Ugarit—Guta Rekare Raiva Munzvimbo Yakanga Yakakurumbira Kunamatwa kwaBhaari

MUGORE ra1928, gejo romumwe murimi wokuSyria rakarova dombo raiva pamusoro peguva raiva nezviumbwa zvevhu zvekare kare. Haana kunge afungidzira kuti kuwana kwaakaita guva iri kwaiva kwakakosha sei. Chanzwa nezvokuwana kwemasanga uku, chimwe chikwata chokuFrance chokuchera matongo chaitungamirirwa naClaude Schaeffer chakaenda kunzvimbo iyi gore rakatevera racho.

Pasina nguva refu, pakafukunurwa dombo rakanyorwa rakaita kuti chikwata ichi chikwanise kuziva matongo avakachera nemidziyo yavo yokucheresa. Raiva Ugarit, “rimwe remaguta ekare anokosha kwazvo okuNear East.” Munyori Barry Hoberman akatoti: “Hapana kuwana kwokuchera matongo, kunyange kuya kweMipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa, kwakabatsira zvakakura kudaro pakunzwisisa kwedu Bhaibheri.”—The Atlantic Monthly.

Ndipo Paiva Pamuzinda

Riri pachikomo chinozivikanwa seRas Shamra, paMahombekombe eMediterranean ekwava kuchamhembe kweSyria, Ugarit rakanga riri guta raiva nevanhu vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana rakanga rakabudirira zviuru zvitatu zvemakore zvakapfuura. Raidzora nharaunda yakakura makiromita anenge 60 kubva kuMt. Casius kuchamhembe kusvika kuTell Sukas kumaodzanyemba uye makiromita 30 kusvika ku45 kubva kuMediterranean kumadokero kusvika kuOrontes Valley kumabvazuva.

Zvipfuyo zvakanga zvakawanda mumamiriro okunze ane mwero omuUgarit. Nharaunda ya- cho yaiwanikwa zviyo, mafuta emiorivhi, waini, uye mapuranga—zvinhu zvaisambowanikwa muMesopotamia nomuIji- piti. Uyezve, kuva kweguta racho paisangana nzira dzinokosha dzokutengeserana kwakariita chimwe chezviteshi zvihombe zvokutanga zvengarava dzaibva kunyika dzakawanda. MuUgarit, vatengesi vaibva kuAegean, Anatolia, Bhabhironi, Ijipiti, nokune mamwe mativi eMiddle East vaitengeserana simbi, zvirimwa, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvaigadzirwa imomo.

Pasinei nokubudirira kwaro, Ugarit nguva dzose raiva umambo hwaiva pasi pohumwe umambo. Guta racho rakanga riri nzvimbo yokumusorosoro yaishandiswa noUmambo hweEgypt kusvikira rapinzwa muUmambo hwavaHeti muzana remakore rechi14 B.C.E. Guta reUgarit raisungirwa kubhadhara mutero uye kupa mauto kuna tenzi waro. Apo “Vanhu Vomugungwa”a vanopinda nechisimba vakatanga kuparadza Anatolia (pakati peTurkey) uye kuchamhembe kweSyria, mauto nengarava dzeUgarit zvakakumbirwa nevaHeti. Somugumisiro, Ugarit pacharo rakanga risingachakwanisi kuzvidzivirira uye rakaparadzwa zvachose munenge muna 1200 B.C.E.

Kumutsidzira Zvekare

Kuparadzwa kweUgarit kwakasiya murwi mukuru wakakwirira mamita 20 uye wakafukidza maeka 60. Chikamu chimwe chete muzvitanhatu chenharaunda iyi ndicho chakafukunurwa. Pamatongo acho, vacheri vematongo vakafukunura zvisaririra zvechivako chomuzinda wamambo chakakura kwazvo chine makamuri nezvivanze zvinoda kusvika zana uye chakakura mamita 10 000 kumativi ose. Zvivako izvi zvaiva nemvura yomupombi, zvimbudzi, uye pombi dzinotakura tsvina. Fanicha yakanga yakaiswa ndarama, matombo anokosha, uye nyanga dzenzou. Mabhodhi enyanga dzenzou akavezwa nounyanzvi akawanikwa. Bindu rakaiswa mudhuri uye dziva riri nechomuzasi zvakawedzera runako rwenzvimbo iyi.

