Martin Luther uwo ari we be n’iragi yasize

“BIVUGWA yuko handitswe ibitabu vyinshi kuri [Martin Luther] kuruta ivyanditswe ku wundi muntu uwo ari we wese wo muri kahise, ukuyemwo ivyanditswe kuri shebuja wiwe bwite Yezu Kirisitu”. Ukwo ni ko ikinyamakuru kimwe (Time) cabivuze. Ivyo Luther yavuze be n’ivyo yakoze vyatumye haba kwa Gutunganya ibintu busha, rikaba ari ihinduka ryo mu vy’idini ryadondowe ko ari “ihindurabintu rihambaye kuruta ayandi yose yagizwe muri kahise k’abantu”. Ku bw’ivyo, yarafashije guhindura ukuntu ivy’idini vyari vyifashe mu Buraya no kurangiza ca kiringo co hagati y’ikinjana ca 5 n’ica 15 caranze iryo shinga. Luther yarashizeho kandi ishimikiro ryatumye habaho inyandiko y’ururimi rw’ikidagi ifise amategeko igenderako. Impinduro yiwe ya Bibiliya ni yo iboneka cane mu rurimi rw’ikidagi.

Martin Luther yari umuntu ameze gute? Vyagenze gute ngo ashike ku kugira akosho kanini cane ku Buraya?

Luther acika incabwenge

Marthin Luther yavukiye i Eisleben mu Budagi, muri Munyonyo 1483. Naho se wiwe yari umukozi wo mw’icukuriro ry’ubutare bw’umujumpu, yaragerageza kurondera amahera ahagije kugira ngo Martin yige amashure menshi. Mu 1501, ni ho Martin yatangura kwiga kuri Kaminuza y’i Erfurt. Mu bubiko bw’ibitabu bwaho, ni ho yasomye Bibiliya ari bwo bwa mbere. Yavuze ati: “Ico gitabu carandyoheye cane, nca nipfuza ko umusi uri izina nogira umugisha wo kukironka”.

Luther ashikanye imyaka 22, yaciye aja mu kigo c’abamonaki c’i Erfurt citiriwe Augustin. Mu nyuma yaciye aja kwiga kuri Kaminuza y’i Wittenberg, hakaba ari ho yaronkeye urupapuro rw’umutsindo bita dogutora mu vya tewolojiya. Luther yabona ko adakwiriye gutoneshwa n’Imana kandi rimwe na rimwe akaba yarihebura cane kubera yumva ko hari ico yiyagiriza mu mutima. Mugabo rero, ukwiga Bibiliya, isengesho be n’ukuzirikana vyaramufashije gutahura neza ingene Imana ibona abacumuzi. Luther yari azi yuko umuntu adashobora guca ugutoneshwa n’Imana. Igihushanye n’ivyo, yari azi yuko hatoneshwa abagaragaza ukwizera, biciye ku buntu batabereye.​—Abaroma 1:16; 3:23, 24, 28.

Vyagenze gute ngo Luther ashike ku ciyumviro c’uko ukwo gutahura kwiwe gushasha ari ukw’ukuri? Kurt Aland, umwigisha w’ivya kahise ka Ekeleziya yo mu ntango be n’ivy’ubushakashatsi bw’ivyanditswe vyo mw’Isezerano Rishasha, yanditse ati: “Yarazirikanye kuri Bibiliya yose kugira ngo arabe nimba ubwo bumenyi yari aherutse kuronka bwoba bufise ishingiro bugereranijwe n’ibindi bivugwa muri Bibiliya, kandi yasanze ata na hamwe yihenze”. Inyigisho ivuga yuko ubukiriro buboneka bivuye ku kwizera atari ku bikorwa canke ku kwirega, yagumye ari yo nkingi nyamukuru y’ivyo Luther yigisha.

