Nguva Yemberi Yorudzidziso Pakurangarirwa Kwenguva Yarwo Yakapfuura
Chikamu 20: zana ramakore rechi 19 kuchipfuurira—Kudzorerwa Kwava Pedyo!
“Nzira yakanakisisa yokuona nayo chiedza choumwari ndeyokudzima kanduru rako umene.”—Thomas Fuller, chiremba nomunyori wechiNgezi (1654-1734)
ZANA ramakore rechi 19 rakanzi ndirimwe renhambo dzine simba zvikurusa renhau yechiKristu, rinofambidzana namazana amakore apamberi pawo uye namakore eChinjo. Zvikonzero zvewedzero yakadaro mukusvinurira nomubato zvorudzidziso zvakawanda uye zvakasiana-siana.
Munyori Kenneth S. Latourette anoronga zvinhu zvinowirirana 13, zvimwe zvacho zvakakurukurwa muchinyorwa chakapfuura chamagazini ino. Anotaura kuti “hakuna kutongoitika nakare kose munguva pfupi yakadai kuti chaunga chavanhu chakachinjwa zvikuru kwazvo uye mumhatsa yakadai yenzira.”
MuUnited States, kumutsidzirwa kworudzidziso kwakanga kuchisanooneka. Somuenzaniso, umutezo hwechechi hwakasimuka kubva paisingasviki 10 muzana yechiverengero chavagari vemo pakutanga kwezana ramakore kusvikira kuinenge 40 muzana pakuguma kwaro. Masande sukuru—akatangwa muEngland muna 1780—akawedzera mumukurumbira. Chikonzero chaikoku chakanga chiri chokuti, mukusiana neEurope, kuparadzana kweChechi neHurumende muUnited States kwakadzivisa murairidzo worudzidziso muzvikoro zvavose. Mukuwedzera, madhazeni amakoreji amasangano nezvikoro zveBhaibheri zvamasangano anosangana enyika yose zvakatangwa, uye muhafu yokutanga yezana ramakore, zvinenge zvikoro zvokudzidzira ufundisi zvine 25 zvakatangwa muUnited States.
Kuri zvino, pamwero wemburumbwa yose, chiPurotesitendi chakanga chichiva nomurangariro woufundisi. Muiti weshangu weBritain uye mudzidzisi William Carey akanga atungamirira muna 1792 kupfurikidza nokubudisa bhuku rinonzi An Enquiry Into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens. Vachingunobatira muIndia savafundisi, Carey neshamwari dzake vakashandurira Bhaibheri rose kana kuti rutivi mumitauro inopfuura 40 yeIndia nemimwe yeAsia uye mitauro miduku. Basa iro vamwe vavafundisi ivava vapakuvamba vakaita mukuparadzira maBhaibheri rinorumbidzwa.
Sayenzi itsva kana ichienzaniswa noruzivo rwokuchera matongo rweBhaibheri yakawanawo chimiro mukati mezana ramakore rokupedzisira. Muna 1799 varwi vechiFrench muEgipita vakawana sirabhu yeibwe dema rebasalt zvino ronzi ibwe reRosetta. Rakanga rine runyoro rumwe cheterwo rwakanyorwa katatu, kaviri muzvimiro zvakasiana zvokunyora nemifananidzo kweEgipita uye kamwe chete muchiGiriki. Nokudaro kwakabvumikisa kuva betsero mukushandura mutauro usinganzwisisiki wokunyora nemifananidzo weEgipita. Nokukurumidza pashure pacho manyoro eAsiria ecuneiform akashandurwawo. Nokudaro apo kufukunyura kwakavamba muAsiria neEgipita nokukurumidza pashure pacho, zvifukunyurwa zvakafukunyurwa zvakava nerevo itsva. Nhauro zhinji dzeBhaibheri dzakasimbiswa kusvikira kuudzame hudukusa.