Guta racho nenyika yakati sandara yakapoteredza yakanga yakazara netemberi dzaBhaari naDhagoni.b Shongwe dzetemberi idzi, zvichida dzaiva dzakareba mamita 20, dzaiva nomwena waienda kukamuri raiva mukati raigara mufananidzo wamwari wacho. Manera aitungamirira kunhandare yaiva nemitenu umo mambo aitungamirira mhemberero dzakasiyana-siyana. Usiku kana kuti panguva yemadutu, zvikwangwani zvinopenya zvingave zvaibatidzwa pamusoro petemberi dzacho kuitira kutungamirira ngarava kupinda pachiteshi chadzo zvisina ngozi. Vanofamba nengarava avo vaiti kudzoka kwavo vakachengeteka kwaikonzerwa namwari wemadutu Bhaari-Hadhadhi pasina mubvunzo ndivo vakapa mipiro yokupikira yezvibatiso 17 zvengarava zvakagadzirwa nedombo zvakawanikwa munzvimbo yake tsvene.

Mashoko Anokosha Akawanikwa

Zviuru zvemahwendefa evhu zvakawanikwa mumatongo ose eUgarit. Mashoko anotaura nezvemari, zvomutemo, zvounyanzvi, uye zvomumahofisi akawanikwa mumitauro misere, yakanyorwa mumanyoro mashanu. Chikwata chaSchaeffer chakawana mashoko akanyorwa mumutauro usingazivikanwi kusvikira panguva ino—wakapiwa zita rokuti chiUgarit—unoshandisa zviratidzo 30 zvecuneiform, izvo zvakaumba rimwe remabumbiro emabhii ekare kare ati awanikwa.

Kuwedzera pakutaura nezvezvinhu zvemazuva ose, magwaro echiUgarit ane mashoko anodzidzwa anozarura musuo mutsva kupfungwa nemiitiro yechitendero zvomunguva yacho. Chitendero chomuUgarit chinenge chine zvinhu zvikuru zvakafanana nezviya zvaiitwa nevaKenani vakanga vakavakidzana navo. Maererano naRoland de Vaux, mashoko aya “kuratidzwa kwakanyatsorurama kwebudiriro munyika yeKenani nguva pfupi isati yakundwa neIsraeri.”

Chitendero Muguta raBhaari

Vanamwari navanamwarikadzi vanopfuura 200 vanotaurwa mundima dzomuRas Shamra. Mwari mukuru aiva El, ainzi baba wevanamwari uye wevanhu. Uye mwari wemadutu Bhaari-Hadhadhi aiva “mutasvi wemakore” uye “ishe wepasi.” El anoratidzwa seharahwa yakachenjera, ine ndebvu dzachena inogara kure nevanhu. Ukuwo, Bhaari ndimwari akasimba anoda chinzvimbo anotsvaka kutonga vanamwari nevanhu.

Ndima dzakawanikwa idzi zvichida dzaidzokororwa mumitambo yechitendero, yakadai segore idzva kana kuti kukohwa. Zvisinei, kududzirwa kwadzo chaiko hakuna kujeka. Mune rimwe detembo rinotaura nezvokurwira umambo, Bhaari anokunda mwanakomana aifarirwa zvikuru naEl, mwari wegungwa Yamm. Kukunda uku zvichida kwakaita kuti vafambi nengarava vomuUgarit vave nechivimbo chokuti Bhaari aizovadzivirira mugungwa. Mukurwisana naMot, Bhaari anokundwa uye anofa. Kunobva kwaitika nzara, uye mabasa evanhu anomira. Mudzimai waBhaari uye hanzvadzi yake Anat—mwarikadzi worudo nehondo—anouraya Mot omutsa Bhaari. Bhaari anouraya vanakomana vomudzimai waEl, Athirat (Asherah), otorazve chigaro. Asi Mot anodzoka makore manomwe gare gare.

Vamwe vanodudzira detembo iri serinoratidza kutenderera kwemwaka gore negore umo mvura inonaya inopa upenyu inokundwa nokupisa kukuru kwomuchirimo yozodzoka mumatsutso. Vamwe vanofunga kuti nhambo yemakore manomwe ine chokuita nokutya nzara nokusanaya kwemvura. Mune zvose zviri zviviri, simba raBhaari raionekwa serinokosha pakubudirira kwemabasa evanhu. Nyanzvi Peter Craigie anoti: “Vavariro yechitendero chaBhaari yaiva yokusimbisa ukuru hwake; vanamati vake vaidavira kuti paaingoramba ari mukuru chete, zvirimwa nemombe izvo zvinoita kuti vanhu vararame ndipo pazvaizoramba zviripo.”

