Okuphawulwa Abasesitezi Sama-29

LAPHO wehla ekheshini esitezi sama-29 sesakhiwo seZizwe Ezihlangene eNew York City, uphawu oluncane oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lukubonisa indlela eya e-Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Leli hhovisi limelela indlunkulu ye-OHCHR eseGeneva, eSwitzerland—eyisizinda semisebenzi ye-UN yamalungelo abantu. Nakuba uMary Robinson, onguKhomishane Ophethe we-Human Rights, ephethe i-OHCHR eGeneva, u-Elsa Stamatopoulou ongumGreki nguyena ophethe ihhovisi laseNew York. Ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, uNkk. Stamatopoulou wakujabulela ukwamukela umlobeli we-Phaphama! futhi baxoxa ngeminyaka engamashumi amahlanu yokulwela amalungelo abantu. Nanka amanye amaphuzu engxoxo yabo.

UMBUZO: Iyiphi intuthuko onomuzwa wokuthi isifinyelelwe ekulweleni amalungelo abantu?

IMPENDULO: Ngizokunikeza izibonelo ezintathu zentuthuko: Esokuqala, eminyakeni engu-50 edlule amalungelo abantu ayengaziwa emhlabeni wonke; namuhla aqashelwa kuyo yonke indawo futhi ayasebenza. Ohulumeni ababengakaze bezwe ngamalungelo abantu emashumini eminyaka adlule manje sebeyakhuluma ngawo. Esesibili, manje sesinomthetho, noma incwadi yomthetho yomhlaba wonke, equkethe izivumelwano eziningana ezitshela ohulumeni ngokucacile ukuthi banaziphi izibopho kubantu abababusayo. [Bheka ibhokisi elithi “I-International Bill of Human Rights,” ekhasini 7.] Kwathatha iminyaka eminingi yokukhandleka ukuhlanganisa lo mthetho. Siyaziqhenya ngempela ngawo. Isibonelo sesithathu siwukuthi namuhla abantu abaningi kunangaphambili bahlanganyela emikhankasweni yamalungelo abantu futhi bayakwazi ukuveza imibono yabo ngokucacile ngezindaba ezithinta amalungelo abantu.

UMBUZO: Yiziphi izinkinga ezikhona?

IMPENDULO: Ngemva kweminyaka engu-17 ngisebenza ngezinhlelo ze-UN zamalungelo abantu, ngiyaqaphela ukuthi sibhekene nezinkinga ezikhungathekisayo. Enkulu kakhulu iwukuthi ngokuvamile ohulumeni babheka amalungelo abantu njengendaba yezombangazwe kunanjengendaba yokubonisa ubuntu. Bangase bangakuthandi ukufeza izivumelwano eziphathelene namalungelo abantu ngoba bezizwa besongelwa ngokwezombangazwe. Ezimweni ezinjalo, izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu azisebenzi nhlobo. Esinye isithiyo kuye kwaba ukuhluleka kwe-UN ukunqanda ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu ezindaweni ezinjengezwe elaliyiYugoslavia, eRwanda kanye nase-Algeria muva nje. Ukuhluleka kwe-UN ukuvimbela ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi kula mazwe kwakuwukuhluleka okukhulu. Izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu zikhona, kodwa othile kufanele azishukumise. Kuyoba ngubani lowo muntu? Uma izithakazelo zamazwe anganikeza isivikelo zingekho engozini, awazimiseli ukunqanda ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu.

UMBUZO: Ulibona linjani ikusasa?