Kubvirisa Makanduru Avo Vamene
Fariro yorudzidziso zvayakawedzera, ndozvakaitawo chiverengero chavaizova vachinji. Zvisinei, kwakanga kuri pamhene kuti handi vose vakanga vari vapachokwadi. Munyori adudzwa kare Kenneth S. Latourette nomutoo wokusasvitsa anobvuma kuti mamwe amasangano matsva orudzidziso “akatangwa neshanje, kakavadzano, nechinendirini chomunhu oga.” Asi vachinji vachibvirisa makanduru echinendirini chomunhu oga vasati vaitongogona kukarirwa kuva vakasarudzwa naMwari nokuda kwokudzorera kunamata kwechokwadi.
Pakati pouku kutoikira kunonyonganisa kwamakanduru omunhu oga, kufunga kwavafundisi kwakanyonganiswa. Kutsoropodza magwaro kukuru, zvikurukuru chibereko chamayunivhesiti eGermany, kwakadudzirazve Magwaro mukubetserwa nomufungo wesayenzi “weenderero mberi.” Vatsoropodzi zvikuru vamagwaro vakarangarira Bhaibheri seriri pasi pechinyorwa choruzivo rwokuzviwanira rworudzidziso rwechiJudha. Chiremera cheBhaibheri sechiri madikanwa mukusarudza nzira yoruponeso chakapanikirwa, sezvakaitwa uchenjeri hwemipimo yetsika yarinotsigira.
Kutsoropodza kukuru kwamagwaro kwakawana tsigiro yokukurumidza, zvikurukuru pakati pavafundisi vavaPurotesitendi. Mukuwirirana nomumwe mushumo, pakuzosvika muna 1897 hapana nomutezo mumwe wavadzidzisi vapamayunivhesiti vokudzidzira ufundisi vavaPurotesitendi vane 20 muGermany vakanga vachiri kuomererera kumirangariro yegamuchidzanwa pamusoro pokunyorwa kwePentateuch kana kuti kwebhuku raIsaya.
Makore mashomanene gare gare, muna 1902, nharo pamusoro pokutsoropodza magwaro kukuru dzakamuka padare raMagungano aVose raMachechi ePresbyterian muScotland. Edinburgh Evening News rakashuma, kuti: “Mukuwirirana navatsoropodzi zvikuru vamagwaro, . . . Bhaibheri muunganidzwa wenhau dzengano, umo muparidzi angasarudza mapfundo mashomanene edzidziso dzetsika seizvo nyanzvi yetsika ine mano ingasarudza mapfundo mashomanene edzidziso yetsika mu‘Nhau Dzinotaurwa dzaÆsop’” Zvisinei, ipapo pepanhau rakati: “Mapoka anoshanda haasiri mafuza. Haasati achizopinda chechi kuti ateerere vanhu avo ivo vamene vari kurarama mumhute mundangariro.”
Nyaya yechipiri mazuva mashomanene gare gare yakava yakatojeka zvikuru, ichitsinhira, kuti: “Hakubetseri kuswerotaura zvinhu nomutoo wakagomara. Chechi yavaPurotesitendi inyengedzo yakarongwa, uye vatungamiriri vayo vanyengeri vakuru. Kwakasvika chaizvoizvo kukuti kudai munyori we‘Zera Rokurangarira’ aiva mupenyu nhasi haasati aizotaurwa nezvake nomutoo wokuseka saTom Paine, asingadaviri, bva Mufundisi Thomas Paine, D. D., Purofesa weDudziro yechiHebheru neTestamende Yekare, U[nited] F[ree] College, Glasgow. Haasati aizova nechinetso mukuparidzira pachikuva chavaPurotesitendi . . . [uye] kuwana mari yakanaka sapurofesa woruzivo rwoumwari.”
Kuita Kworudzidziso
Kubvira pamavambo acho, chiPurotesitendi chakasimbisa kutendeuka kwomunhu oga noruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwechiKristu, zvikurukuru runotsamidzwa paRugwaro, uye kuderedza miitiro negamuchidzanwa.
Muma 1830 nomuma 1840, vaEvhangeri vavaPurotesitendi vazhinji vakavamba kuzivisa kuva pedyo kwokuuya kwechipiri kwaKristu uye pamwe chete nakwo mavambo aMakore Ane Gumi Ramazana. William Miller, sapurazi weNew York, akafungidzira kuti kuuya kwechipiri kungaitika munenge muna 1843. Iri sangano ramakore ane gumi ramazana rakabetsera kuvanzarika hwaro nokuda kwechimiro chakatanhamara nechine simba zvikuru chouEvhangeri chakazozivikanwa soKudavira Bhaibheri sezvariri chaizvoizvo.