Kudzivirirwa Pachihedheni

Chainyatsova pachena mumashoko akafukunurwa uori hwechitendero chomuUgarit. The Illustrated Bible Dictionary rinoti: “Ndima dzacho dzinoratidza migumisiro yakaora yokunamatwa kwavanamwari ava; nokusimbisa kwawo hondo, chipfambi chitsvene, rudo rwounzenza nouori hwenzanga hwakaguma hwavapo.” De Vaux anoti: “Akaverenga nhetembo idzi, munhu anonzwisisa kuvenga uko vatendi vechokwadi vokunamatwa kwaYahwe uye vaprofita vakakurumbira vaiita kunamata uku.” Mutemo wakapiwa naMwari kurudzi rwekare rwaIsraeri waidzivirira pachitendero chenhema chakadaro.

Kushopera, unyanzvi hwenyeredzi, uye mashiripiti zvaiitwa nevanhu vakawanda muUgarit. Zviratidzo nemashura zvaitsvakwa kwete muzvinhu zvomudenga chete asiwo muvana vakaremara vanenge vachikura munhumbu uye nhengo dzomukati dzemhuka dzainge dzaurayiwa. “Zvaidavirwa kuti mwari uyo aipirwa mhuka inenge yabayirwa aifanana nayo uye kuti mudzimu wamwari iyeye waibatana nomudzimu wemhuka yacho kuita chinhu chimwe,” anotaura kudaro munyori wenhau dzakaitika kare Jacqueline Gachet. “Somugumisiro, nokuverenga zviratidzo zvinoonekwa pazvinhu izvi, zvaibvira kunyatsoziva zvaidiwa nomudzimu wevanamwari avo vaikwanisa kupa mhinduro yakanaka kana yakaipa kumubvunzo wezviitiko zvomunguva yemberi kana kuti panzira inofanira kutorwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akati.” (Le pays d’Ougarit autour de 1200 av.J.C.) Kusiyana neizvi, vaIsraeri vaifanira kusema miitiro yakadaro.—Dheuteronomio 18:9-14.

Mutemo waMosesi wainyatsorambidza kurara nemhuka. (Revhitiko 18:23) Muitiro uyu waionekwa sei muUgarit? Mumashoko akawanikwa, Bhaari anorara netsiru. “Kana zvikanzi Bhaari anotora chimiro chenzombe kuti aite izvozvo,” akatsinhira kudaro Cyrus Gordon, “izvozvo handizvo zvaizoitawo vapristi vake vaitevedzera zvaaiita zvinotaurwa mungano.”

VaIsraeri vakarayirwa kuti: “Musazvicheka miviri yenyu nokuda kwavakafa.” (Revhitiko 19:28) Zvisinei, arwadziwa nokufa kwaBhaari, El “akacheka ganda rake nebanga, akazvicheka-cheka nechisvo; akacheka matama ake nechirebvu chake.” Kuzvicheka kwetsika sezviri pachena waiva muitiro pakati pevanamati vaBhaari.—1 Madzimambo 18:28.

Rimwe detembo rokuUgarit rinenge rinoratidza kuti kubika mbudzana mumukaka kwaiva rutivi rwetsika yembereko yakanga yakakurumbira muchitendero chomuKenani. Zvisinei, muMutemo waMosesi, vaIsraeri vakarayirwa kuti: “Usabika mbudzana mumukaka wamai vayo.”—Eksodho 23:19.

Kuenzanisa Nendima dzeBhaibheri

Mashoko echiUgarit pakutanga akashandurwa zvikurukuru pachishandiswa chiHebheru chomuBhaibheri. Peter Craigie anoti: “Pane mashoko akawanda akashandiswa mundima dzechiHebheru asina kujeka kuti anorevei uye, dzimwe nguva, asingazivikanwi; vashanduri vaivapo zana remakore rechi20 risati rasvika vakafungidzira, nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, zvaangadaro aireva. Asi mashoko iwayo paanowanikwa mundima dzechiUgarit, zvinobvira kuti tifambire mberi.”

Somuenzaniso, rimwe shoko rechiHebheru rakashandiswa pana Isaya 3:18 (NW) rinongoshandurwa kuti “machira anosungwa mumusoro.” Shoko rakafanana muchiUgarit rinoratidza zvose zuva namwarikadzi wezuva. Saka, vakadzi vomuJerusarema vanotaurwa muuprofita hwaIsaya vangave vaiva vakashonga tuzvidhori twezuva tunorembedzwa pamutsipa uyewo “zvishongo zvine chimiro chomwedzi” vachikudza vanamwari veKenani

Pana Zvirevo 26:23 mundima dzeMasorete, “miromo inopisa uye mwoyo wakaipa” zvinofananidzwa nomudziyo wevhu wakanamirwa “marara anobva pasirivha.” Shoko rechiUgarit rinobvumira kuenzanisa kwacho kuti kunzi “sokupenya kuri pachimedu chehari.” Shanduro Yenyika Itsva inoshandura chirevo ichi zvakakodzera kuti: “Miromo inopisa pamwe chete nomwoyo wakaipa zvakaita somudziyo wevhu wakafukidzwa nesirivha inopenya.”

