Nguva Yemberi Yorudzidziso Pakurangarirwa Kwenguva Yarwo Yakapfuura

Chikamu 8: c. 563 P.n.V. zvichingodaro—Kuvhenekerwa Kwakavimbisa Rusununguko

“Kuedzwa kworudzidziso kana kuti uzivi chiverengero chezvinhu charwunogona kutsanangura.”—Detembedzo reAmerica romuzana ramakore rechi 19 Ralph Waldo Emerson

ZVISHOMA, kana zvichitongovapo, zvinozivikanwa pamusoro pake zvechokwadi. Gamuchidzanwa rinoti iye ainzi Siddhārtha Gautama, kuti iye akanga ari muchinda, uye kuti akaberekwa munenge mumakore ane 600 pamberi pokuberekwa kwaKristu muumambo hweSakya kuchamhembe kweIndia. Iye ainzi Sakyamuni (akaisvochenjera wendudzi yavaSakya) neTathagata, sechiratidziro cherevo isino kutsarukana. Sezvinobvira zvikuru uchaziva bedzi kupfurikidza nechiratidzo chake chinozivikanwa zviri nani zvikuru, Buddha.

Gautama akarererwa mumhoteredzo dzoumambo, asi pazera ramakore 29 iye kamwe kamwe akava anoziva nhamo yakanga yakamumomotera. Iye akada tsananguro, kwete mukufanana navanhu nhasi vanobvunza zvapachokwadi chikonzero nei uipi nokutambura zviripo. Achisiya mudzimai wake nomwanakomana wake mucheche, akatizira kurenje, kwamakore matanhatu akararama upenyu hwokuzvinyima. Airara muminzwa uye kwenguva yakati kuti airarama netsanga imwe yomupunga pazuva. Asi ikoku hakuna kumuunzira kuvhenekerwa.

Zvino ava naanenge makore 35, Gautama akasarudza nzira ine mwero mukuru, iyo iye akaidza kuti Nzira Yapakati, kana kuti Gwara. Akapikira kuramba agere pasi pomuonde kutozosvikira kuvhenekerwa kwawanwa. Pakupedzisira, pashure pokunge aona zviono zvousiku, iye akarangarira kuti kutsvaka kwake kwakanga kwatuswa. Kubvira ipapo zvichienda mberi iye akazivikanwa saBuddha, kureva kuti “nyakuvhenekerwa.” Asi akanga asati achingova bedzi Guatama aiidzwa nechiratidzo ichecho. Naizvozvo nguva dzose chinofanira kuve chaishandiswa neshoko chairo muchiNgezi, “a” buddha kana kuti, muchinoitika chaGautama, “the” Buddha.

Nzira Inoenda Kurusununguko

Vamwari vamaHindu Indra naBrahma vanotaurwa kuva vakakumbira Buddha kuudza vamwe zvokwadi dzake dzichangobva kuwanwa. Akaita donzo rokuita kudaro. Kunyange zvazvo aichengeta chimiro chokushivirira chechiHindu chokuti marudzidziso ose ane maruramiro, Buddha haana kubvumirana negadziriro yacho yokuronga mapoka netsika yacho pamusoro pezvibairo zvemhuka. Akaramba kutaura kwacho kwokuti maVeda echiHindu aiva magwaro amavambo oumwari. Uye kunyange asati airamba kuti kungaitika kuti Mwari aveko, iye akaramba Mwari kuva Musiki. Akapokanidza, kuti mutemo wokusika wakanga usina mavambo. Uye akaenda mberi kwechiHindu, achivimbisa nomutoo wokusimbisa mumharidzo yake yokutanga: “Uku, kuzvinyima, inzira yapakati iyo zivo yayo . . . inotungamirira kunzwisiso, inotungamirira kuuchenjeri, inotungamirira kuteramo, kukunzwisisa, kuvhenekerwa kwakakwana, kuNirvana.”