Ababazwa n’ivy’indulujensiya

Ugutahura Luther yari afise ku bijanye n’ukuntu Imana ibona abacumuzi kwatumye agiranira amatati na Ekeleziya Gatolika ya Roma. Ico gihe, vyari bizwi cane yuko abacumuzi bamaze gupfa, bategerezwa kuronka igihano kimara ikiringo kinaka. Ariko rero, vyavugwa yuko ico kiringo gishobora kugabanuka biciye ku ndulujensiya (ikigongwe) zagurwa amahera, papa akaba ari we yabirekura. Abazigurisha, nk’akarorero Johann Tetzel, uwaserukira Musenyeri Mukuru Albert w’i Mayence, ni bo bagira urwo rudandaza rwunguka rw’ukugurisha indulujensiya mu banyagihugu. Abenshi babona indulujensiya nk’ikintu kizotuma baharirwa ibicumuro bazokora mu nyuma.

Luther yarababazwa n’igurishwa ry’indulujensiya. Yari azi yuko abantu badashobora guciriranira n’Imana. Mu gatasi ko mu 1517, yaranditse ivyiyumviro rurangiranwa 95, yagiriza Ekeleziya ko yikika mu kiza mu vyo kwaka amahera, mu vy’inyigisho no mu vy’idini. Abitumwe n’ugushaka ko haba ihinduka, atari ubugarariji, Luther yararungikiye Musenyeri Mukuru Albert w’i Mayence be n’izindi ncabwenge nyinshi amakopi y’ivyo vyiyumviro vyiwe. Abatohozakahise benshi bavuga yuko mu mwaka wa 1517 canke mu myaka iwegereye ari ho kwa Gutunganya ibintu busha kwatangura.

Luther si we wenyene yerekanye ko ababajwe n’ibibi vyakorwa na Ekeleziya. Hari hashize nk’imyaka ijana Umucěke yitwa Jean Huss yaharanira ihinduka ryo mu vy’idini yiyamirije ivyo kugurisha indulujensiya. N’imbere ya Huss, John Wycliffe wo mu Bwongereza yari yarerekanye yuko imigenzo imwimwe yagirwa na Ekeleziya itari ishingiye ku Vyanditswe. Érasme w’i Rotterdam be na Tyndale wo mu Bwongereza babayeho mu gihe kimwe na Luther, barasavye bashimika ko haba ihinduka. Mugabo rero, Luther abifashijwemwo n’imashini yo gucapura yahinguwe na Johannes Gutenberg wo mu Budagi, ijwi ryiwe ryararushirije kwumvikana no gukwiragira kuruta amajwi y’abandi bose baharanira ivy’uko haba ihinduka.

Mu 1455, imashini yo gucapura ya Gutenberg yarakoreshwa i Mayence. Mu ntango z’imyaka ya 1500, hariho imashini zicapura mu bisagara 60 vy’Ubudagi be no mu bindi bihugu 12 vya Buraya. Ari bwo bwa mbere muri kahise, abantu barăshobora kumenyeshwa ningoga na ningoga ibintu biberekeye. Kumbure bitavuye ku ruhusha Luther atanze, vya vyiyumviro vyiwe 95 vyaracapuwe hanyuma birakwiragizwa. Ivy’uko haba ihinduka mu vy’idini nticari kikiri ikibazo kiraba agace kamwe. Cabaye ikintu giharirwako mu mihingo myinshi, maze bukwi na bukwi, Martin Luther aca acika umuntu wa rurangiranwa mu Budagi.

“Izuba n’ukwezi” bihaguruka

Hari hashize ibinjana n’ibindi Uburaya butwarwa n’inzego zikomakomeye zibiri: Inganji nganzabami nyeranda y’Abaroma be na Ekeleziya Gatolika ya Roma. Hanns Lilje, uwahoze ari perezida w’Umuhari wo kw’isi yose w’Abaluteri, asigura ati: “Umwami w’abami be na papa bakorana nka kurya kw’izuba n’ukwezi”. Ariko rero, hariho ugukekeranya kwinshi ku bijanye n’ukumenya uwari izuba n’uwari ukwezi. Mu ntango z’ikinjana ca 16, ububasha bw’izo nzego uko ari zibiri bwari bwarenze akarimbi. Hagira habe ihinduka.