Hwaro Hwokunyorwa kweBhaibheri Here?

Kuongororwa kwendima dzeRas Shamra kwakaita kuti dzimwe nyanzvi dzitaure kuti dzimwe ndima dzeBhaibheri dzakatorwa mumabhuku enhetembo echiUgarit. André Caquot, nhengo yeFrench Institute, anotaura nezve“hwaro hwetsika dzeKenani huri pamwoyo pechitendero chechiIsraeri.”

NezvaPisarema 29, Mitchell Dahood wePontifical Biblical Institute muRome anoti: “Pisarema iri kugamuchirwa kwokunamatwa kwaYahwe kwechimbo chechiKenani kuna mwari wemadutu Bhaari . . . Rinenge shoko rose mupisarema racho iye zvino rinogona kudzokororwa mundima dzekare dzechiKenani.” Pfungwa idzodzo dzakarurama here? Kwete!

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzine mwero dzinobvuma kuti kufanana kwacho kwakawedzeredzwa. “Hapana kunyange ndima imwe yechiUgarit yakafanana nePisarema 29 rose zvaro,” inotaura kudaro imwe nyanzvi yezvechitendero Garry Brantley. “Kutaura kuti Pisarema 29 (kana imwewo ndima yomuBhaibheri) ingangova yakatorwa mungano yechihedheni hakuna hwaro hunopupurirwa.”

Chokwadi chokuti pane kufanana kuripo mukutaura kwokufananidzira, kufanana kwokudetemba, uye manyorero uchapupu hwokuti ndiko kwadzakabva here? Pane kudaro, kufanana kwakadaro kunofanira kutarisirwa. The Encyclopedia of Religion rinoti: “Chikonzero chokufanana uku mumanyorero uye mashoko ndokwetsika: pasinei nokusiyana kunooneka kwenyika nenguva kuripo pakati peUgarit neIsraeri, kwaiva rutivi rwechinhu chikuru chetsika chaigoverana mashoko mamwe chetewo okudetemba neechitendero.” Naizvozvo Garry Brantley anopedzisa achiti: “Kutsanangura kusina kufanira kumanikidzira zvitendero zvechihedheni mundima dzeBhaibheri nemhaka bedzi yokufanana kwomutauro.”

Pakupedzisira, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kana paine kufanana kuripo pakati pendima dzeRas Shamra neBhaibheri, kunongova kufanana chaiko, kwete kwomudzimu. “Kukwirira kwetsika kwakasvikwa muBhaibheri hakuzoonekwi muUgarit,” inotaura kudaro nyanzvi yezvinocherwa mumatongo Cyrus Gordon. Chokwadi, misiyano iripo inopfuura nokure kufanana kupi nokupi kuripo.

Kudzidzwa kwezvinhu zvokuUgarit kungangopfuurira kubatsira vadzidzi veBhaibheri kunzwisisa mamiriro etsika, nhoroondo, uye chitendero zvevanyori veBhaibheri uye orudzi rwechiHebheru rwose zvarwo. Kumwe kuongororwa kwendima dzeRas Shamra kungajekesawo kunzwisiswa kwechiHebheru chekare. Zvisinei, kupfuura zvose, zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo kuUgarit zvinonyatsoratidza kusiyana kuripo pakati pokuzvipira kuna Bhaari kunoshatisa nokunamatwa kwaJehovha kwakachena.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 25]

Zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo kuUgarit zvakawedzera kunzwisisa kwatinoita Magwaro

[Mepu/Mifananidzo zviri papeji 24, 25]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Umambo hwevaHeti muzana remakore rechi14 B.C.E.

GUNGWA REMEDITERRANEAN

Yufuratesi

GOMO RECASIUS (JEBEL EL-AGRA)

Ugarit (Ras Shamra)

Tell Sukas

Orontes

SYRIA

EGYPT

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Kamufananidzo kaBhaari uye mukombe wakaita somusoro wemhuka: Musée du Louvre, Paris; mufananidzo womuzinda wamambo: © D. Héron-Hugé pour “Le Monde de la Bible”

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 25]

Marangwanda omusuo wokupinda mumuzinda wamambo

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Detembo rengano rechiUgarit ringajekesa Eksodho 23:19

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Musée du Louvre, Paris

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 27]

Dombo raBhaari

Ndiro yendarama inomirira kuvhima

Chivharo chebhokisi rezvizorwa renyanga dzenzou chinoratidza mwari wembereko

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Mifananidzo yose: Musée du Louvre, Paris