Kudavira Bhaibheri sezvariri chaizvoizvo zvikurukuru kwakanga kuri kuita kwokurwisana nepanikiro, kuzvifungira kworusununguko kwokupanikira dzidziso dzisingapokanidzwi, kutsigira zvaunodavira, kuregeredza tsika uko chiPurotesitendi chinoregerera chakanga chakurudzira. Gare gare chakagamuchira zita racho rinobva munhevedzano dzamabhuku 12 ane musoro unoti The Fundamentals, akabudiswa kubvira muna 1909 kusvikira kuna 1912 neMoody Bible Institute.
Kudavira Bhaibheri sezvariri chaizvoizvo, zvikurukuru muUnited States, kwava kunosanozivikanwa kupfurikidza nemibato yakwo inobudirira yomunhepfenyuro nomuTV, masangano akwo eBhaibheri, nemisangano yakwo inosanoparidzirwa nemutsidziro yokunzwa. Zvisinei, pamisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, mukurumbira wakwo wakava wakaipa nokuda kwezviito zvisina kufanira zvezvemari nezvoutere zvavamwe vavatungamiriri vakwo vakaisvotanhamara zvikuru. Kwakatsoropodzwawo nokuda kwomubato wakwo unowedzera wezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru chifo chokuumbwa muna 1979 kweMoral Majority, uko kwakaputsanywa pamisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi.
Kudavira Bhaibheri sezvariri chaizvoizvo, nepo kuchikambira kudzivirira Bhaibheri, kwakasekesawo chaizvoizvo chiremera charo. Imwe nzira yakwakaita nayo kudaro iri kupfurikidza nokuturikira sezvaari chaizvoizvo magwaro ayo nomutoo wakajeka asati akaitirwa kuti arangarirwe sezvaari chaizvoizvo. Muenzaniso waikoku ndiyo kambiro yokuti, mukuwirirana nenhauro yaGenesi, pasi rakasikwa mumazuva 6 chaiwoiwo amaawa 24. Sezvinooneka, iwaya aiva mazuva okufananidzira ourefu hukuru zvikuru. (Enzanisa naGenesi 2:3, 4; 2 Petro 3:8.) Dzimwe nzira idzo Kudavira Bhaibheri sezvariri chaizvoizvo kunosekesa nadzo Bhaibheri kuri kupfurikidza nokudzidzisa dzidziso dzisiri dzapamagwaro, dzakadai sechitambudzo chisingagumi muhero yomwoto, uye padzimwe nguva kupfurikidza nokusimudzira mipimo yomufambiro panzvimbo peinodikanwa noRugwaro, yakadai sokudzivisa kunwiwa kwezvinwiwa zvinodhakisa kana kuzora zvizoro kwavakadzi. Mune idzi nzira Kudavira Bhaibheri sezvariri chaizvoizvo kwakaparira vanhu kuramba shoko reBhaibheri serisiri repepuko, risina mufungo, uye risiri resayenzi.
Nhau Yokumirira Nguva Yakafanira
Nomutoo wakajeka, chakanga chichidikanwa chakanga chiri kudzorerwa, kudzorerwa kwokunamata kwechokwadi! Bva sokureva kunoita Muparidzi 3:1 (NW), kuti: “Kune nguva yakagadzwa nokuda kwechinhu chiri chose.”
Shure muzana rokutanga ramakore, Jesu akamutsidzira kunamata kwechokwadi muchimiro chechiKristu. Bva, akaporofita kuti kwaizova nokuwa pakutenda. Akataura kuti maKristu echokwadi, kufanana negorosi, namaKristu enhema, kufanana namasora, aizo“kura ose ari maviri pamwe chete kutozosvikira pakucheka.” Panguva iyeyo, ngirozi dzaizo“unganidza masora . . . ndokuapisa,” nepo maKristu echokwadi aizounganidzwa munyasha dzaMwari. (Mateo 13:24-30, 37-43, NW) Muhafu yapashure yezana ramakore rechi 19, nguva yakagadzwa youku kudzorerwa kwokunamata kwechokwadi yakanga yava pazvikumbaridzo.