‘Nirvana chii?’ ungabvunza kudaro. “Kwakaoma kuwana mhinduro isati iri youyu mubvunzo,” anodaro wezvenhau Will Durant, “nokuti Ishe akasiya pfundo racho risina kujeka, uye vateveri vake vakapa shoko revo iri yose pasi pezuva.” “Hapana murangariro mumwe wechiBuddha,” rinobvuma kudaro The Encyclopedia of Religion, nokuti “rinosiana-siana netsika, nhambo yenhau, mutauro, chikoro, uye kunyange munhu mumwe nomumwe.” Mumwe munyori anoiidza kuti “kusavapo chaikoiko kwechishuvo, kusaguma kusina ganhuriro kwokusava namaturo . . . , runyararo rusingaperi rworufu rusina kuberekwa patsva.” Vamwe, vachitaura nezverevo yaro yechiSanskrit yo“kudzima,” vanotaura kuti yakafanana nerimi romwoto rinodzima apo mwoto waro unopera. Zvisinei hazvo, Nirvana inovimbisa rusununguko.

Kudikanwa kwokuwana rusununguko kwakapedzwa naBuddha muZvokwadi Ina Huru: Upenyu marwadzo nokutambura; zvose zviri zviviri zvinoparirwa nokuchiva kurarama uye nokuda kwokukudzwa kwezvishuvo; nzira youchenjeri ndeyokudzvinyira uku kuchiva; ikoku kunowanwa kupfurikidza nokutevera Nzira Sere. Iyi Nzira inoda chitendero chakarurama, vavariro yakarurama, kutaura kwakarurama, chiito chakarurama, kurarama kwakarurama, kutamburira kwakarurama, mufungo wakarurama, uye fungisiso yakarurama.

Kuriro Dzakapararira, Kuriro Pamusha

Kubvira pamavambo acho, chiBuddha chakawana davidzo yatogadzirirwa. Boka ravezvokudavira zvinhu zvinooneka romunguva iyeyo, rinonzi maCharvaka, rakanga ragadzirira nzira. Rakaramba manyoro matsvene echiHindu, rakaseka mufungo wokudavira muna Mwari, rakaramba rudzidziso rwose. Pesvedzero yavo yakanga iri yechokwadi uye yakabetsera kuparira icho Durant akaidza kuti “mukaha uyo unenge wakagombedzera kuvamba kworudzidziso rutsva.” Uyu mukaha, pamwe chete “nokupererwa noungwaru kworudzidziso rwekare,” zvakaparira kutanga kwamasangano maviri makuru okuchinja anhasi, chiBuddha nechiJain.

Pakati pezana ramakore rechitatu P.N.V., Mambo Aśoka, ane umambo hwake hwaibatanidza zhinjisa dzenyika duku dzeIndia, akaita zvakawanda kukurumbirisa chiBuddha. Akasimbaradza mativi acho oufundisi kupfurikidza nokutumira vafundisi kuCeylon (Sri Lanka) uye sezvinobvira kune dzimwe nyikawo. Mukati mamazana amakore okutanga eNguva yedu yaVose, chiBuddha chakapararira muChina mose. Chichibva imomo chakapararira kuJapan chichigura nomuKorea. Pakuzosvika pazana ramakore rechitanhatu nerechinomwe N.V., chaigona kuwanwa mumativi ose okumabvazuva nokumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia. Nhasi, kune vaBuddha vanopfuura mamirioni ane 300 munyika yose.

Kunyange pamberi pezuva raMambo Aśoka, chiBuddha chakanga chichipfuurira. “Pakuzosvika pakupera kwezana ramakore rechina B.C., vafundisi vechiBuddha vaiwanwa muAthens,” anonyora kudaro E. M. Layman. Uye anowedzera kuti pashure pokunge chiKristu chagadzwa, vafundisi vacho vokutanga vakanangana nedzidziso yechiBuddha munzvimbo iri yose yavaienda. Chokwadika, apo vafundisi vechiKaturike vakatanga kuenda kuJapan, vakarangarira nomutoo usiwo nokuda kwesekete idzva rechiBuddha. Kwaigona sei kudaro?

