubulo zabashisekeli benkululeko yezilwane zibhalwe ngopende ezindongeni. Omunye umbiko ukhuluma “ngokuhlukunyezwa, kuhlanganise nezinsongo zokufa, ezenziwa kososayensi nemikhaya yabo.” EUnited States, abashisekeli benkululeko yezilwane baye basongela ososayensi ngabanye ngokufa nangobudlova. Ezinhlelweni zomsakakazo weBBC waseLondon ngo-1986, esinye isikhulumi sathi: “Okuhlanganisa labashisekeli isiqiniseko sokuthi isenzo esiqondile—ukucekelwa phansi kwempahla, ngisho nokuphila—akunacala ngokokuziphatha empini yokukhulula izilwane.”

Omunye umholi wenhlangano elwela inkululeko yezilwane wathi: “Akukabikho-muntu olinyaziwe, kodwa lolo usongo oluyingozi . . . Ngokushesha noma kamuva othile angase aziphindiselele futhi kungase kulimale abantu.” Ngo-1986, kuyo kanye lengxoxo efanayo, lomholi walenkululeko wabikezela ubudlova eBrithani naseNtshonalanga Jalimane. Izenzakalo ngohlobo lokuqhuma kwamabhomu omlilo nobudlova ziye zavumelana nesibikezelo sakhe. EUnited States, kakade kuke kwenziwa imizamo yokubulala omunye umuntu onenkampane eyenza ukucwaninga ngezilwane. Isinyathelo esiphuthumayo samaphoyisa samsindisa ekuqhunyisweni ngebhomu. Nokho, akubona bonke abashisikeli benkululeko yezilwane abavumelana nalezizenzo zobudlova ezingekho emthethweni.

Kungani Bemelene Nakho?

NgokweJournal of the American Medical Association, “abantu abaningi abakhathazekile ngokusetshenziswa kwezilwane ekucwaningeni kwezokwelapha bangahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili avamile: (1) labo abakhathalela inhlalakahle yezilwane abangamelene nokucwaninga okuphathelene nezokwelapha kodwa abafuna isiqinisekiso sokuthi izilwane ziphathwa ngozwela ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuthi inani lezilwane ezisetshenziswayo liyisilinganiso sangempela esidingekile, nokuthi izilwane zisetshenziswa kuphela lapho kudingekile.” Ngokokuhlola okwenziwe muva nje, leliqembu lakhiwa iningi elingakhalazi kakhulu.

Ngokomthombo ofanayo, iqembu lesibili, “yilabo abakhathalela amalungelo ezilwane abanesimo sokweqisa ekufuneni inguquko ephelele futhi abamelene ngokuphelele nokusetshenziswa kwezilwane ekucwaningeni okwenzelwa ezokwelapha.” “Izilwane zinamalungelo ayinhloko okungamelwe anganakwa,” kwasho umqondisi ongumxhumanisi welinye iqembu elinjalo. “Uma isilwane sikwazi ukuzwa ubuhlungu noma ukuba nomuzwa wokwesaba, khona-ke sinelungelo lokungazwiswa ubuhlungu obunjalo.” “Asikho isisekelo esiqinile sokuthi umuntu unamalungelo akhethekile,” kusho omunye umkhulumeli. “Igundwane liyingulube liyinja liwumfana. Zonke ziyizilwane ezincelisayo.”

Abashisekeli benkululeko yezilwane abaningi abakholiseke ngokujulile bamelene nokusetshenziswa kwezilwane ngenjongo yokudla, izingubo, ezemidlalo, ngisho futhi nokuzifuya njengezilwane zasekhaya. Abadobi baye badudulelwa emanzini yilabo abamelene nokudoba nokudla izinhlanzi. Abantu abagqoka amajazi oboya nezingubo ezenziwe ngezikhumba zezilwane baye bathukwa ezitaladini. Izitolo ziye zagqekezwa futhi amajazi abizayo oboya bezilwane aye acekwa yilabo abanombono oweqisayo ngokusetshenziswa nokuphathwa kabi kwezilwane. “Anginakuwadla amaqanda ngesikhathi sokudla kwasekuseni noma ngigqoke izimpahla zesikhumba,” kwasho omunye. “Cishe okuzifihle ngalé kwazo zonke izingcezu zikabhekeni neqanda eliconsisa amathe elingenakuzivikela umlando omude ofihliwe wobuhlungu obungenakubekezelelwa,” kwaxwayisa ipheshana lezindaba leHumane Society yaseUnited States. Ligcwele izithombe zezingulube nezinkukhu ezivalelwe ezibayaneni nasemakhejini, lelipheshana lamangala ngokuthi lezimo, ezandile ezimbonini zezingulube nezezinkukhu, zenza “isitsha sikabhekeni namaqanda sibe ‘unya olukhulu lokudla kwasekuseni.’” Ngokusobala, kunemizwa enamandla neqotho ehilelekile ekulweleni amalungelo ezilwane.