Charles Taze Russell akaberekerwa muPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, muna 1852, uye kunyange somwana, akaratidzira fariro huru muBhaibheri. Mumakore ake omuma 20, akatendeudzira ngwariro yake kubva mubhizimisi remhuri kuti apire nguva yake yose kukuparidzira. Pakuzosvika muna 1916, apo iye akafa pazera ramakore 64, sezvinoshumwa akanga aparidzira mharidzo dzinopfuura 30 000 uye anyora mabhuku ane mapeji 50 000.
Nepo achiziva basa rinorumbidzwa vamwe vakanga vaita mukusimudzira Bhaibheri, Russell akaziva kuti kungoshandura bedzi, kutsikirira, uye kuparadzira Bhaibheri kwakanga kusina kukwana. Naizvozvo muma 1879 akavamba kubudisa magazini nhasi yozivikana seNharireyomurindi. Chinyorwa chayo chokutanga chakati: “Isu takanyanyokombamira zvikuru kukubvunza kuti, Chechi yangu inotii pamusoro pomubvunzo upi noupi, panzvimbo pokuti Magwaro anotii? Kwakafundwa dzidziso dzakanyanyowanda zvikuru dzoumwari, uye Bhaibheri harina kufundwa zvakakwana. Ipapoka, tichifunga kuti ‘Magwaro anokwanisa kutingwadza,’ kuti ‘zvipupuriro zvaShe zvinongwadza zvechokwadi vasina kungwara,’ ngatinzverei.”
Nhasi, zvayapedza makore ane 110 okubudiswa asina kuvhiringidzwa, Nharireyomurindi (zvino yobudiswa mumitauro 106 uye negoverwo inopfuura makopi ana mamirioni 15 pachinyorwa) inopfuurira kunzvera Shoko raMwari. Mamirioni avanhu akadzidza kuonga betsero yainogovera mufundo, munzwisiso, uye mushandiswo yeizvo Bhaibheri rinodzidzisa.
Russell akanga asina kufanana navazhinji vavane ndangariro dzakarerekera kuchinjo vomunguva yake mukuti haana kuparidzira kusvika chaikwo kuna Mwari, haana kuganza nezvezviono zvoumwari kana kuti wadzanyuro, haana kuwana mashoko akavanzika muchimiro chamabhuku akavanzika kana kuti neimwe nzira, uye haana kutongotaura kuva anokwanisa kuporesa vanorwara mumuviri. Kupfuurirazve, haana kusimbisa kuti aigona kuturikira Bhaibheri. Somudziyo unodisa uri mumaoko oumwari, akadzivisa miedzo yose yokuti abvumire “kanduru rake amene” kupenyesa chiedza choumwari.
“Zvokwadi ndiyo inofanira kukudzwa uye kuparidzirwa panzvimbo pomubatiri wayo,” Russell akanyora kudaro muna 1900, achiwedzera, kuti: “Kune kombamiro hurusa yokurumbidza zvokwadi kumuparidzi, kuchikanganwika kuti zvokwadi yose ndeyaMwari, uyo anoshandisa mubatiri mumwe kana kuti mumwe mukuparidzirwa kwayo nenzira yaangada.” Ichi ndicho chikonzero chikuru nei vanyori navashanduri vezvinyorwa zveWatch Tower, uyewo mitezo yeNew World Bible Translation Committee, vachisarudza kuramba vasingazivikanwi.
Mambo waMwari Anogadzwa Pachigaro Choumambo!
Muzana rokutanga ramakore, Johane Mubhapatidzi akazivisa kuoneka kwava pedyo kwaJesu saMambo akasarudzwa waMwari. Muzana ramakore rechi 19, nguva yakanga yasvika yokuzivisa kuoneka kwava pedyo kwaMambo iyeyo musimba rokudenga. Nenzira inowirirana, muchinyorwa chayo chaMarch 1880, Zion’s Watch Tower yakazivisa, kuti: “‘Nguva dzaVamarudzi’ dzakatambanukira kuna 1914, uye umambo hwokudenga hausati huchizova nokutonga kuzere kutozosvikira panguva iyeyo.”