Sezvinooneka marudzidziso maviri akanga ane zvakawanda zvakafanana. Mukuwirirana naDurant wezvenhau, zvinhu zvakadai se“kuremekedzwa kwavakafa, kushandiswa kwemvura tsvene, makanduru, zvinopiswa zvinonhuwira, rusariro, nguvo dzavafundisi, mutauro wakafa mumuitiro worudzidziso, kuveura musoro kwamamongi namanani, uye kusaroora kwamamongi, kureurura, mazuva okutsanya, kurangarirwa kwavasande savatsvene, purigatori nemisa dzavakafa.” Anowedzera kuti zvinhu izvi “zvinoratidza kuva zvakatanga kubuda muchiBuddha.” Chokwadi, chiBuddha chakataurwa kuve “chakatangira Chechi yeRoma namazana amakore mashanu mukutangwa nokushandiswa kwezvinoitika zvose nezvimiro zvinozivikanwa namarudzidziso ose ari maviri.”

Achitsanangura kuti idzi fanano dzakatanga sei, munyori Layman anoratidzira mavambo akafanana. Anonyora, kuti: “Pakuzosvika panguva yezera rechiKristu . . . pesvedzero dzechihedheni dzakanga dzaoneka muzvimiro zvechiBuddha zvokunamata. . . . Zvimwe pesvedzero dzechihedheni dzakaparira[wo] mimwe miitiro yokunamata yakatanga muchechi yechiKristu.”

Pasinei hapo norubudiriro rwacho rwenyika yose, chiBuddha chakatambura kurirwo yakakomba pamusha. Nhasi, iri pasi pe 1 muzana yechiverengero chavagari veIndia ndeyavaBuddha; 83 muzana ndeyavaHindu. Chikonzero chacho hachino kutsarukana. Zvimwe chiHindu chakanga chichishivirira zvikuru zvokuti chakakurirwazve nechiHindu chamagamuchidzanwa akawanda. Kana kuti zvimwe mamongi echiBuddha akaderera mukufudza vanhuwo zvawo. Chikonzero chikuru, zvisinei hazvo, kwakanga kuri kupinda kwechiIslam muIndia. Ikoku kwakaparira ubati ushe hwechiMuslim icho pasi pacho vanhu vazhinji, zvikurukuru kuchamhembe kweIndia, vakatendeukira kuchiIslam. Chokwadi, pakuzosvika pauku kupera kwezana ramakore rechi 13, runenge rutivi rwechina rwechiverengero chavagari vemo rwakanga rwuri vaMuslim. Kuri zvino, vaBuddha vazhinji vakanga vachidzokera kuchiHindu, sezvinooneka vachichiwana chakashongedzera zviri nani zvikuru kugonana nedenho yechiMuslim. Chichirarama mukuwirirana nezita racho rorushiviro, chiHindu chakagamuchira senomufaro mukuru, chichiita kuti kudzoka kwavo kuve nyore kupfurikidza nokuzivisa Buddha kuva mwari, kutora chimiro chomunhu chaVishnu!

Zviso Zvizhinji zvaBuddha

“Mifananidzo yokutanga yaBuddha yakaitwa navaGiriki,” anonyora kudaro E. M. Layman. VaBuddha vanotaura kuti iyi mifananidzo hainamatwi asi inongova bedzi yamuro dzokuzvipira, dzakaitirwa kuratidzira ruremekedzo nokuda kwoMudzidzisi mukuru. Padzimwe nguva Buddha anoratidzirwa amire, asika kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru anogara akapfunya chisero, zvitsitsinho zvetsoka dzake zvakatarisa kumusoro. Apo maoko ake anenge ari pamusoro perimwe, ari kufungisisa; apo ruoko rwake rworudyi rwunenge rwakasimudzirwa kuchirebvu, ari kukomborera; apo gunwe roruoko rworudyi rinenge rakabata huma kana kuti apo maoko ose ari maviri akabatanidzwa pamberi pechipfuva, ari kudzidzisa. Chimiro chokutseyama chinomuratidzira panhambo yokupinda muNirvana.

Sezvapane misiano muzvimiro zvake zvakasiana-siana, naizvozvo pane mhatsa yedzidziso. Kunotaurwa kuti mukati mamakore ane 200 pashure porufu rwake, shanduro dzakasiana-siana 18 dzechiBuddha dzaitovapo. Nhasi, mazana amakore ane 25 kubvira pa“kuvhenekerwa” kwaGautama, dudziro dzechiBuddha dzamawanirwe eNirvana dzakawanda.