Papa Léo wa cumi yaragize ico akoze kuri vya vyiyumviro 95 mu gutera ubwoba Luther amubwira yuko azomuca hamwe atokwigaya. Luther ata n’ubwoba, yaciye aturirira ku mugaragaro urwandiko rwa papa rwarimwo iterabwoba, aca asohora n’ibindi bitabu vyaremesha intara zitwarwa n’abaganwa gutunganya ibintu busha muri Ekeleziya, naho bitoba vyemewe na papa. Mu 1521, Papa Léo wa cumi yaciye aca Luther. Igihe Luther yavyiyamiriza avuga yuko yaciriwe urubanza atabanje kwumvirizwa, Umwami w’abami Charles wa gatanu yaciye amurengutsa imbere y’inama y’abaganwa yabera i Worms. Urugendo rw’imisi 15 Luther yagize ava i Wittenberg aja i Worms muri Ndamukiza 1521, rwari rumeze nk’urugendo rw’intsinzi. Yari ashigikiwe n’abantu benshi, kandi abantu bo mu mihingo yose bashaka kumubona.

I Worms, Luther yarahagaze imbere y’umwami w’abami, y’abaganwa be n’intumwa ya papa. Jean Huss na we nyene yari yarumvirijwe nk’ukwo nyene i Constance mu 1415 hanyuma aturirirwa ku giti. Naho abantu bose ba ekeleziya be n’abo muri iyo nganji bari bamushinze ijisho, Luther yaranse kwigaya kiretse abamurwanya berekanye bakoresheje Bibiliya yuko yari yihenze. Mugabo, nta n’umwe yanganya na we kumenya Ivyanditswe. Icete ciswe icandiko c’i Worms caravuze ivyavuye muri ukwo kwumvirizwa. Cavuze yuko Luther ari umuntu arenga amategeko, gica kirabuza ivyandikano vyiwe. Papa amaze kumuca, n’umwami w’abami akamenyesha ko atagikingiwe n’amategeko, ico gihe yaciye aja mu kaga k’urupfu.

Haciye haba ibintu bitangaje bitari vyitezwe. Igihe Luther yariko asubira i Wittenberg, hari ikintu gisa n’ukumunyuruza catunganijwe n’umugiraneza yitwa Frédéric w’i Saxe. Ivyo vyatumye abansi ba Luther badashobora kumushikira. Luther yaratwawe mu kinyegero mu nyubakwa y’ahantu hihishije i Wartburg, aho hakaba ari ho yamereye ubwanwa, bigatuma ahindura isura, asigara asa n’umukire yitwa Junker Jörg.

Impinduro ya Bibiliya ya Nyakanga ironderwa cane

Mu mezi cumi yakurikiye, Luther yaba muri nya nyubakwa y’i Wartburg, yinyegeje umwami w’abami be na papa. Igitabu kimwe (Welterbe Wartburg) gisigura yuko “umwanya yamaze i Wartburg ari wo yakozemwo yongera awuhinguramwo ibintu vyinshi cane mu buzima bwiwe”. Kimwe mu bintu bihambaye rwose yashitseko, ni uko ihindurwa ry’igisomwa ca Érasme c’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki mu kidagi ari ho yarinonosoreye. Iyo mpinduro, ari na yo yasohowe muri Nyakanga 1522 haterekanywe ko Luther ari we yayihinduye, yiswe Bibiliya ya Nyakanga. Yagurwa ihera n’imeya mu mafaranga y’amaholande, akaba yangana n’umushahara umukozi wo mu nzu yahembwa mu mwaka wose. Naho vyari ukwo, abarondera Bibiliya ya Nyakanga baguma bongerekana. Mu mezi 12, amakopi 6.000 yaracapuwe mu nsohore 2, n’imiburiburi hakaba hakurikiye insohore 69 mu myaka 12 yakurikiye.