Izindaba Ezishaqisayo

Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukumelana nokucwaninga ngezilwane akunacala ngokuphelele. Elinye lamacala amakhulu lahilela iHead Injury Laboratory yaseyunivesithi edumile yaseMelika. Amakhasethi evideo ebiwa ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwezinhlangano zenkululeko yezilwane aveza “izinkawu zingqubuza amakhanda azo emshinini wokuthwaxabula, abacwaningi behleka ukwesasa kwezidalwa ezilimele ubuchopho,” kwabika umagazini iKiwanis kaSeptember 1988. Lokhu kwaholela ekuhoxeni kukahulumeni ekusekeleni ngokwezimali izindlu zokucwaningela.

Kukhona futhi ukuhlola kukaDraize okungathandeki, okuhlobene kakhulu nezimboni zezimonyo, imithi yokugeza izinwele, imithi yokukhuculula ukungcola, namakhemikheli ensipho. Lokhu kuhlola kusetshenziswa ekulinganiseni ubuhlungu balemikhiqizo engase ingene emehlweni omuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, onogwaja abangama-albino abayisithupha kuya kwabayisishiyagalolunye bafakwa emapulangweni anembobo yokufaka avumela ukuba amakhanda nezintamo zabo kuphela zivele ngalé. Lokhu kubavimbela ekuzinwayeni amehlo abo ngemva kokuba lento eyikhemikhali isithelwé kuwo. Kubikwa ukuthi onogwaja bayakhala kakhulu ngenxa yobuhlungu ababuzwayo. Ngisho nabacwaningi abaningi bamelene kakhulu naloluhlobo lokuhlola futhi bazama ukuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwalo. Izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo ezilwane ziye zabhala izindaba eziningi ezishaqisayo ezenziwa ezindlini zokucwaninga ngezilwane.

Abashisekeli benkululeko yezilwane abanawo umbono ophakeme kaDkt. Robert White ocashunwe ngaphambili. IAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society yabhala ukuthi yena “ungumcwaningi waseCleveland ocwaninga ngezilwane ongathandwa oye wakhipha amakhanda ezinkawu wawafaka kwenye indawo futhi oye wagcina ubuchopho bezimfene buphila oketshezini, bungekho emzimbeni.”

Njengasezimpikiswaneni eziningi, kukhona ukweqisa okubili, bese kuba khona indlela ephakathi ezama ukuthatha okungcono kakhulu futhi isuse okubi kakhulu kwaleyomiphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, ingabe zikhona ezinye izindlela eziwusizo kunokucwaninga ngezilwane? Ingabe ukwenqatshwa ngokuphelele kokucwaninga ngezilwane kuwukuphela kwempendulo ephilayo nenokulinganisela? Isihloko sethu esilandelayo sizocabangela lemibuzo.

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Imibono Ehlukayo

“NGIKHOLELWA ukuthi izilwane zinamalungelo, lawo nakuba ehlukile kwawethu, ezingenakwephucwa wona. Ngicabanga ukuthi izilwane zinelungelo lokungabuzwa ubuhlungu, ukwesaba noma ubuhlungu obungokomzimba ezibuzwiswa yithi. . . . Zinelungelo lokungaphathwa ngonya nganoma iyiphi indlela njengemithombo yokudla, ngenxa yokuzijabulisa noma nganoma iyiphi enye injongo.”—Naturalist Roger Caras, ABC-TV News, U.S.A. (Newsweek, December 26, 1988).

“Lapho ngibheka umfanekiso obanzi, angikwazi ukubushaya indiva ubuhle obuningi obuwumphumela wokucwaninga. Imijovo yokugoma, imithi yokwelapha, ubuchwepheshe bezokuhlinza, kanye nezinqubo ezithuthukiswe ezindlini zokucwaninga kuye kwandisa izilinganiso ezilindelekile zokuphila ngendlela emangalisayo ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule . . . Sinalokhu kukhanyiselwa, akukhona ukusebenzisa izilwane ekucwaningeni okungabhekwa njengokukhetha okungenaluzwela: Sasinendlela yokufunda ukuthi singasidambisa kanjani isifo kodwa asizange siyisebenzise.”—Marcia Kelly, Health Sciences, Fall 1989, University of Minnesota.

“Ngithi ‘Cha’ ekucwaningeni ngezilwane. Hhayi ngenxa yezimiso zokuziphatha, kodwa ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yezizathu ezingokwesayensi. Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi imiphumela etholakala ekucwaningeni ngezilwane ayisebenzi neze kubantu. Kunomthetho ongokwemvelo ohlangene nesimiso sokugaywa kokudla . . . inqubo yokusebenza kwamakhemikhali ekugayweni kokudla eye yatholwa kolunye uhlobo lwezilwane, esebenza kulolohlobo kuphela, futhi hhayi kolunye. . . .Ukucwaninga ngezilwane kuyakhohlisa, akunalusizo, kuyabiza futhi ngaphezu kwalokho kunonya.”—Gianni Tamino, umcwaningi eYunivesithi yasePadua, uthishanhloko wesikole sokufundela ubudokotela saseItaly.

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Onogwaja emapulangweni anembobo yokufaka ikhanda basetshenziselwa ukwenza ukuhlola kukaDraize emehlweni

[Umthombo]

PETA

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UPI/Bettmann Newsphotos