Erik Zürcher wapaYunivhesiti yeLeiden muNetherlands anotsanangura kuti pane “gadziriro nhatu huru pakati pechiBuddha, imwe neimwe ine murangariro wayo imene wedzidziso, miitiro yokunamata, magwaro matsvene, uye magamuchidzanwa emifananidzo inomirira chimwe chinhu.” Iyi mitoo inonzi zvitakuriso mumutauro wechiBuddha nokuti, samagwa, dzinotakura munhu kuyambuka rwizi rwoupenyu kutozosvikira iye pakupedzisira asvika mahombekombe orusununguko. Ipapo chitakuriso chingasiiwa nomutoo wakakotsekana. Uye muBuddha achakuudza kuti mutoo wokufamba—rudzi rwechitakuriso—haruzi chinhu chinooneka. Kusvika ikoko ndiko kunokosha bedzi.

Izvi zvitakuriso zvinobatanidza chiBuddha cheTheravada, icho sezvinooneka chinoramba chiri pedyo zvikuru neicho vaBuddha vaiparidza uye chakasimba zvikuru muBurma, Sri Lanka, Laos, Thailand, uye Kampuchea (yaichimbonzi, Cambodia). ChiBuddha chaMahayana, chakasimba zvikurukuru muChina, Korea, Japan, Tibet, uye Mongolia, chakasununguka zvikuru, zvachakachinja dzidziso dzacho kuti chisvike vanhu vakawanda. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichecho chinonzi Chitakuriso Chikuru mukusiana neTheravada, Chitakuriso Chiduku. Vajrayana, Chitakuriso cheDhaimana, chinowanzozivikanwa sechiTantrist kana kuti chiBuddha Chapachivande, chinobatanidza muitiro wokushandiswa kweYoga, uye sezvinofungidzirwa chinokurumidzisa kuenda kwomunhu kuNirvana.

Idzi gadziriro nhatu dzinokamuranisirwa muzvikoro zvizhinji, chimwe nechimwe chichisiana mududzirwo yezvitendero zvakati kuti zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji nokuda kwokuisa kusimbisa chaiko pazvikamu zvakati kuti zvamagwaro echiBuddha. Uye mukuwirirana naZürcher, sezvo pasinei hapo nokwachakaenda, “chiBuddha mumwero yakasiana-siana chakapesvedzerwa nezvitendero zvomunzvimbomo nemiitiro,” izvi zvikoro nokukurumidza zvakavamba chiverengero chipi nechipi chamasekete omunzvimbomo. Mukusafanana nechiKristudhomu chine zviuru zvacho zvamasekete namapoka anokangaidza, chiBuddha, mukutaura kwokufananidzira, chine zviso zvizhinji.

ChiBuddha Nezvamatongerwe Enyika

SechiJudha nechiKristu chokuedzesera, chiBuddha hachina kuzviganhurira icho chimene kumibato yorudzidziso asi chakabetsera mukuumbawo mufungo nokuzvibatawo kwezvamatongerwe enyika. “Mubatanidzwa wokutanga wechiBuddha nechiito chezvamatongerwe enyika wakatanga mukati mokutonga kwa[Mambo] Asoka,” anodaro munyori Jerrold Schecter. Mbavarira yezvamatongerwe enyika yechiBuddha inopfuurira kusvikira kuzuva redu. Murutivi rwokupedzisira rwa 1987, mamongi ane 27 eTibet yechiBuddha akasungwa muLhasa nokuda kwokutora rutivi mukuratidzira kwokutsutsumwira maChina. Uye batanidzwo yechiBuddha muhondo yeVietnam yomuma 1960 yakaparira Schecter kutaura, kuti: “Gwara rorugare reNzira Yapakati rakamonyanisirwa mumasimba masimba matsva eratidziro dzokutsutsumwa dzomumugwagwa. . . . ChiBuddha muAsia kutenda kunogabhuka marimi omwoto.”