Mu 1525, Martin Luther yaciye yubakana na Katharina von Bora, uwahoze ari umubikira. Katharina yari umuntu ashoboye gutunganya ivyo mu nzu akaba kandi n’umuntu ashoboye gushitsa ico ukuba inda nziza kw’umugabo wiwe kwasaba. Urugo rwa Luther ntirwahavuye rugirwa gusa n’umugore wiwe be n’abana biwe batandatu, ariko kandi haragiyemwo n’abagenzi, incabwenge be n’impunzi. Mu nyuma, Luther yarinovoye agateka ntangere ko kuba umuhanuzi ku buryo incabwenge yari ahaye indaro zama zitunanye amakaramu n’impapuro kugira zandike ivyiyumviro ashikiriza. Ivyo banditse vyarashizwe hamwe mu cegeranyo ciswe ngo Luthers Tischreden (Ikiyago ca Luther co ku meza). Haraciye igihe ico cegeranyo gikwiragira mu bantu mu rurimi rw’ikidagi, kikaba ari co cabaye ikigira kabiri mu gukwiragira uretse Bibiliya.

Yari umuhinduzi w’umuhanga akaba n’umwanditsi wa cane

Mu 1534, Luther yari yarahejeje guhindura Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo. Yari ashoboye kujanisha ubuhanga bwo kwandika n’ubwo kuvuga ibintu burimwo ukwisubiriza hamwe n’ubw’ugukoresha amajambo y’ururimi. Ivyo vyatumye haboneka Bibiliya itahurika ku banyagihugu basanzwe. Luther yaragize ico avuze ku buryo bwiwe bwo guhindura, mu kwandika ati: “Dukwiye kuyaga na nyina w’abana i muhira, tukayaga n’abana mu nzira be n’abanyagihugu mu kaguriro, tugatega ugutwi uburyo bavuga maze tugahindura kuno”. Bibiliya ya Luther yarafashije gushiraho ishimikiro ryatumye habaho inyandiko ifise amategeko igenderako yahavuye yemerwa mu Budagi bwose.

Luther yari agize kuba umuhanga mu vyo guhindura akongera akaba n’umwanditsi w’umuhinga. Bivugwa ko mu buzima bwiwe bwose yandika ikiganiro co guserura ivyiyumviro, uko indwi zibiri zitashe. Bimwebimwe muri ivyo wasanga bivyura ibihari nk’uko na nyene kuvyandika yari ameze. Naho ivyo Luther yanditse mu ntango vyari vyanditswe mu buryo bukaze, n’igihe yagenda asaza ubwo buryo bwiwe bwo kwandika ntibwahindutse. Ivyo yanditse mu nyuma vyagiye birushiriza gukara. Nk’uko vyavuzwe mu gitabu kimwe (Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche), ibitabu vya Luther bihishura yuko “yari afise ishavu ry’umurengera” be n’uko yari umuntu “atagira ukwicisha bugufi n’urukundo” hamwe n’uko yari umuntu “yiyumvamwo igikorwa ciwe”.

Igihe ya Ntambara y’Abirimizi yaduka hanyuma hakicwa abantu benshi mu ntara zitwarwa n’abaganwa, Luther yarabajijwe ico yiyumvira kuri iyo migumuko. Abo birimizi boba bari bafise imvo yumvikana yo kwidogera ba shebuja? Luther ntiyagerageje kurondera gushigikirwa n’abanyagihugu mu gutanga inyishu ihimbara benshi. Yemera yuko abantu b’Imana bakwiye kugamburukira abari n’ubukuru (Abaroma 13:1). Mu majambo adakikiriza yerekana ukuntu yabona ibintu, Luther yavuze yuko uwo mugumuko ukwiye guhagarikwa hakoreshejwe inguvu. Yavuze ati: “Uwubishoboye wese nasogote, acumite, yice”. Hanns Lilje yavuze yuko iyo nyishu ‘yatumye abantu benshi bahora bashigikira Luther gushika ico gihe, bataba bakimushigikira’. Vyongeye, ivyo Luther yanditse mu nyuma kuri abo Bayuda banse guhindukirira ubukirisu, canecane ikiganiro cavuga ngo Ku Bayuda n’ibinyoma vyabo (mu congereza), vyatumye abenshi bavuga ko uwo mwanditsi yanka Abayuda.