Nokudaro, nhasi boka rinozivikanwa seZvapupu zvaJehovha rakasanozivikanwa kwaanopfuura makore ane zana akapfuura mukuzivisa kuti gore ra 1914 raizoratidzira mavambo oUmambo hwaMwari. Kugadzwa pachigaro choumambo kwaMambo waMwari kwakanga kuri nhano inotangira kudzimwa kwokupedzisira kwekanduru rinotoikira rorudzidziso rwenhema, kuti rigorega kudzikatidza chiedza choumwari.
Zana ramakore rechi 19 zvarakanga richiswedera kumugumo, rudzidziso rwechiKristudhomu rwakanga rwusina nguvo dzokuzvizivisa irwo rwumene somubatiri waMwari. Rwakafanirwa nokusiiwa naMwari. Nguva yarwo yorutongeso yakanga iri kuswedera pedyo. Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro paikoku munyaya yedu inotevera ino iyi.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 25]
Vamwe Vana Vechinjo “Vakasvika Pashure”
Church of Christ, Scientist: Iri sangano rorudzidziso rinowanzozivikanwa seChristian Science. Rakatangwa muna 1879 naMary Baker Eddy, akanga achiitira hanya zvikuru utano. Kunaya kwake kunoshumwa kuti kwakaitika kamwe kamwe patsaona yakakomba muna 1866 kwakamupwisa kuti akanga awana nheyo dzakagonesa Jesu kuporesa varwere uye kumutsa vakafa. Bhuku rake ra 1875 rinonzi Science and Health With Key to the Scriptures rinodzidzisa kuti zvinhu zvomudzimu zvinokurira zvinhu zvokunyama, kuti chivi, hosha, rufu, nezvimwe zvinhu zvisina kutsarukana mifungo inokurirwa nezivo yezvokwadi nokufunga kwakananga mutsinhirano neNdangariro, kureva Mwari.
Vadzidzi vaJesu: Iyi chechi yakaumbwa muna 1832 navaPresbyterian veAmerica vane ndangariro yakakombamira kukudzorerwa. Chiziviso chavo chakanga chiri chokuti: “Apo Magwaro anotaura, tinotaura; apo Magwaro anonyarara, tinonyarara.” Rimwe bhuku renongedzero rinovarondedzera sa“vanoregerera zvikuru kwazvo mudzidziso nomunhau dzorudzidziso.” Mitezo yakabvumira vezvamatongerwe enyika kuvakamuranisa nomutoo wakakomba mukati meHondo yeNyikayo yeU.S. Muna 1970 kwakanga kuna masangano 118, kubatanidza namaChurch of Christ akaumbwa muna 1906.
Salvation Army: William Booth akatanga iri boka rorudzidziso rinorongwa mukuwirirana nenzira yamauto. Booth akapinda muushumiri hweMethodist mumakore ake omuma 20 ndokuva muevhangeri akazvimirira muna 1861. Iye nomudzimai wake vakatanga basa rokuparidzira pakati pavarombo muLondon East End. Zita rebokaro rakachinjwa muna 1878 kubva muChristian Mission kuva Salvation Army. Salvation Army inotsvaka ku“ponesa mweya” kupfurikidza nokupa betsero yamagariro avanhu kuna vasina misha, vane nzara, vanobatwa zvisina kufanira, navarombo.
MaSeventh-Day Adventist: Iri ndiro gurusa ramamwe masangano eAdventist ane 200. Zita ravo rakavakirwa pachitendero chokuuya kwechipiri, kana kuti kusvika, kwaKristu. MaAdventist anobva musangano romukutanga kwama 1840 romufundisi asina kudzidzira ufundisi weBaptist William Miller. Vachidzidzisa kuti Mirairo Ine Gumi ichiri kushanda, maSeventh-Day Adventist anochengeta sabata reChitanhatu chairoiro. Mimwe mitezo inoti anenge mashoko ose akafuridzirwa eBhaibheri manyoro aEllen Gould White, mumwe wavatungamiriri vanoisvopesvedzera veboka, uyo akataura kuti iye akavhenekerwa kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yezviono zvoumwari.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 24]
Ibwe reRosetta rakabetsera kusimbisa uchokwadi hweBhaibheri
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum