Nguva Yemberi Yorudzidziso Pakurangarirwa Kwenguva Yarwo Yakapfuura
Chikamu 19: zana ramakore rechi 17 kusvikira ku rechi 19—ChiKristudhomu Chinorwisana Nechinjo Yenyika
“Uzivi norudzidziso hazvitsinhiranisiki.”—Georg Herwegh, wezvenhetembwa weGermany womuzana ramakore rechi 19
“UZIVI,” ishoko rinowanwa mumanyuko echiGiriki rinoreva kuti “rudo rwouchenjeri,” rinonetsa kurondedzera. Nepo richipanikira kuti “rondedzero yose neinobatanidza zvose” inogona kuitwa, The New Encyclopædia Britannica rinoti “kutamburira kwokutanga muno urwu rutivi kungava kwokurondedzera uzivi so‘murangariro pamusoro pemhatsa dzoruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwomunhu’ kana kuti zvimwe ‘kurangarirwa kune mufungo, kwakarongeka, kune nhevedzano kwemisoro iya iri yeitiro hanya zvikurusa kumunhu.’”
Idzi rondedzero dzinosanorondedzera chikonzero nei rudzidziso rwechokwadi nouzivi zvisingatsinhiranisiki. Rudzidziso rwechokwadi rwakavakirwa pachizaruro choumwari, kwete pa“mhatsa dzoruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwomunhu.” Chinhu chokutanga chinoisvokosha kwazvo, runovakira pafariro dzoMusiki, kwete pa“misoro iri yeitiro hanya zvikurusa kumunhu.” Rudzidziso rwenhema, kune rumwe rutivi, souzivi, rwakavakirwa paruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwomumhu uye runoisa fariro dzomunhu pamusorosoro. Iri idi rinova rinooneka zvikurukuru muzana ramakore rechi 17 zvichienda mberi chiKristudhomu zvachakarwisana nechinjo yenyika.
Tyisidziro Nhatu
Nokukurumidza apo sayenzi yazvino uno yakatanga muzana ramakore rechi 17, bonderano pakati payo norudzidziso yakaratidzika kuva isingadzivisiki. Rubudiriro rwesayenzi rwakatanhamara rwakaputira sayenzi muchiedza chokusakanganisa uye chiremera, chinobudisa mirangariro yesayenzi, rudzidziso rumene, mombe tsvene. Mubetsero ya“maidi” esayenzi, kambiro dzorudzidziso nokukurumidza dzakaratidzika kuva dzisingabvumisiki nomutoo unopanikirika. Sayenzi yakanga iri itsva uye ichifadza; rudzidziso rwakaratidzika kuva rwechinyakare norwakagomara.
Ichi chimiro chendangariro kurudzidziso chakakudzwa neVhenekero, sangano ravakangwara rakamonzvera Europe mukati mezana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi 18. Chichisimbisa rubudiriro rwoungwaru nezvinhu zvokunyama, chakaramba chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika nechorudzidziso nokuda kwomurangariro wokutsoropodza. Ikoku, sezvinofungidzirwa, kwakanga kuri manyuko ezivo nomufarwa. “Manyuko acho amadzisekuru,” inodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica, akawanwa “muuzivi hwechiGiriki.”
Vhenekero zvikurukuru yakanga iri chinoitika chechiFrench. Vatungamiriri vakatanhamara muFrance vakabatanidza Voltaire naDenis Diderot. MuGreat Britain yakawana vatauriri vanaJohn Locke naDavid Hume. Varevereri vakawanwawo pakati pamadzibaba akatanhamara eU.S., vanobatanidza Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, uye Thomas Jefferson. Kutaura idi, kuparadzana kweChechi neHurumende kwakarairwa neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. iratidzirwo yepfungwa dzeVhenekero. Mitezo yakatanhamara muGermany yaiva Christian Wolff, Immanuel Kant, uye Moses Mendelssohn, sekuru vomurongi wenziyo Felix Mendelssohn.
Kant, achinyumwira rudzidziso, anotaurwa kuva akarondedzera “vhenekero” so“kusunungurwa kwomunhu mutaviridziro yokuzviitira.” Kupfurikidza naikoku, anotsanangura kudaro Allen W. Wood wapaCornell University, Kant akareva “muitiro uyo vanhu vanogamuchira nawo ushingi hwokuzvifungira ivo vamene pamusoro petsika, rudzidziso, uye zvamatongerwe enyika, panzvimbo pokuita kuti mirangariro yavo irairwe kwavari navezvamatongerwe enyika, vafundisi, kana kuti zviremera zvapamagwaro.”
Mukati mehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi 18, Chinjo yeNzvimbo Dzamabasa Okugadzirwa Kwezvinhu yakavamba, kutanga muGreat Britain. Simbiso yakachinjwa kubva kukurima kuenda kukubudiswa nokugadzirwa kwezvinhu neyamuro yemichina nokushandiswa kwamakemikari. Ikoku kwakavhiringidza nzanga huru yokurima neyamaruwa, kuchiendesa zviuru zvavanhu vanotsvikinyidzana mumaguta nokuda kwebasa. Kushaikwa kwamabasa, perevedzo yedzimba, urombo, uye zvakashata zvakasiana-siana zvine chokuita nebasa zvakava muuyo.
Ko chiKristudhomu chaikwanisa kugonana neidzi tyisidziro nhatu dzesayenzi, Vhenekero, uye nzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu here?
Kubvisa Mwari, Kana Kuchitongodaro Nomutoo Wounyoro
Vanhu vakapesvedzerwa nokufunga kweVhenekero vakamhura rudzidziso nokuda kwezvakashata zvizhinji zvenzanga. Pfungwa yokuti “nzanga inofanira kuvakwa mukuwirirana nerongedzero yakadeya kugadzwa yomutemo woumwari nomuzvarirwo,” rinodaro The Encyclopedia of Religion, “yakatsiviwa nepfungwa yokuti nzanga yakanga, kana kuti yaigona, kuvakwa na‘mano’ kana kuti no‘kuronga’ zvomunhu amene. Nokudaro hutangendini hwenyika, namagariro avanhu zvakavapo izvo, zvaizoparirawo huzhinjisa hwerondedzero dzouzivi nedzamagariro avanhu dzenyika yazvino uno.”
Idzi rondedzero dzaibatanidza “rudzidziso rwenzanga” rwairevererwa nomuzivi weVhenekero anopesvedzera wechiFrench Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Rwakavakira panzanga nebatanidzwo yavanhu mufariro dzarwo panzvimbo pepano Munhu woumwari nokunamatwa kwake. Nyanzvi yokunyora nhau yechiFrench Claude-Henri de Rouvroy akareverera “ChiKristu Chitsva,” nepo mudzidziswa wake Auguste Comte akataura nezvo“rudzidziso rwavanhu.”
Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, sangano reAmerica rinozivikanwa seevhangeri yenzanga rakatanga pakati pavaPurotesitendi; rakanga richisanowirirana nerondedzero dzeEurope. Pfungwa iyeyo yakavakirwa mudzidziso dzoumwari yakasimbisa kuti musengwa mukuru womuKristu ndowokubatanidzwa munzanga. Inowana tsigiro huru pakati pavaPurotesitendi kusvikira kuzuva rino. Shanduro dzechiKaturike dzinowanwa muvaprista vanoshanda veFrance uye pakati pavafundisi veLatin America vanodzidzisa ruzivo rwoumwari rworusununguko.
Vafundisi vechiKristudhomu vanoratidzirawo uyu muitiro, sokuratidzira kunoita mushumo wamagazini yeTime ya 1982, kuti: “Pakati pavaPurotesitendi, pave pane kuchinjira kukubatanidzwa zvikuru nezvinetso zvikuru zvemari namagariro avanhu zvavanhu . . . Nokuda kwechiverengero chinowedzera chavafundisi veKaturike, kuziva chisakiso chavarombo kunoreva revererwo yechinjo huru mugadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye dzezvemari—kunyange kana chinjo idzodzo dziri kutungamirirwa namasangano echinjo aMarx. . . . Zvamazvirokwazvo, kuna vafundisi vanodavira kuti chinjo haina kukodzera chose chose kubasa ravo rechokwadi.” Vafundisi vakadaro sezviri pachena vanobvumirana nenyanzvi yamagariro avanhu yechiFrench Émile Durkheim, uyo akambokarakadza, kuti: ‘Nharidzano chaiyoiyo yokunamata kworudzidziso inzanga, kwete Mwari.’
Sezvinooneka, chiKristudhomu chakanga chichibvisa Mwari murudzidziso, kana kuchitongodaro nomutoo wounyoro. Kuri zvino, mamwe masimba akanga achishandawo.
Kutsiva Mwari Namarudzidziso Enhema
Machechi akanga asina zvigadzikiso zvezvinetso zvinoparirwa neChinjo yeNzvimbo Dzamabasa Okugadzirwa Kwezvinhu. Asi marudzidziso enhema, zvibereko zvouzivi hwavanhu, akati anazvo, uye akapinda nokukurumidza kufushira mukaha.
Somuenzaniso, vamwe vanhu vakaona donzo ravo muupenyu mukuronda pfuma nezvinhu, kombamiro youdyire yakaparirwa neChinjo yeNzvimbo Dzamabasa Okugadzirwa Kwezvinhu. Kudisa zvenyika kwakava rudzidziso. Mwari Wamasimba ose akatsiviwa ne‘Dhora Ramasimba ose.’ Mumutambo wakaitwa naGeorge Bernard Shaw, ikoku kwakaratidzirwa nomumwe munhu akataura, kuti: “Ini ndiri Mirioneya. Ndirwo rudzidziso rwangu.”
Vamwe vanhu vakatendeukira kumasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika. Muzivi wegadziriro yokushandira hurumende Friedrich Engels, mushandi biyamwe naKarl Marx, akaporofita kuti gadziriro yokushandira hurumende pakupedzisira yaizotsiva rudzidziso, iyo ichitora mavara orudzidziso. Nokudaro, gadziriro yokushandira hurumende zvayakawana nzvimbo mhiri muEurope, anodaro Purofesa akarega basa Robert Nisbet, “chinhu chakatanhamara chakanga chiri kutsauka pakutenda kwavatsigiri vegadziriro yokushandira hurumende kubva muchiJudha kana kuti muchiKristu uye kutendeukira kwavo kumuteveri.”
Kukundikana kwechiKristudhomu kugonana nechinjo kwakabvumira masimba kukura zvokuti World Christian Encyclopedia inonongedzera kwairi se“kuda nyika, kudisa zvenyika zvesayenzi, chikomonizimu chokusadavira kuvapo kwaMwari, urudzi, chiNazi, chiFascist, chiMao, kuda kuva vanhu vakasununguka uye marudzidziso mazhinji enhema akaumbwa kana kuti akaitwa.”
Nemhaka yechibereko aya marudzidziso enhema ouzivi akabereka, mashoko owezvenhetembwa weBritain John Milton angaratidzika kuva anoisvokodzera zvikuru: “Uchenjeri hwose hahuna maturo, uye uzivi hwenhema.”
Kutsvaka Kubvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira
Vamanikwa pakati pamasangano amarudzidziso asingashandi kune rumwe rutivi uye marudzidziso enhema anonyengera kune rumwe rutivi, mamirioni avanhu akanga achitsvaka chimwe chinhu chiri nani zvikuru. Vamwe vakafunga kuti vakanga vachiwana muchimiro Chokudavira kuvapo kwaMwari asi vachiramba kuzvizivisa kwaMwari kuvanhu, uyewo chinozivikanwawo so“rudzidziso rwomusikirwo.” Kuchiwana mukurumbira zvikurukuru muEngland mukati mezana ramakore rechi 17, Kudavira kuvapo kwaMwari asi vachiramba kuzvizivisa kwaMwari kuvanhu kwakarondedzerwa sokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwakagamuchira sayenzi pasina kutiza Mwari. Vezvokudavira kuvapo kwaMwari asi vachiramba kuzvizivisa kwaMwari kuvanhu nokuda kwechikonzero ichecho vafungi vanozvimirira mune zvorudzidziso vanoda rutivi rwokusanyanyisa.
Author Wood anojekesa, achiti: “Murevo yakwo huru, kudavira kuvapo kwaMwari asi kuchiramba kuzvizivisa kwaMwari kuvanhu kunoratidzira chitendero muna Mwari mumwe chete uye mumuitiro worudzidziso wakavakirwa chose chose pachikonzero chomusikirwo pane kuzvizivisa kunopfuura simba rohunhu.” Asi kupfurikidza nokusabvumira “kuzvizivisa kunopfuura simba rohunhu,” vamwe veZvokudavira kuvapo kwaMwari asi vachiramba kuzvizivisa kwaMwari kuvanhu vakasvika kutambanuko inenge yokuramba chose chose Bhaibheri. Mazuva ano kutaurakwo hakuchawanzoshandiswa, kunyange zvazvo maKristu okuedzesera anoramba chiremera chorudzidziso kana kuti chapaMagwaro nokuda kwomufungo womunhu oga kana kuti uzivi hunochinja hwoupenyu vari kuomerera chaizvoizvo panheyo dzacho.
Rondedzero Dzinowirirana Dzemhindumupindu
Bonderano inoisvokatyamadza pakati porudzidziso nesayenzi yakaitika pashure pechinyorwa chomuna 1859 cheOrigin of Species chaDarwin, umo iye akakarakadza rondedzero yake yemhindumupindu. Vatungamiriri vorudzidziso, zvikurukuru muEngland nomuUnited States, pakutanga vakaramba rondedzero namashoko akasimba. Asi chishoro nokukurumidza chakapera. Pakuzosvika panguva yorufu rwaDarwin, rinodaro The Encyclopedia of Religion, “vafundisi vanoisvofunga navakachenjera vakanga vasvika mhedziso yavo yokuti mhindumupindu yakanga ichiwirirana chose chose nenzwisiso yakavhenekerwa yorugwaro.”
Ikoku kungatsanangura chikonzero nei Vatican isina kutongoisa mabhuku aDarwin paIndex of Forbidden Books yayo. Kungatsanangurawo kuita kwavateereri padare reChicago ra 1893 reDare reMitemo reNyika Ramarudzidziso. Vateveri vaBuddha navaHindu zvavakateerera, mukurukuri we“chiKristu” achiti: “Rondedzero yemhindumupindu inozadza mukaha pamavambo chaipo porudzidziso rwedu, uye kana sayenzi ichigutsikana munzira yose nerondedzero yayo yemhindumupindu somutoo wokusika, ishoko risina mbavarira iro avo vane basa rokuziva ndokuda nzira dzaMwari vanofanira kurigamuchira.” Uku kutaura sezvinoshumwa kwakagamuchirwa nokuombera maoko kukuru.
Ichi chimiro chendangariro hachisati chichishamisa nokuda kwomukurumbira mukati mokupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19 weicho chakazivikanwa sorudzidziso runoenzanisirwa. Iyi yakanga iri fundo yesayenzi yamarudzidziso enyika yakarongedzererwa kutema kuti marudzidziso akasiana anowirirana sei uye kuti akavapo sei. Somuenzaniso, John Lubbock nyanzvi yechiNgezi yefundo yamagariro avanhu, akaratidzira rondedzero yokuti vanhu vakatanga vari vasingadaviri kuvapo kwaMwari dzokonokei nomutoo unofambira mberi vakashanduka kupfurikidza nokunamata zvidhori, kunamatwa kwechisiko, nenamatwo yamashura pamberi pokusvika kudzidziso yokudavira Mwari mumwe.
Zvisinei, The Encyclopedia of Religion rinotsanangura, kuti: “Rudzidziso ruri mumurangariro wakadaro rwakanga rwusati rwuri zvokwadi yakakwana inowadzanyurwa naMwari, asi chinyorwa chemifungo inokudziridzika yavanhu pamusoro paMwari netsika.” Naizvozvo avo vakagamuchira iyi rondedzero havana kuwana chinetso mukugamuchira Kudavira kuvapo kwaMwari asi vachiramba kuzvizivisa kwaMwari kuvanhu, “rudzidziso rwenzanga,” kana kuti “rudzidziso rwavanhu” samatanho anokwira kumusoro kwedanho remhindumupindu yorudzidziso.
Mukunzvera kwokupedzisira, murangariro wakadaro unotungamirira kupi? Nechekare muzana ramakore rechi 19, muzivi wechiNgezi Herbert Spencer akataura kuti chaunga chakanga chichipinda muchimiro cheenderero mberi chisati chichawiriranazve norudzidziso. Uye nezvezana ramakore rechi 20, Purofesa Nisbet akataura kuti nyanzvi yamagariro avanhu inodavira zvikurukuru kuti rudzidziso “runopindura zvinodikanwa zvakati kuti zvendangariro namagariro avanhu, uye kutozosvikira kana kuti kutoti izvi zvinodikanwa zvikava zvinoerekana zvaitika zvemhindumupindu youpenyu yamarudzi avanhu, rudzidziso ruri muzvimiro zvakasiana-siana rucharamba ruri chinhu chaicho chinopfuurira mushambidziko yavanhu.” (Kutsveyamisa mashoko ndokwedu.) Nomutoo unowirirana, nyanzvi dzezvamagariro avanhu hadzisati dzichiramba bviro yokuti “enderero mberi yemhindumupindu” rimwe zuva ingatungamirira kukusatongova norudzidziso!
