Kushiwoni Ngamathuba Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu?
“ILUNGELO lamathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu aliqondakali kalula,” kuchaza iThe Guide to American Law, “ngoba alinakuchazwa ngendlela eshaya emhloleni.” UDavid F. Linowes, uprofesa wesayensi yezenhlalo ephathelene nokuhlelwa kwezombangazwe nezomnotho kanye nokuphathwa komphakathi, uyenezela: “Ayikho incazelo yamathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu okuvunyelwene ngayo.”
Ngokomthetho, ilungelo lamathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu liwumqondo omusha kakhulu, ogxile emthethweni obukeziwe owabhalwa uLouis D. Brandeis noSamuel Warren ngo-1890. Lendaba ephawulekayo yabangelwa ukucasukela kwabo amaphephandaba anezindaba ezeqisayo aziwa ‘njengasakaza izindaba ezihlazisayo nezihlanekezelwe.’
Khona amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu achazwa ‘njengelungelo lokungaphazanyiswa-muntu.’ Nokho, uProfesa Masanari Sakamoto waseYunivesithi yaseHiroshima wabhala ukuthi lencazelo “yayingashayi emhloleni ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwalelilungelo okwakuyokwenzeka kamuva.” Ubheka amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu njengomqondo omuhle ohlanganisa kokubili ukuzehlukanisa nabanye nokuzihlanganisa nabo.
Imibono kaProfesa Sakamoto ihambisana nencazelo yamathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu etholakala kuThe Encyclopedia Americana. Lapho amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu achazwa “njengesicelo esenziwa abantu ngabanye, amaqembu, noma izinhlangano ezithile sokuba bazinqumele ukuthi ukwaziswa okuphathelene nabo kumelwe kwaziswe abanye nini, kanjani futhi ngezinga elingakanani.”
Khona-ke, lokho omunye angakubheka njengamathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu, omunye angase angakubheki kanjalo. Ake siqhathanise imibono ehlukahlukene.
Imibono Ngezindaba Zomuntu Siqu
“Olimini lwesiPutukezi alikho ngisho negama eliqondile elichaza ukuvikelwa kokuphila kwangasese. Izichazamazwi azinalo igama elisho ‘izindaba zomuntu siqu,’ (privacidade),” kubika iphephandaba laseBrazil, iO Estado de S. Paulo. Kwakungo-1979, kuze kwaba ngo-1986, lapho isichazamazwi eBrazil siye safaka khona igama elithi privacidade, elitshelekwe esiNgisini. Ngolimi lwesiKorea, alikho igama elisho into efanayo negama lesiNgisi elithi “privacy.”
Isimo singesifanayo naseJapane. “Eqinisweni, alikho igama lesiJapane elisho ‘izindaba zomuntu siqu,’” kuchaza uDonald Keene, isazi saseMelika esinolwazi ngezwe laseJapane. IKodansha Encyclopedia of Japan iyaphawula: “Eqenjini labantu baseJapane, ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lezindaba zomuntu siqu ngokwesiko aliqashelwa kakhulu ukwedlula ilungelo lomkhaya, leqembu, noma lomphakathi lokwazi noma lokugaxela ezindabeni zomuntu siqu.” Ngokwesibonelo, uma ufuna umsebenzi enkampaneni yaseJapane, kumelwe ukulungele ukubhekana nemibuzo enjengokuthi: Usaphathene kahle nomkakho? Usebenzaphi? Uhola malini? Abantwana bakho bakhule kangakanani? Bafunda kusiphi isikole? Uma ungakashadi, lapho nje uthola umsebenzi, umqashi wakho angase athi: “Manje sekuyisikhathi sokuba ushade futhi uzinze.”
Ingabe lokhu ubungakubheka njengokugaxeka ezindabeni zomuntu siqu okungenakuxolelwa? Umqashi waseJapane angase angacabangi kanjalo. Lapho bebuzwa ukuthi bakuthola nini ukuthula kwengqondo, amaphesenti ayi-8 abantu baseJapane baphendula ngokuthi “lapho bebodwa.” Cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabantu ababuzwa bathi babethola ukuthula kwengqondo uma babenomkhaya noma abangane.
Nokho, umakoti waseJapane wamangaliswa yilokho akubona emshadweni wakhe ePhilippines. Wabuza umyeni wakhe wasePhilippines ukuthi zazingobani zonke lezivakashi ezazisedilini labo lomshado. “Angizazi,” ephendula. “Siyaye sipheke ukudla okuningi, futhi noma ubani angeza ajabule kanye nathi.” Phakathi kwabantu basePhilippines, lokho kubonisa ukupha. Yeka umehluko ngokuqhathaniswa nemiphakathi eminingi yabantu baseYurophu lapho kulindeleke ukuba umenywe ngokukhethekile ngaphambi kokuba uze noma uhlanganyele edilini!
Ngaphambi kokubheka imibono ehlukahlukene ngezindaba zomuntu siqu njengengamukeleki, zama ukubheka uhlangothi oluqondile lwemibono yabanye abantu. Umuntu waseYurophu angase akhononde ngokuthi amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu awaqashelwa kweminye imiphakathi. Nokho, kulena eminye imiphakathi abantu baye bafundiswa ukuhlanganyela cishe zonke izinto nemikhaya yabo nabangane. Umuntu kulindeleke ukuba anikele ngamathuba omuntu siqu kunokuba awagodle.