IMPENDULO: Ngibona usongo nethemba endleleni eholela emalungelweni abo bonke abantu. Okungikhathazayo usongo olubangelwa ukuhlanganyelwa komnotho emhlabeni wonke, okwenza izinhlangano ezinkulu zingene emazweni okushibhile kuwo ukuqasha izisebenzi. Namuhla, uma kudingekile, singasola ohulumeni ngokuphula amalungelo abantu futhi singabacindezela. Kodwa singasola bani uma izivumelwano zohwebo ezihlanganyelwe zithatha amandla kahulumeni ziwanikeza izinhlangano zezomnotho zembulunga yonke? Njengoba singenawo amandla okulawula lezi zinhlangano zezomnotho, kwenza amandla ezinhlangano ezihlanganisa ohulumeni ezinjenge-UN abe buthaka. Uma kubhekwa amalungelo abantu, lo mkhuba uyingozi. Manje kubalulekile ukuba osomabhizinisi abazimele bahlanganyele kulo mkhankaso wokulwela amalungelo abantu.

UMBUZO: Ithemba lona iliphi?

IMPENDULO: Ukulethwa kwempucuko yembulunga yonke yokuxhasa amalungelo abantu. Ngisho ukuthi kufanele sisebenzise imfundo ukuze senze abantu bawaqaphele amalungelo abo. Yiqiniso, lokho kuyinselele enkulu ngoba kuhilela ukushintsha indlela yokucabanga. Yingakho eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, i-UN yasungula umkhankaso wokwaziswa komphakathi emhlabeni wonke ukuze ifundise abantu ngamalungelo abo futhi ifundise namazwe ngemithwalo yawo yemfanelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-UN iye yabiza unyaka ka-1995 kuya ku-2004 ngokuthi “IMinyaka Eyishumi Yokufundisa Ngamalungelo Abantu.” Sithemba ukuthi imfundo ingase izishintshe izingqondo nezinhliziyo zabantu. Lokhu kungase kuzwakale njengeVangeli, kodwa ngikholelwa ngokuqinile ekutheni abantu bafundiswe ngamalungelo abo. Ngithemba ukuthi umhlaba uyokwamukela impucuko yamalungelo abantu njengomgomo wawo ekhulwini leminyaka elizayo.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 7]

I-International Bill of Human Rights

Ngaphandle kwe-Universal Declaration of Human Rights (ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu), kukhona ne-International Bill of Human Rights (Amalungelo Obuntu Omhlaba Wonke). Kuhlobana kanjani?

Uma ufanisa i-International Bill of Human Rights nencwadi enezahluko ezinhlanu, khona-ke i-Universal Declaration ingafaniswa nesahluko 1. Izahluko 2 no-3 ziyi-International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights kanye ne-International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Kanti izahluko 4 no-5 ngasinye siqukethe i-Optional Protocol.

Nakuba kucatshangwa ukuthi i-Universal Declaration inezindinganiso ezibalulekile, ezitshela amazwe lokho okufanele akwenze, lezi ezinye izincwadi ezine ziyabopha ngokomthetho, zitshela amazwe lokho okumelwe akwenze. Nakuba ukwenziwa kwalezi zincwadi kwaqala ngo-1949, kwathatha amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba zonke zisetshenziswe. Namuhla lezi zincwadi ezine kanye ne-Universal Declaration zakha i-International Bill of Human Rights.

Ngaphandle kwale International Bill, i-UN iye yagunyaza ezinye izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu ezingaphezu kuka-80. “Ngakho kuyiphutha ukucabanga ukuthi izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu ezikuyi-International Bill yizona ezibaluleke kakhulu,” kusho uchwepheshe wamalungelo abantu. “Ngokwesibonelo, i-Convention on the Rights of the Child ka-1990 iyincwadi ye-UN egunyazwe kabanzi nesebenza emazweni amaningi, kodwa ayiyona ingxenye ye-International Bill. Inkulumo ethi ‘International Bill of Human Rights’ yaqanjelwa izizathu zokunyatheliswa kwale ncwadi hhayi njengegama elingokomthetho. Futhi kufanele uvume ukuthi le nkulumo iyakhanga.”a

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Isithombe ekhasini 6]

U-Elsa Stamatopoulou

[Umthombo]

UN/DPI photo by J. Isaac