Kutsvaka Nokuda Kwokunamata Kwechokwadi Kwakakudziridzwa
Pakuzosvika pakati pezana ramakore rechi 19, kwakanga kuri pamhene kuti makore ane 200, chiKristudhomu chakanga chave chichirwa hondo inokurirwa mukurwisana nechinjo yenyika. Rudzidziso rwacho rwakanga rwakoromoka kuva uzivi hwenyika. Mamirioni avanhu vakatendeseka aiitira hanya. Kutsvaka kwokunamata kwechokwadi kwakakudziridzwa. Kungagona zvirokwazvo kutaurwa kuti chinjo yechiKristudhomu yakanga isingabviri. Chakanga chichidikanwa chakanga chiri kudzorerwa kwokunamata kwechokwadi. Dzidza zvakawanda munyaya yedu inotevera.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 18]
Chadzvinyirirwa Nechinjo Yenyika, chiKristudhomu Chinobvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira
KUBUDA KWESAYENZI YAZVINO UNO kwakanetesa kutenda zvisingaoneki uye kwakaparira kupanikira zvinhu zvaisagona ku“bvumikiswa” nesayenzi. ChiKristudhomu chakabvumiranisa pane zvisina kufanira zvokwadi yeBhaibheri kupfurikidza nokugamuchira rondedzero dzesayenzi dzisingabvumikiswi, dzinofungidzirwa semhindumupindu uye kupfurikidza nokuona muruzivo rwesayenzi, panzvimbo pomuUmambo hwaMwari, chigadzikiso chezvinetso zvenyika.
KUMUKA KWEPFUNGWA DZEZVAMATONGERWE ENYIKA (gadziriro yokuzvishandira, gadziriro yokutonga nezvido zvavoruzhinji, gadziriro yokushandira hurumende, chiKomonizimu, uye zvichingodaro) zvakaparira rwisano dzourudzi nokusiana kwepfungwa, nokudaro ndokudzikatidza zvokwadi yeBhaibheri yokuti Mwari, kwete munhu, ndiye Mubati ushe wapasi ana maruramiro. ChiKristudhomu chakabvumiranisa pane zvisina kufanira nheyo dzeBhaibheri kupfurikidza nokuputsa kusatora rutivi kwechiKristu nokuva chinobatanidzwa muhondo dzakarwisanisa mitezo yorudzidziso rumwe cheterwo. ChiKristudhomu nomutoo wokushingaira kana nomutoo wokutsungirira chakatsigira marudzidziso enhema ezvamatongerwe enyika.
MUPIMO WAKAKWIRIRA WOKURARAMA wakabviriswa neChinjo yeNzvimbo Dzamabasa Okugadzirwa Kwezvinhu nedzeSayenzi zvakasimudzira kuzvida kwokuzvitutumadza ndokuunza kusaruramisira kwamagariro avanhu nokusaenzana pachena. ChiKristudhomu chakabvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kupfurikidza nokuregeredza fariro dzoumwari nokuda kwokubatanidzwa mufariro dzamagariro avanhu, dzemari, dzewirirano yavanhu, kana dzezvamatongerwe enyika.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 20]
Kukwira Kana Kuti Kuderera Here?
Bhaibheri rinoti: Vanhu vakasikwa vakakwana uye vakadzidziswa mutoo wokunamata nawo Musiki wavo nomutoo unogamuchirika; asi vakapandukira Mwari, uye kwamakore ane 6 000, vave vachiderera muzvose zviri zviviri munyama nomutsika, vachiramba vachisudurukira kure norudzidziso rwechokwadi rwavaishandisa pakutanga.
Mhindumupindu yoruzivo rwezvinhu zvipenyu neyorudzidziso inoti: Vanhu vakapindukapinduka vachibva pamavambo akaderera uye vakanga vasingadaviri kuvapo kwaMwari uye vasina rudzidziso; kwamamirioni asingazivikanwi amakore, vakavandudzika mose muri muviri munyama nomutsika, vachiramba vachiswedera pedyo nechimiro chevandudziko yorudzidziso Inofungidzirwa, yamagariro avanhu, neyetsika.
Wakavakirwa paruzivo rwako rwohunhu rwokuzvibata kwavanhu, mugariro wazvino worudzi rwomunhu, nomugariro worudzidziso munyika yanhasi, ndoupi murangariro unoratidzika kuva unowirirana zvikuru namaidi?
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 19]
Fungidziro dzisina kutenderwa dzaDarwin dziri mu“Origin of Species” dzakava pembedzo kuna vazhinji yokurega kudavira Mwari wewadzanyuro
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Harper’s