Iragi Luther yasize

Ugutunganya ibintu busha kwavyuwe n’abagabo nka Luther, Calvin na Zwingli, kwatumye hashingwa ikintu gishasha kigomba kumera nk’idini ciswe ubuporotisanti. Iragi nyamukuru Luther yasigiye ubuporotisanti ni inyigisho yiwe nyamukuru yuko ukwizera gutuma umuntu aronka ubukiriro. Imwimwe yose mu ntara z’Ubudagi zatwarwa n’abaganwa yari ishigikiye ukwemera kw’abaporotisanti n’ukw’abagatolika. Ubuporotisanti bwarakwiragiye bwongera burashigikirwa n’abantu benshi muri Scandinavie, mu Busuwisi, mu Bwongereza no mu Buholande. Muri iki gihe bufise abanywanyi imiliyoni amajana.

Abantu benshi badashigikira vyose mu vyo Luther yemera baracamuha agaciro. Iyahoze ari Repubulika iharanira demokarasi y’Ubudagi, ikaba yarimwo Eisleben, Erfurt, Wittenberg be na Wartburg, yarahimbaje mu 1983 imyaka 500 yari ihaciye Luther avutse. Iyo Leta y’Abasosiyalisiti yaremeye icese ko Luther ari umuntu ahambaye muri kahise k’Ubudagi no mu mico kama yaho. Vyongeye, umunyatewolojiya w’umugatolika yabayeho mu myaka ya 1980, yaravuze muri make akosho Luther yagize ati: “Nta n’umwe yabayeho inyuma ya Luther yigeze amushikira”. Porofeseri Aland yanditse ati: “Uko umwaka utashe, harasohorwa n’imiburiburi ibitabu bishasha 500 bivuga Martin Luther be na kwa Gutunganya ibintu busha, kandi ivyo bigirwa mu ndimi nkurunkuru nka zose zo kw’isi”.

Martin Luther yari afise ubwenge bukaze, umutwe ufata bimwe bitangaje, ubuhanga mu vy’amajambo be n’ubwira. Yari umuntu kandi atihangana, ata co yibanga, vyongeye ntiyihanganira na gato ivyo yabona ko ari uburyarya. Igihe Luther yari ku mpfiro i Eisleben muri Ruhuhuma 1546, abagenzi biwe bamubajije ko yoba agishikamye ku bijanye n’inyigisho yari yarigishije abandi. Yishuye ati: “Cane nyene”. Luther yarapfuye mugabo benshi baracagendera muri bene izo nyigisho.

[Ifoto ku rup. 27]

Luther yararwanije ivy’ukugurisha indulujensiya

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Mit freundlicher Genehmigung: Wartburg-Stiftung

[Ifoto ku rup. 28]

Luther yaranse kwigaya kiretse abamurwanya berekanye bakoresheje Bibiliya yuko yari yihenze

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Yakuwe mu gitabu The Story of Liberty, 1878

[Amafoto ku rup. 29]

Icumba Luther yabamwo mu nyubakwa y’i Wartburg aho yahinduriye Bibiliya

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Ayo mashusho yompi: Mit freundlicher Genehmigung: Wartburg-Stiftung

[Abo dukesha ifoto ku rup. 26]

Yakuwe mu gitabu Martin Luther The Reformer, insohore ya 3, casohowe na Toronto Willard Tract Depository, Toronto, Ontario

[Abo dukesha ifoto ku rup. 30]

Yakuwe mu gitabu The History of Protestantism (Imb. 1)