Izinkinga Okumelwe Zinqotshwe
Yiqiniso, kunalokho abanye abakubheka njengezinkinga lapho abantu ngokwesizinda sabo benamathuba amancane ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Uma abantu abaphila emiphakathini enjalo befuna ukutadisha noma ukwenza omunye umsebenzi womuntu siqu, kumelwe bahlakulele ngokwezinga elikhulu ikhono lokugxilisa ingqondo. Encwadini yakhe ethi Living Japan uDonald Keene wathi: “Ithuba lezindaba zomuntu siqu liza kuphela ngokuzikhipha komuntu ngokomoya kwabanye okungenzeka baqhelelene naye ngezinyathelo ezimbalwa, futhi loluhlobo lokunakelela izindaba zomuntu siqu ludingekile eJapane.”
Ukuhlala eduze kakhulu nezihlobo nabangane kungabangela ezinye izinkinga. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imibhangqwana eshadile yaseJapane inomuzwa wokubalekela “emahhotela othando” ukuze ithole amathuba okuba yodwa ndawonye; ngokufanayo, eBrazil amathuba okunakekela izindaba zomuntu siqu alinganiselwe ekhaya elinekhethini elilula kuphela esikhundleni somnyango noma lapho amakamelo ehlukaniswe yizindonga ezincane. Ingxoxo neminye imisindo kwedlulela kalula kwamanye amakamelo.
Kodwa akuzona kuphela izimo zokuhlala ezinjalo ezingabangela lokho abanye abakubheka njengezinkinga. Ngokufanayo nangesimo sobungane sabantu. Lokhu kungacasula abantu abajwayele ukungabuzwa ngezindaba zomuntu siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ungenabo abantwana, ungabuzwa imibuzo yomuntu siqu enjengokuthi, ‘Awunabo abantwana? Kungani?’
Ingabe Kuyalimaza?
Nokho, ukuba nesifiso eseqile sokwazi izindaba zomuntu siqu zomakhelwane wakho kuzondwa kabi eDenmark. Ngokufanayo, eBrithani, abantu abaningi abaseminyakeni yokuqina bawazisa kakhulu amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu ngisho nakubantwana babo. Emphakathini oqaphela izigaba zabantu, iqembu ngalinye lezenhlalo lizama ukuphila ngokuhlonipha amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu.
Nokho, emazweni lapho izinga elikhulu lamathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu lilindeleke khona, lihambisana nokulimala okuthile. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho indoda eneminyaka engama-80 izikhiyele ngaphandle endlini yayo eDenmark, yayingenakungqongqoza eminyango yomakhelwane bayo. Yazulazula ihora nengxenye emakhazeni kwaze kwaba yilapho iphoyisa liyisiza ukuba iye kumkhandi wezihluthulelo.
Izinkinga ezifana nalezi zabangela abantu baseDenmark ukuba baqale umkhankaso wendlu ngendlu ngo-1970. Yayiyini injongo yalomkhankaso? Yayiwukukhuthaza abantu abahlala ngabodwa ukuba baye komakhelwane babo ngokwezinga elikhulu futhi baxoxe nabo. Phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa, abantu baseDenmark abayizi-50 000 bahlanganyela kulomkhankaso. Isenzo esinjalo esenziwa umphakathi ojwayele ukungaphazanyiswa ezindabeni zomuntu siqu sibonisa isidingo sokukhathalela abanye.
Nokho, eJalimane amaphesenti angama-62 alabo abahlolwa ikholiji laseAllensbacher babheka injabulo yabo siqu njengenjongo eyinhloko ekuphileni kwabo. Kodwa lelikholiji laphetha: “Uma sibheka ukupha abanye njengokuwubuwula futhi sinakekela kuphela injabulo yethu siqu naleyo yemikhaya yethu, kungenzeka sesisifinyelele kakade isikhathi lapho umphakathi wethu untula khona uthando.” Ngempela, ukuntula ukukhathalela abanye kuhambisana nobugovu.
EJapane sekukhona umkhuba wobugovu oqokomisa amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu. UTetsuya Chikushi, intatheli ephambili yaseJapane, uyabhala: “Phakathi noshintsho olukhulu emphakathini waseJapane olubangelwa intuthuko esheshayo yesizwe kwezomnotho, kunomkhuba wabantwana abakhula benamakamelo abo, umkhuba obhekwa abantu abaningi njengomelela ushintsho olukhulu emlandweni womphakathi waseJapane.”
Lolushintsho lunakho kokubili izici ezinhle nezimbi. Amathuba okunakekela izindaba zomuntu siqu angasiza umntwana ukuba athuthukise isimo sokwethembeka futhi amnikeze indawo elondekile yokutadisha nokuzindla. Kanti futhi, angabangela abantwana ukuba babe onkom’ idla yodwa emakamelweni abo, bayeke ukuthintana nomkhaya. Ebhekisela ezicini ezinjalo ezimbi, uHiroshi Nakamura weSikole Sokuqeqesha Abantwana eJapane wathi: “Uma inkululeko isheshe itholakale kuba-ngcono, uma amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu eqashelwa kakhudlwana kuba-ngcono—yiyo kanye lemiqondo ebangela kube nomhosha ozenzekelayo emkhayeni.”
Ukukhula kwesimo sengqondo sobugovu emphakathini wabo kuyabethusa abantu abaningi baseJapane. Lenkinga isisiza ukuba sibone isidingo sokulinganisela.
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 28]
Eminye imibhangqwana eshadile ibalekela “emahhotela othando” ukuze ibe nesikhathi sokuba yodwa ndawonye