Vasingagutsikani nemigariro inonzwisa urombo yezvamatongerwe enyika, yezvemari, yezvamagariro avanhu, neetsika yeNyika yokuMadokero, vamwe vanhu vanotendeukira kumarudzidziso okuMabvazuva, kubatanidza nechiBuddha, kuti vawane tsananguro. Asika, “kutenda kunogabhuka marimi omwoto” kunogona kugovera mhinduro here? Kana uchishandisa mupimo waEmerson wokuti “kuedzwa kworudzidziso . . . chiverengero chezvinhu charwunogona kutsanangura,” unorangarira sei kuvhenekerwa kwaGautama? Ko mamwe amarudzidziso eAsia “Anotsvaka Nzira Yakarurama” angaita zviri nani here? Kuti uwane mhinduro, rava nyaya yedu inotevera.

[Bhokisi riri papeji 22]

Vamwe Vavanhu Vacho, Nzvimbo, Uye Zvinhu

Chiruvi chaAdhama, gomo riri muSri Lanka rinorangarirwa kuva dzvene; chiratidzo chiri pabwe riripo chinotaurwa navaBuddha kuva rutsiko rwaBuddha, vaMuslim kuva rwaAdhama, uye vaHindu kuva rwaSiva.

Muti weBodhi, muonde uyo Gautama akava muBuddha pasi pawo, “bodhi” rinoreva “kuvhenekerwa”; nhungirwa yomuti mukuru inotaurwa kuva inorarama uye inokudzwa muAnuradhapura, Sri Lanka.

Mamongi echiBuddha, anozivikanwa nenguvo dzawo dzakasiana, anoumba sangano guru rechiBuddha; anovimbisa kuva echokwadi, kuva anonzwira tsitsi kumunhu nechikara, kukumbira nokuda kwokurarama kwavo, kudzivisa zvinofadza, uye kurarama murucheno.

Dalai Lama, mutungamiriri wenyika noworudzidziso weTibet, airangarirwa navaBuddha somutori chimiro chomunhu chaBuddha, uyo muna 1959 akaendeswa muutapwa; “dalai,” rinobva mushoko reMongolia rinomirira “gungwa,” rinoratidzira ruzivo rwakakura; rinoti “lama” rinonongedzera kumudzidzisi womudzimu (somufundisi wavaHindu vanotaura chiSanskrit). Mukuwirirana nemishumo mitsva, mukati ma 1987 kuratidzira kwokutsutsumwa kweTibet, Dalai Lama “kwakapa chikomborero kukusateerera kwavagari vemo asi kwakashora masimba masimba,” nokudaro kuchiparira India, nyika iyo yakamugamuchira, kumuyeuchidza kuti kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kungakuvadza kugara kwake ikoko.

Tembere Yezino, tembere yechiBuddha iri muKandy, Sri Lanka, kunodavirwa kuti ine rimwe ramazino aBuddha sechisaririra chitsvene.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]

Tii No“munyengetero” wavaBuddha

Pasinei hapo nefanano, “munyengetero” wavaBuddha unoidzwa zvakarurama zvikuru kuti “fungisiso.” Chimiro chimwe chinosimbisa zvikurukuru kuzviranga nefungisiso huru icho chiBuddha chaZen. Chakapinzwa muJapan muzana ramakore rechi 12 N.V., chakavakirwa pachimiro chechiChina chechiBuddha chinozivikanwa saCh’an, icho chinovambira shure kumumongi weIndia ainzi Bodhidharma. Iye akaenda kuChina muzana ramakore rechitanhatu N.V. ndokubwereka zvakawanda muchiTao chechiChina mukuvamba Ch’an. Kunotaurwa kuti akambocheka zvikope zvameso ake mukufufutirwa nehasha pashure pokunge abatwa nehope achingunofungisisa. Zvakawira pavhu, ndokumera, ndokuita muti wokutanga wetii. Iyi ngano inobatira sohwaro hwegamuchidzanwa hwokunwa tii kwamamongi aZen kuti arambe akasvinura paanenge achifungisisa.

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 20, 21]

Matembere echiBuddha, akadai seTembere yeMarble yomuBangkok, eThailand anoorora zvikuru

Chinoonwawo pano ndicho chifananidzo chedhemoni chechiBuddha rinorinda tembere, uye pasi apa pane chifananidzo chabuddha. Izvozvi zvionwa zvakarovedzeka munyika dzechiBuddha